Problem

You want to print out the number represented by a given ASCII character, or you want to print out an ASCII character given a number.

Solution

Use ord to convert a character to a number, or use chr to convert a number to a character:

$num  = ord($char); $char = chr($num);

The %c format used in printf and sprintf also converts a number to a character:

$char = sprintf("%c", $num);                # slower than chr($num) printf("Number %d is character %c\n", $num, $num); 



Number 101 is character e

A C* template used with pack and unpack can quickly convert many characters.

@ASCII = unpack("C*", $string); $STRING = pack("C*", @ascii);

Discussion

Unlike low-level, typeless languages like assembler, Perl doesn't treat characters and numbers interchangeably; it treats strings and numbers interchangeably. That means you can't just assign characters and numbers back and forth. Perl provides Pascal's chr and ord to convert between a character and its corresponding ordinal value:

$ascii_value = ord("e");    # now 101 $character   = chr(101);    # now "e"

If you already have a character, it's really represented as a string of length one, so just print it out directly using print or the %s format in printf and sprintf . The %c format forces printf or sprintf to convert a number into a character; it's not used for printing a character that's already in character format (that is, a string).

printf("Number %d is character %c\n", 101, 101);

The pack , unpack , chr , and ord functions are all faster than sprintf . Here are pack and unpack in action:

@ascii_character_numbers = unpack("C*", "sample"); print "@ascii_character_numbers\n"; 



115 97 109 112 108 101



  $word = pack("C*", @ascii_character_numbers); $word = pack("C*", 115, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101);   # same print "$word\n"; 



sample

Here's how to convert from HAL to IBM:

$hal = "HAL"; @ascii = unpack("C*", $hal); foreach $val (@ascii) {     $val++;                 # add one to each ASCII value } $ibm = pack("C*", @ascii); print "$ibm\n";             # prints "IBM"

The ord function can return numbers from 0 to 255. These correspond to C's unsigned char data type.

See Also

The chr , ord , printf , sprintf , pack , and unpack functions in perlfunc (1) and Chapter 3 of Programming Perl