# in module YourModule.pm: package YourModule; use Exporter (); @ISA = qw(Exporter);  @EXPORT = qw(...);              # Symbols to export by default. @EXPORT_OK = qw(...);           # Symbols to export on request. %EXPORT_TAGS = (tag => [...]);  # Define names for sets of symbols.  # in other files that wish to use YourModule: use YourModule;                 # Import default symbols into my package. use YourModule qw(...);         # Import listed symbols into my package. use YourModule ();              # Do not import any symbols!

7.2.15.1 Specialized import lists

Ignoring the class name, which is always the first argument to a class method, the arguments that are passed into the import() method are known as an import list . Usually the import list is nothing more than a list of subroutine or variable names, but occasionally you may want to get fancy. If the first entry in an import list begins with ! , : , or / , the list is treated as a series of specifications that either add to or delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to right. Specifications are in the form:

Symbol	Meaning
[!] name	This name only
[!]:DEFAULT	All names in @EXPORT
[!]: tag	All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{ tag } anonymous list
[!]/ pattern /	All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK that match pattern

A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion, it is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT . If you just want to import extra names in addition to the default set, you will still need to include :DEFAULT explicitly.

For example, suppose that YourModule.pm says:

@EXPORT      = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5); @EXPORT_OK   = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5); %EXPORT_TAGS = (     T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)],     T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)] );

Individual names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK . Note that you cannot use the tags directly within either @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK (though you could preprocess tags into either of those arrays, and in fact, the export_tags() and export_ok_tags() functions below do precisely that).

An application using YourModule can then say something like this:

use YourModule qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3);

The :DEFAULT adds in A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , and A5 . The :T2 adds in only B3 and B4 , since A1 and A2 were already added. The !B3 then deletes B3 , and the A3 does nothing because A3 was already included. Other examples include:

use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET); use POSIX  qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/);

Remember that most patterns (using // ) will need to be anchored with a leading ^, for example, /^EXIT/ rather than /EXIT/ .

You can say:

BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }

in order to see how the specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported into modules.

7.2.15.2 Module version checking

The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a module into a call to $module_name->require_version($value) . This can be used to validate that the version of the module being used is greater than or equal to the required version. The Exporter module also supplies a default require_version() method, which checks the value of $VERSION in the exporting module.

Since the default require_version() method treats the $VERSION number as a simple numeric value, it will regard version 1.10 as lower than 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that the module developer use numbers with at least two decimal places; for example, 1.09.

Prior to release 5.004 or so of Perl, this only worked with modules that use the Exporter module; in particular, this means that you can't check the version of a class module that doesn't require the Exporter module.

7.2.15.3 Managing unknown symbols

In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being exported. Typically this applies to extensions with functions or constants that may not exist on some systems.

The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed in the @EXPORT_FAIL array.

If a module attempts to import any of these symbols, the Exporter will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail() method with a list of the failed symbols:

@failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols);

If the export_fail() method returns an empty list, then no error is recorded and all requested symbols are exported. If the returned list is not empty, then an error is generated for each symbol and the export fails. The Exporter provides a default export_fail() method that simply returns the list unchanged.

Uses for the export_fail() method include giving better error messages for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks. Put more symbols into @EXPORT_FAIL by default and then take them out if someone actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are usable on that platform.

7.2.15.4 Tag handling utility functions

Since the symbols listed within %EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in either @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK , two utility functions are provided that allow you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK:

%EXPORT_TAGS = (Bactrian => [qw(aa bb cc)], Dromedary => [qw(aa cc dd)]);

Exporter::export_tags('Bactrian');     # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT Exporter::export_ok_tags('Dromedary'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK

Any names that are not tags are added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK unchanged, but will trigger a warning (with -w ) to avoid misspelt tag names being silently added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK . Future versions may regard this as a fatal error.