ĐĎॹá>ţ˙ []ţ˙˙˙XYZ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ěĽÁ5@đż EbjbjĎ2Ď2.T­X­X‘ ˙˙˙˙˙˙ˆŘŘŘŘŘŘŘě4,4,4,8l, x,dě(6śč,č,č,č,č,č,č,č,5‘5‘5‘5‘5‘5‘5$Ţ6R090ľ5-Řű.č,č,ű.ű.ľ5ŘŘč,č,â5M5M5M5ű.ŹŘč,Řč,5M5ű.5M5M5c5ŘŘc5č,Ü, ŔŸ/đÓuĆ4,§/Pc55ř50(6c5`9÷4@`9c5ěěŘŘŘŘ`9Řc5,č,’z-hM5â-T6.Ĺč,č,č,ľ5ľ5ěěd)P+ä75ěě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ie'ron, 1928; Hodge, 1935; Andreani, 1968; 8 4@.). B5>@5B8G5A:0O AE5<0 . $@5AA0 (1975) 8 4@.  >B25B0E =0 @0AA<0B@8205<K9 2>?@>A >1KG=> ?@87=05BAO, GB> M<>F88 2>7=8:0NB 2 A;CG0OE, :>340 ?@>8AE>48B =5GB> 7=0G8<>5 4;O 8=482840. 0AE>645=8O =0G8=0NBAO ?@8 ?>?KB:5 CB>G=8BL E0@0:B5@ 8 <5@C 7=0G8<>AB8 A>1KB8O, A?>A>1=>3> 2>71C48BL M<>F8N. A;8 4;O . C=4B0 8;8 . @>B0 ;N1>5 2>A?@8=8<05<>5 A>1KB85 O2;O5BAO 7=0G8<K<, B. 5. M<>F8>=0;L=K< C65 2 A8;C B>3>, GB> 2 <><5=B 2>A?@8OB8O >=> O2;O5BAO G0ABLN 687=8 8=482840, =5 7=0NI59 15A?@8AB@0AB=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 2> 2A5< A?>A>1=>9 =09B8 E>BO 1K =57=0G8B5;L=K9 >BB5=>: 8=B5@5A=>3>, =5>6840==>3>, =5?@8OB=>3> 8 B. ?., B>, A>3;0A=> . !.070@CAC (Lazarus, 1968), M<>F88 2>7=8:0NB 2 B5E 8A:;NG8B5;L=KE A;CG0OE, :>340 =0 >A=>25 :>3=8B82=KE ?@>F5AA>2 ?@>872>48BAO 70:;NG5=85 > =0;8G88, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, =5:>B>@>9 C3@>7K, A 4@C3>9 - =52>7<>6=>AB8 55 871560BL. 4=0:> MB8 2=5H=5 AB>;L @07;8G=K5 B>G:8 7@5=8O =5 O2;ONBAO 2708<>8A:;NG0NI8<8, ?@>AB> @5GL 2 =8E 845B > @07=><.  @01>B5 070@CA0 40=0 AE5<0 2>7=8:=>25=8O ;8HL B5E <>G5284=KE>* * !<. @01>BC . #. 8?5@0. 2 :>B>@>9 >1AC640NBAO ?@8G8=K B0:>3> >3@0=8G5==>3> ?>=8<0=8O M<>F89. M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89, :>B>@K5 2 B5@<8=>;>388, ?@8=OB>9 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388, A:>@55 A;54>20;> 1K >B=5AB8 : 0DD5:B0<. 5AL<0 AE>4=K< >1@07>< ?@54AB02;O5B 2>7=8:=>25=85 M<>F89-0DD5:B>2 -. ;0?0@54, >4=0:> 2 53> :>=F5?F88 CB25@6405BAO, GB> ?@5420@8B5;L=CN >F5=:C C3@>7K ?@>872>4OB =5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 ?@>F5AAK, :0: AG8B05B 070@CA, 0 >A>1K9 :;0AA M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89 - GC2AB20. "0:8< >1@07><, @5H5=85 2>?@>A0 >1 CA;>28OE 2>7=8:=>25=8O M<>F89 >?@545;O5BAO ?@5645 2A53> B5<, :0:>9 8<5==> :;0AA (8;8 :;0AAK) M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89 >1AC6405BAO 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 @01>B5. @8 H8@>:>9 B@0:B>2:5 M<>F89 8E 2>7=8:=>25=85 A2O7K205BAO A CAB>9G82K<8, >1KG=K<8 CA;>28O<8 ACI5AB2>20=8O, B0:8<8 :0: >B@065=85 2>7459AB28O 8;8 ?@54<5B0 (M<>F88 2K@060NB AC1J5:B82=>5 8E 7=0G5=85), >1>AB@5=85 ?>B@51=>AB59 (M<>F88 A83=0;878@CNB >1 MB>< AC1J5:BC) 8 B. ?. @8 C7:>< ?>=8<0=88 M<>F89 >=8 @0AA<0B@820NBAO :0: @50:F8O =0 1>;55 A?5F8D8G5A:85 CA;>28O, B0:85 :0: D@CAB@0F8O ?>B@51=>AB8, =52>7<>6=>ABL 045:20B=>3> ?>2545=8O, :>=D;8:B=>ABL A8BC0F88, =5?@542845==>5 @0728B85 A>1KB89 8 4@. #1548B5;L=>ABL ?@8<5@>2 8 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 40==KE, ?@82>48<KE 2 ?>4B25@645=85 MB8E @07;8G=KE B>G5: 7@5=8O, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > 48DD5@5=F8@>20==>AB8 M<>F89 2 >B=>H5=88 CA;>289 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, > =5<8=C5<>9 >3@0=8G5==>AB8 ?>?KB>: >E20B8BL MB8 CA;>28O 2 =5:>B>@>< >1>1I5==>< ?@8=F8?5 8;8 ?>;>65=88. -B8 ?>?KB:8 A?>A>1=K 2>>@C68BL =0A 7=0=8O<8 B0:8<8 65 >B2;5G5==K<8, :0: 8 ?>=OB85 <M<>F8O 2>>1I5>, 8 4>2545==K5 4> ?>;=>3> >E20B0 2 =8E 2A53> @07=>>1@078O M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89 A<>3CB :>=AB0B8@>20BL ;8HL (:0: MB> ?>:07K205B >1>1I5=85 ACI5AB2CNI8E B>G5: 7@5=8O) 42>9=CN >1CA;>2;5==>ABL M<>F89: A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, ?>B@51=>ABO<8 (<>B820F859), A 4@C3>9 - >A>15==>ABO<8 2>7459AB289 (A8BC0F88).  A;>6=>AB8 ?CB8, :>B>@K9 =5>1E>48<> ?@>9B8, 65;0O >B@078BL 2 B5>@88 @50;L=CN A;>6=>ABL M<>F8>=0;L=>9 687=8, <>6=> A>AB028BL ?@54AB02;5=85 ?> =5?@527>945==><C 0=0;87C CA;>289 2>7=8:=>25=8O M<>F89 2 CG5=88 . !?8=>7K. => ?>:07K205B, GB> =0 2>7=8:=>25=85 M<>F89 =0@O4C A B0:8<8 0=0;878@C5<K<8 2 A>2@5<5==KE B5>@8OE CA;>28O<8, :0: D@CAB0F8O, =0@CH5=85 687=5==KE :>=AB0=B (<87<5=5=85 A?>A>1=>AB8 B5;0 8 4CH8 : 459AB28N>) 8;8 >B@065=85 2>7<>6=>AB8 4>AB865=8O F5;59 (<A><=5=8O 2 8AE>45 25I8>), 2;8O5B <=>65AB2> 4@C38E D0:B>@>2: 0AA>F80F88 ?> AE>4AB2C 8 2@5<5=8, >B@065=85 ?@8G8==KE A2O759, <AC4L10> ?@54<5B>2 =0H8E GC2AB2, A>?5@56820=85, ?@54AB02;5=85 > A?@0254;82>AB8 ?@>8AE>4OI53> 8 4@. 07C<55BAO, MB>B <0B5@80; =C6405BAO 2 040?B0F88 : A>2@5<5==K< ?@54AB02;5=8O< 8 B5@<8=>;>388, =>, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, >= >1=0@C68205B <=>385 0A?5:BK ?@>1;5<K, :>B>@KE 2 MB8E ?@54AB02;5=8OE O2=> =54>AB05B. -<>F88 8 ?@>F5AAK ?>7=0=8O. 0==K9 2>?@>A 2065= B5<, GB> >B@0605B ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?>;>65=88 M<>F89 2 A8AB5<5 ?A8E8G5A:>3>, 3;02=>9 >A>15==>ABLN 8 >A=>2>9 :>B>@>3> 2A5340 @0AA<0B@820;8AL ?@>F5AAK ?>7=0=8O.  8AB>@88 ?A8E>;>388 4><8=8@>20;0 B@048F8O >1>A>1;5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 2 >B45;L=CN AD5@C, ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5<CN AD5@5 ?>7=0=8O 2 ?@8=F8?80;L=>< @07;8G5=88, =0?@8<5@, @07C<0 8 A5@4F0, GC2AB2 8 ?>7=0=8O, 8=B5;;5:B0 8 0DD5:B0. >AB0B>G=> 2K@065==>9 O2;O5BAO B0:65 B5=45=F8O ?@87=020BL ?@8 A>?>AB02;5=88 MB8E AD5@ ?5@28G=>ABL 8 ?@58<CI5AB2> ?@>F5AA>2 ?>7=0=8O. @09=OO 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 ?>78F8O ?>;CG8;0 =0720=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;87<0, @07;8G=K5 =0?@02;5=8O :>B>@>3> @0AA<0B@820;8 M<>F88 :0: A2>9AB2> 8;8 @07=>284=>ABL >ICI5=89, :0: @57C;LB0B 2708<>459AB28O ?@54AB02;5=89 8;8 >A>1K9 284 ?>7=0=8O (A<.: @>B, 1879-1880, G. I; C=4B.B. 2, 3;. 11.5). =B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:0O B@0:B>2:0 M<>F89 70=8<05B ?@>G=K5 ?>78F88 8 2 A>2@5<5==>9 70@C156=>9 ?A8E>;>388. "0:, 2 @01>B0E . #. 8?5@0 @0728B85 0@3C<5=B>2 2 ?>;L7C <>B828@CNI59 DC=:F88 M<>F89 =5A:>;L:> =5>6840==> 7025@H05BAO CB25@645=85<, GB> M<>F88 - ACBL 2>A?@8OB85. G5284=>, GB> 273;O4K, A2>4OI85 M<>F88 : ?@>F5AA0< ?>7=0=8O, 8, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K - ?@87=0NI85 2 B>< 8;8 8=>< 2845 ;8HL 2B>@8G=>ABL M<>F89, 8E 7028A8<>ABL >B ?>7=020B5;L=>3> >B@065=8O - @07;8G0NBAO ?@8=F8?80;L=>. !CI5AB2CNB @07;8G8O 8 2 AB5?5=8 >1>A=>20==>AB8 MB8E 42CE B>G5: 7@5=8O: ?5@20O 1078@C5BAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< =0 B5>@5B8G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=8OE, B>340 :0: 2B>@0O ?>4B25@6405BAO 5I5 8 >BG5B;82K<8 D5=><5=>;>38G5A:8<8 40==K<8, :>=AB0B8@C5<K<8 2 CB25@645=8OE, GB> M<>F88 A>?@>2>640NB, <>:@0H820NB> ?>7=020B5;L=> >B@0605<>5 A>45@60=85, >F5=820NB 8 2K@060NB AC1J5:B82=>5 53> 7=0G5=85. 59AB28B5;L=>, <K 2>AB>@305<AO 8;8 2>7<CI05<AO, >?5G0;5=K 8;8 3>@48<AO >1O70B5;L=> :5<-B> 8;8 G5<-B>, ?@8OB=K<8 8;8 BO3>AB=K<8 1K20NB =0H8 >ICI5=8O, <KA;8, A>AB>O=8O, ?@8:;NG5=8O 8 B. ?. >6=> 4C<0BL, GB> 8<5==> 87-70 A2>59 >G5284=>AB8 ?@54<5B=>ABL M<>F89 ?@87=05BAO 2 @O45 B5>@89 157 >A>1>3> 0:F5=B8@>20=8O. 564C B5< 5ABL >A=>20=8O CB25@640BL, GB> 8<5==> MB0 8E >A>15==>ABL O2;O5BAO F5=B@0;L=>9 4;O E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 >B=>H5=8O M<>F89 : ?@>F5AA0< ?>7=0=8O. @54<5B=>ABL M<>F89 8A:;NG05B B@0:B>2:C, @O4>?>;030NICN 8E ?@>F5AA0< ?>7=0=8O, 8 B@51C5B ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 AD5@5 :0: >1 >B45;L=>< ?;0AB5 ?A8E8G5A:>3>, :0: 1K =04AB@0820NI5<AO =04 ?>7=020B5;L=K< >1@07>< 8 70=8<0NI5< ?>;>65=85 <564C =8< 8 2=CB@5==8<8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 >1@07>20=8O<8 (?>B@51=>ABO<8, >?KB>< 8 B. ?.). @8 B0:>9 <;>:0;870F88> M<>F88 ;53:> 2?8AK20NBAO 2 AB@>5=85 >1@070 :0: =>A8B5;L AC1J5:B82=>3> >B=>H5=8O : B><C, GB> 2 =5< >B@0605BAO (40==0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 M<>F89 2AB@5G05BAO 25AL<0 G0AB>). 1;53G05BAO B0:65 ?>=8<0=85 :0: C?><O=CB>9 42>9=>9 >1CA;>2;5==>AB8 M<>F89 (?>B@51=>ABO<8 8 A8BC0F859), B0: 8 8E A;>6=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A ?@>F5AA0<8 ?>7=0=8O. !>3;0A=> @O4C :>=F5?F89, =5:>B>@>5 =5?>A@54AB25==> M<>F8>35==>5 A>1KB85 <>65B 2K720BL D>@<8@>20=85 =>2KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 : @07;8G=K< >1AB>OB5;LAB20<, A2O70==K< A MB8< A>1KB85<, ?@8G5< >A=>2>9 4;O B0:>3> @0728B8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 A;C68B 8<5==> ?>7=020B5;L=K9 >1@07. "0:, A8;L=K5 M<>F88 A?>A>1=K ?@840BL M<>F8>=0;L=CN >:@0A:C ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5<C, GB> B0: 8;8 8=0G5 A2O70=> A A8BC0F859 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O {. . C@8O, /. . 0;0H=8:.).  1>;55 >1KG=KE A;CG0OE ?@54<5B>< =>2KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 A;C60B CA;>28O 8 A83=0;K =5?>A@54AB25==> M<>F8>35==KE 2>7459AB289. !>3;0A=> >4=><C 87 F5=B@0;L=KE >?@545;5=89 . !?8=>7K, ?@54<5B>< ;N128-=5=028AB8 AB0=>28BAO 2A5, GB> ?>7=05BAO AC1J5:B>< :0: ?@8G8=0 C4>2>;LAB28O-=5C4>2>;LAB28O. > 2A5E B0:>3> @>40 A;CG0OE M<>F8>=0;L=K9 ?@>F5AA :0: 1K 845B ?> ?CBO<, ?@>;>65==K< ?@>F5AA0<8 ?>7=0=8O, ?>4G8=OOAL 2 A2>5< @0728B88 B5< A2O7O<, :>B>@K5 CA<0B@820NBAO AC1J5:B>< 2 >1J5:B82=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 4=0:> 206=> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> ?@>F5AAK ?>7=0=8O 745AL C?@02;ONB ;8HL @0728B85< M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0, 2 87=0G0;L=>< ?>@>645=88 :>B>@>3> @5H0NI55 7=0G5=85 8<55B C65 =5 A0<> ?> A515 ?>7=0=85, 0 A>>B25BAB285 B>3>, GB> ?>7=05BAO, ?>B@51=>ABO< 8=482840. > 2 >B=>H5=88 : ?>7=020B5;L=K< ?@>F5AA0< M<>F88 2KABC?0NB =5 B>;L:> 2 ?0AA82=>9 @>;8 <254><>3>> ?@>F5AA0. !CI5AB2CNB C1548B5;L=K5 40==K5, A2845B5;LAB2CNI85 > B><, GB> M<>F88, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, O2;ONBAO 206=59H8< D0:B>@>< @53C;OF88 ?@>F5AA>2 ?>7=0=8O. "0:, M<>F8>=0;L=0O >:@0H5==>ABL O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 CA;>289, >?@545;ONI8E =5?@>872>;L=>5 2=8<0=85 8 70?><8=0=85, MB>B 65 D0:B>@ A?>A>15= ACI5AB25==> >1;53G8BL 8;8 70B@C4=8BL ?@>872>;L=CN @53C;OF8N MB8E ?@>F5AA>2; E>@>H> 8725AB=> 2;8O=85 M<>F89 =0 ?@>F5AAK 2>>1@065=8O 8 D0=B0788; ?@8 =5>?@545;5==>< AB8<C;L=>< <0B5@80;5 8;8 ?@8 2K@065==>9 8=B5=A82=>AB8 M<>F88 <>3CB 8A:078BL 4065 ?@>F5AAK 2>A?@8OB8O; >B M<>F89 7028A8B F5;K9 @O4 E0@0:B5@8AB8: @5G8, =0:0?;820NBAO 40==K5 > B>=:>< @53C;8@CNI5< 8E 2;8O=88 =0 <KA;8B5;L=K5 ?@>F5AAK. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> MB8 @07=>>1@07=K5 8 >G5=L 206=K5 ?@>O2;5=8O M<>F89 87CG0NBAO, 3;02=K< >1@07><, 2 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388 (A<.: 59:>2A:89, 1979, 3;. IV; 0A8;L52 8 4@., 1980), 2 B5>@5B8G5A:8E 65 @01>B0E =0 =8E >1@0I05BAO <5=LH55 2=8<0=85. "0:8< >1@07><, =0?@02;OO M<>F88 =0 ?@8G8=K, A83=0;K 8 B. 4. 7=0G8<KE A>1KB89, ?@>F5AAK ?>7=0=8O B5< A0<K< >?@545;ONB 8 A2>N AC4L1C, 2?>A;54AB288 A0<8 =0?@02;OOAL M<>F8O<8 =0 MB8 ?@8G8=K 8 B. 4. 4;O ;CGH53> >7=0:><;5=8O A =8<8 8 2KOA=5=8O >?B8<0;L=>3> A?>A>10 ?>2545=8O. ">;L:> B0:8< 2708<>4>?>;=ONI8< 2;8O=85< AD5@ 8=B5;;5:B0 8 0DD5:B0, >B25G0NI8E A>>B25BAB25==> 70 >B@065=85 >1J5:B82=KE CA;>289 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 AC1J5:B82=>9 7=0G8<>AB8 MB8E CA;>289, >15A?5G8205BAO 4>AB865=85 :>=5G=>9 F5;8 45OB5;L=>AB8 - C4>2;5B2>@5=85 ?>B@51=>AB59. -<>F88 8 ?@>F5AAK <>B820F88. -B>B 2>?@>A :0: 1K ?@>4>;605B ?@54K4CI89 ?> ;8=88 ;>:0;870F88 M<>F89 2 A8AB5<5 ?A8E8G5A:>3>, >4=0:> 8< >A25I0NBAO C65 =5 B>?>;>38G5A:85, 0 DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 AD5@K, 8=0G5 3>2>@O, >= @0AA<0B@8205B ;>:0;870F8N M<>F89 =5 AB>;L:> 2 A8AB5<5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >1@07>20=89, A:>;L:> 2 A8AB5<5 A8;, ?@82>4OI8E MB8 >1@07>20=8O 2 42865=85. !@07C <>6=> A:070BL, GB> @5H5=85 MB>3> 2>?@>A0 A0<K< ?@O<K< >1@07>< A2O70=> A 8AE>4=K< ?>ABC;0B>< >1 >1J5<5 :;0AA0 O2;5=89, >B=>A8<KE : M<>F8>=0;L=K<, 8 7028A8B >B B>3>, ?@8A>548=ONBAO ;8 : =5<C A?5F8D8G5A:85 ?5@56820=8O, 8<5NI85 ?>1C640NI89 E0@0:B5@ - 65;0=8O, 2;5G5=8O, AB@5<;5=8O 8 B. ?. G5284=>, GB> ?@>1;5<0 ?@8@>4K ?@>F5AA>2, ?>1C640NI8E : 45OB5;L=>AB8, =5 O2;O5BAO ?@>AB> >4=>9 87 2=CB@5==8E ?@>1;5< ?A8E>;>388 M<>F89. 7 55 @5H5=8O A;54CNB 40;5:> 84CI85 :>=F5?BC0;L=K5 2K2>4K, :0A0NI85AO ?@8=F8?80;L=>3> ?>=8<0=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3>. "0:, 8<5==> 40==0O ?@>1;5<0 O2;O5BAO :;NG52>9 4;O @07;8G5=8O 2 8AB>@88 ?A8E>;>388 48E>B><=KE (8=B5;;5:B - 0DD5:B) 8 B@8E>B><=KE (?>7=0=85 - GC2AB2> - 2>;O) AE5< ?A8E8G5A:>3>.  A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E>;>388 >=0 AB>;L >AB@> =5 AB>8B, >4=0:> 55 7=0G5=85 ?@>4>;605B >BAB0820BLAO B0: =07K205<K<8 <>B820F8>==K<8 B5>@8O<8 M<>F89. 5;L7O 701K20BL, GB> ?@>1;5<0 45B5@<8=0F88 ?>2545=8O 2A5340 ?@82;5:0;0 2=8<0=85 8AA;54>20B5;59, E>BO @0745; <>B820F88, 2 ?@545;0E :>B>@>3> MB0 ?@>1;5<0 87CG05BAO 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O, O2;O5BAO 4;O ?A8E>;>388 A@02=8B5;L=> =>2K<. A;8 ?@5>4>;5BL 10@L5@, A>740==K9 22545=85< 2 ?A8E>;>38N =>2>9 B5@<8=>;>388. AB>@8O @0728B8O ?@54AB02;5=89 >1 >B=>H5=88 M<>F89 8 <>B820F88>:065BAO 25AL<0 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>9 8 1>30B>9.  <>B820F8>==K< (2 A>2@5<5==>< A<KA;5) B5>@8O<, =0?@8<5@, =5A><=5==> >B=>A8BAO CG5=85 . !?8=>7K.  :>=F5?F8OE . C=4B0 8 . @>B0, >B45;ONI8E ?>1C640NI85 ?5@56820=8O >B M<>F8>=0;L=KE, ?>A;54=85 B5< =5 <5=55 >AB0NBAO =5<8=C5<K< 725=>< @0728B8O ?@>F5AA>2 <>B820F88. 1>A>1;5=85 2 ?A8E>;>388 @0745;0 <>B820F88 A2O70=> A ?5@5<5I5=85< 8=B5@5A>2 8AA;54>20B5;59 A 1;8609H8E, =5?>A@54AB25==KE ?@8G8= ?>2545=8O (:>B>@K<8 8 O2;ONBAO AC1J5:B82=K5 ?>1C645=8O, 65;0=8O) =0 2A5 1>;55 >B40;5==K5 8 >?>A@54AB2>20==K5. 59AB28B5;L=>, 4;O ?>;=>3> >1JOA=5=8O =5:>B>@>3> ?>ABC?:0 O2=> =54>AB0B>G=> CB25@645=8O, GB> >= 1K; A>25@H5= 87-70 2>7=8:H53> 65;0=8O. >=:@5B=>5 459AB285 2A5340 >B25G05B =5:>B>@><C 1>;55 >1I5<C 687=5==><C >B=>H5=8N, >?@545;O5<><C ?>B@51=>ABO<8 8 F5==>ABO<8 AC1J5:B0, 53> ?@82KG:0<8, ?@>H;K< >?KB>< 8 B. ?., :>B>@K5 2 A2>N >G5@54L >?@545;ONBAO 5I5 1>;55 >1I8<8 70:>=><5@=>ABO<8 18>;>38G5A:>3> 8 A>F80;L=>3> @0728B8O, 8 B>;L:> 2 MB>< :>=B5:AB5 >=> <>65B ?>;CG8BL A2>5 ?>4;8==>5 ?@8G8==>5 >1JOA=5=85. @>1;5<0 <>B820F88 2 B>< H8@>:>< A<KA;5, :0: >=0 AB>8B 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:5 2 F5;><, ?@54?>;0305B 2KOA=5=85 2A5E D0:B>@>2 8 45B5@<8=0=B, ?>1C640NI8E, =0?@02;ONI8E 8 ?>445@6820NI8E ?>2545=85 682>3> ACI5AB20. 4=0:> >@85=B8@CNI89AO 8 459AB2CNI89 AC1J5:B 2AN A;>6=CN A>2>:C?=>ABL D0:B>@>2, 45B5@<8=8@CNI8E 53> ?>2545=85, =5?>A@54AB25==> =5 >B@0605B. ">;L:> G5;>25: 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>7=020BL ?>4;8==K5 ?@8G8=K A2>53> ?>2545=8O, => >H81:8, :>B>@K5 >= ?@8 MB>< >1KG=> 45;05B, A2845B5;LAB2CNB > B><, GB> MB> ?>7=0=85 >A=>2K205BAO =0 >?>A@54>20==>< >B@065=88 8 4>304:0E. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, AC1J5:B>< >BG5B;82> ?5@56820NBAO 2>7=8:0NI85 C =53> M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?>1C645=8O, ?@8G5< 8<5==> 8<8 >= @50;L=> @C:>2>4AB2C5BAO 2 687=8, 5A;8 B>;L:> MB><C =5 ?@5?OBAB2CNB 4@C385 ?>1C645=8O (=0?@8<5@, 65;0=85 =5 ?@8G8=OBL 7;0 4@C38<, 1KBL 25@=K< GC2AB2C 4>;30 8 B. ?.). -B>B ?@>AB>9 D0:B 8 ;568B 2 >A=>25 :>=F5?F89, CB25@640NI8E, GB> M<>F88 (2:;NG0O 2 =8E 8 65;0=8O) <>B828@CNB ?>2545=85. AB5AB25==>, GB> 40==>5 ?>;>65=85 A>25@H5==> =5?@85<;5<> 4;O 02B>@>2, :>B>@K5 <564C M<>F8O<8 8 ?>1C640NI8<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 CA<0B@820NB ?@8=F8?80;L=>5 >B;8G85, >B=>AO ?>A;54=85 : 2>;5 8;8 <>B820F88, 8;8 2>>1I5 8E 83=>@8@CO (GB> >G5=L E0@0:B5@=> 4;O A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E>;>388). 0@0483<0 B0:8E :>=F5?F89 A;54CNI0O: ?>2545=85 45B5@<8=8@C5BAO ?>B@51=>ABO<8 8 <>B820<8; M<>F88 2>7=8:0NB 2 A?5F8D8G5A:8E A8BC0F8OE (=0?@8<5@, D@CAB@0F88, :>=D;8:B0, CA?5E0-=5CA?5E0) 8 2K?>;=ONB 2 =8E A2>8 A?5F8D8G5A:85 DC=:F88 (=0?@8<5@, 0:B820F88, <>18;870F88, 70:@5?;5=8O) .  ?5@8>4 AB0=>2;5=8O ?A8E>;>388 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 =0C:8 =0 @C1565 XX 25:0 MB0 2B>@0O B>G:0 7@5=8O ?@0:B8G5A:8 2KB5A=8;0 B@048F8N 548=>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 M<>F8>=0;L=KE> 8 <>B820F8>==KE ?@>F5AA>2, E0@0:B5@=CN 4;O 2A53> ?@54H5AB2>202H53> ?5@8>40 @0728B8O ?@54AB02;5=89 >1 M<>F8OE*, *-B>B 2>?@>A 1>;55 @0725@=CB> >1AC6405BAO =0<8 2 4@C3>9 @01>B5 (1976, 3;. 3.2). 8 A>2@5<5==0O 0:045<8G5A:0O AE5<0 87;>65=8O ?A8E>;>388 B@0:BC5B <>B820F8N 8 M<>F88 :0: 425 A@02=8B5;L=> >1>A>1;5==K5 ?@>1;5<K, A2O78 <564C :>B>@K<8 A>?>AB028<K, =0?@8<5@, A> A2O7O<8 <564C 2>A?@8OB85< 8 2=8<0=85<, 8;8 ?0<OBLN 8 <KH;5=85<. 4=0:>, :0: MB> G0AB> 1K205B, C:@5?;5=85 ?>78F89 >4=>9 87 ?@>B82>1>@AB2CNI8E AB>@>= 0:B82878@C5B 459AB28O 4@C3>9. @54AB02;O5BAO, GB> 8<5==> MB>B <5E0=87< ?@825; : ?>O2;5=8N 2 ?A8E>;>388 M<>F89 F5;>3> @O40 @01>B, >BAB0820NI8E DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 548=AB2> M<>F8>=0;L=KE 8 ?>B@51=>AB=>-<>B820F8>==KE ?@>F5AA>2. 081>;55 M=5@38G=> AB0@K5 8458 AB0;8 70I8I0BL 2 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 - . . 5B@068F:89 (1908), 2 70@C156=>9, =5A:>;L:> 45AOB8;5B89 A?CABO - . #. 8?5@ (A<. B0:65 Arnold, Gasson, 1954, 3;. 10; Young. 1961; Bindra, 1969; Tornkins, 1970 8 4@.). >42>4O 8B>3 >1AC645=8N <>B828@CNI59 DC=:F88 M<>F89 2 70@C156=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5, . @=>;L4 CB25@6405B: <B=>H5=85 <564C M<>F8O<8 8 <>B820F859, 87>1@0605<>5 2 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5, >AB05BAO A>25@H5==> =5OA=K<. %>BO A=>20 8 A=>20 CB25@6405BAO, GB> M<>F88 <>B828@CNB, 5420 ;8 :B>-;81> A<>3 2KABC?8BL 8 =542CA<KA;5==> >1JOA=8BL, :0: 8<5==> MB> ?@>8AE>48B> (Arnold, 1969, A. 1041).  MB8E A;>20E ?@5C25;8G5=8O =5B. "0:, -. 0DD8, >BAB0820O 2 >4=>9 87 A2>8E @01>B =5>1E>48<>ABL 548=>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 <>B820F8>==KE 8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2, 2<5AB5 A B5< CB25@6405B, GB> >10 B5@<8=0 - <>B820F8O 8 M<>F8O - ?@>AB> 87;8H=8 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>< A;>20@5 (Duffy, 1948). 5CB5H8B5;L=>ABL ACI5AB2CNI59 :0@B8=K =5 4>;6=0 2K7K20BL C482;5=8O ?> :@09=59 <5@5 ?> 42C< ?@8G8=0<. >-?5@2KE, ?>78F88 ?0@0;;5;87<0 8 ?>78B8287<0, 2 ?@545;0E :>B>@KE D>@<C;8@CNBAO A>2@5<5==K5 <>B820F8>==K5 B5>@88 M<>F89, =5 4>?CA:0NB 2K45;5=8O <8@0 AC1J5:B82=KE ?5@56820=89 2 :0G5AB25 >B45;L=>3> 725=0 ?@>F5AA>2 @53C;OF88, B>340 :0: 8<5==> MB> CA;>285 ?>72>;O5B =5 B>;L:> D>@<0;L=> >1J548=8BL, => 8 @07;8G8BL <>B820F8>==K5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?@>F5AAK 2 548=>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88. >-2B>@KE, ?@87K20O D0:B8G5A:8, : 2>72@0I5=8N : AB0@K< 701KBK< 845O<, <>B820F8>==K5 B5>@88 =5 8A?>;L7CNB >?KB0, =0:>?;5==>3> 2 8E @0728B88 2 ?@>H;><. 564C B5< MB>B >?KB 4>AB0B>G=> 1>30B, 8 >128=5=8O 2 =5A>AB>OB5;L=>AB8 40BL >1JOA=5=85 B><C, <:0: 8<5==> M<>F88 <>B828@CNB>, 1K;8 1K ?> >B=>H5=8N : =5<C =5A?@0254;82K<8. >4;8==CN DC=:F8>=0;L=CN 8=B5@?@5B0F8N M<>F88 <>3CB ?>;CG8BL ;8HL 2 :>=B5:AB5 >BAB08205<>3> A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>3859 ?>;>65=8O > =5>1E>48<>< 8 0:B82=>< CG0AB88 AC1J5:B82=KE ?5@56820=89 2 @53C;OF88 45OB5;L=>AB8. 5H5=85, :>B>@>5 2 MB8E CA;>28OE ?>;CG05B 2>?@>A >1 >B=>H5=88 M<>F88 : <>B820F88, 2 =081>;55 :>=F5=B@8@>20==>< 2845 ?5@5405B D>@<C;8@>2:0 !. . C18=HB59=0, CB25@640NI0O, GB> M<>F88 O2;ONBAO AC1J5:B82=>9 D>@<>9 ACI5AB2>20=8O ?>B@51=>AB59 (<>B820F88). -B> 7=0G8B, GB> <>B820F8O >B:@K205BAO AC1J5:BC 2 2845 M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89, :>B>@K5 A83=0;878@CNB 5<C > ?>B@51=>AB=>9 7=0G8<>AB8 >1J5:B>2 8 ?>1C640NB =0?@028BL =0 =8E 45OB5;L=>ABL. -<>F88 8 <>B820F8>==K5 ?@>F5AAK ?@8 MB>< =5 >B>645AB2;ONBAO: O2;OOAL AC1J5:B82=>9 D>@<>9 ACI5AB2>20=8O <>B820F88, M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 ;8HL 8B>3>2CN, @57C;LB0B82=CN D>@<C 55 ACI5AB2>20=8O, =5 >B@060NICN 2A5E B5E ?@>F5AA>2, :>B>@K5 ?>43>B02;820NB 8 >?@545;ONB ?>O2;5=85 M<>F8>=0;L=KE >F5=>: 8 ?>1C645=89. 0: 8 <=>385 4@C385, 2>?@>A >1 C=825@A0;L=>AB8 <>B820F8>==>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 M<>F89 7028A8B >B ?>ABC;8@C5<>3> >1J5<0 O2;5=89, >B=>A8<KE : M<>F8>=0;L=K<. "0:. A>3;0A=> B5>@88 . #. 8?5@0, M<>F88 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 B>;L:> >4=C 87 D>@< <>B820F88, >B25G0NICN 70 ?>1C645=85 ?>2545=8O =0@O4C A B0:8<8 <D878>;>38G5A:8 >1CA;>2;5==K<8> <>B820<8, :0: 3>;>4 8;8 D878G5A:0O 1>;L. G5284=>, 5A;8 4065 ?5@56820=8O 3>;>40 8 1>;8 =5 AG8B0BL M<>F8>=0;L=K<8, MB> =5 ?@5?OBAB2C5B ?@87=0=8N, GB> 8<5==> >=8 ?@575=B8@CNB AC1J5:BC ?>B@51=>AB8 (?8I52CN 8 A0<>A>E@0=5=8O), ?@54AB02;OO A>1>9 :>=:@5B=>-AC1J5:B82=CN D>@<C 8E ACI5AB2>20=8O. >MB><C @5H5=85 2>?@>A0 > B><, 2AO ;8 <>B820F8O >B:@K205BAO AC1J5:BC 2 2845 M<>F89, 7028A8B 8A:;NG8B5;L=> >B B>3>, :0: 1C45B ?@>;>65=0 3@0=8F0, @0745;ONI0O ?5@56820=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>9 8 =5M<>F8>=0;L=>9 ?@8@>4K. $C=:F88 M<>F89. 040GC 87CG5=8O DC=:F8>=0;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O M<>F89 >BG5B;82> ?>AB028; -. ;0?0@54 (A. 94), ?>:0702H89 2 @57C;LB0B5 55 @50;870F88 >4=>AB>@>==>ABL :0: :;0AA8G5A:>9, B0: 8 <?5@8D5@8G5A:>9> 8=B5@?@5B0F88 CA;>289 2>7=8:=>25=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 ?@54;>682H89 ?@8<8@ONICN 8E AE5<C. 4=0:> 2=8<0=85, C45;O5<>5 2>?@>AC > DC=:F8OE M<>F89 2 1>;55 @0==8E :>=F5?F8OE, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> ;0?0@54 70D8:A8@>20; 8 2845 <5B>4>;>38G5A:>3> ?@8=F8?0 B5=45=F8N, ?@>O2;ONICNAO 2 ?A8E>;>388 M<>F89 D0:B8G5A:8 A <><5=B0 55 70@>645=8O. >?@>A > DC=:F8OE O2;O5BAO :;NG52K< 8 ?@>=87K20NI8< 2AN ?A8E>;>38N M<>F89, ?>MB><C >A=>2=K5 8 A0<K5 >1I85 DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 M<>F89 =5 <>3;8 =5 2KO28BLAO ?@8 >1AC645=88 ?@54K4CI8E 2>?@>A>2.  ?@545;0E 40==>3> @0745;0 MB8 >1I85 DC=:F88 M<>F89 <K >1>7=0G8< A =51>;LH8<8 4>?>;=8B5;L=K<8 :><<5=B0@8O<8, A>A@54>B0G820O >A=>2=>5 2=8<0=85 =0 1>;55 A?5F8D8G5A:8E ?@>O2;5=8OE M<>F89. !:@C?C;57=K9 0=0;87 273;O4>2 =0 ?@8@>4C M<>F89, ?@>2545==K9 . @>B>< 2 8AB>@8G5A:>9 G0AB8 53> @01>BK (1879-1880), @02=> :0: 8 ?>;>65=8O A>2@5<5==KE :>=F5?F89 ?>72>;ONB 70:;NG8BL, GB> M<>F88 4>AB0B>G=> 548=>4CH=> ?@87=0NBAO 2K?>;=ONI8<8 DC=:F8N >F5=:8. 4=0:>, ?@8=8<0O 40==>5 ?>;>65=85 2 :0G5AB25 >1>1I5==>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, =5;L7O C?CA:0BL 87 284C, GB> ?@8 53> :>=:@5B870F88 - ?@8 CB>G=5=88 B>3>, GB> 8<5==>, :0: 8<5==>, =0 :0:>9 >A=>25 8 B. 4. >F5=820NB M<>F88 - 2KA:07K20NBAO @07;8G=K5 <=5=8O. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> A?>A>1=>ABL M<>F89 ?@>872>48BL >F5=:C E>@>H> A>3;0AC5BAO A 8E E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8, >1AC6402H8<8AO 2KH5: 8E 2>7=8:=>25=88 2 7=0G8<KE A8BC0F8OE, ?@54<5B=>AB8, 7028A8<>AB8 >B ?>B@51=>AB59 8 4@. A=>2=>9 2K2>4, A;54CNI89 87 >1J548=5==>3> 0=0;870 2A5E MB8E E0@0:B5@8AB8:, 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> M<>F88 =5 O2;ONBAO >?>A@54AB2>20==K< ?@>4C:B>< <>B820F8>==>9 7=0G8<>AB8 >B@0605<KE ?@54<5B>2 (:0:8< O2;ONBAO, =0?@8<5@, @072820NI85AO ?> >B=>H5=8N : =8< >@85=B8@>2>G=>-8AA;54>20B5;LA:85 ?@>F5AAK), 8<8 MB0 7=0G8<>ABL =5?>A@54AB25==> >F5=8205BAO 8 2K@0605BAO, >=8 A83=0;878@CNB > =59 AC1J5:BC. =0G5 3>2>@O, M<>F88 O2;ONBAO B5< O7K:><, B>9 A8AB5<>9 A83=0;>2, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>9 AC1J5:B C7=05B > ?>B@51=>AB=>9 7=0G8<>AB8 ?@>8AE>4OI53>. @>4>;68B5;L=K5 8 ?@>4>;60NI85AO A?>@K 2>:@C3 2>?@>A0 > <>B828@CNI59 @>;8 M<>F89 - > 2K?>;=O5<>9 8<8 DC=:F88 ?>1C645=8O - 2KH5 >1AC640;8AL >B45;L=>.  B><C, GB> 1K;> A:070=>, 4>1028<, GB> ?>;=>5 >BAB@0=5=85 M<>F89 >B DC=:F88 ?>1C645=8O 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 >15AA<KA;8205B 8 ?@>872>48<CN 8<8 DC=:F8N >F5=:8. 0725 87 >F5=:8 ?@>8AE>4OI53> <>65B A;54>20BL, A 18>;>38G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, GB>-;81> 1>;55 F5;5A>>1@07=>5, G5< =5<54;5==>5 ?>1C645=85 ?@8A2>8BL, >2;045BL ?>;57=K< 8 871028BLAO >B 2@54=>3>? >MB><C ACI5AB2C5B ?@8=F8?80;L=>5 @07;8G85 <564C >B@8F0=85< M<>F8>=0;L=>9 ?@8@>4K ?>1C640NI8E ?5@56820=89 8 >B:07>< ?@87=0BL :0:>5 1K B> =8 1K;> CG0AB85 M<>F89 2 @0728B88 MB8E ?5@56820=89. >A;54=55 >7=0G05B ?@87=0=85 2 ?@8@>45 ?A8E8G5A:>3> 7=0G8B5;L=>3> 8 5420 ;8 G5<-;81> >1JOA=8<>3> =5A>25@H5=AB20.  A?>A>1=>AB8 M<>F89 ?>1C640BL 459AB28O 3>2>@OB 4@C385, 1>;55 A?5F8D8G5A:85 8E DC=:F88. "0:, 2 :@8B8G5A:8E CA;>28OE, ?@8 =5A?>A>1=>AB8 AC1J5:B0 =09B8 045:20B=K9 2KE>4 87 >?0A=KE, B@02<8@CNI8E, G0I5 2A53> =5>6840==> A;>682H8EAO A8BC0F89, @0728205BAO >A>1K9 284 M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 - B0: =07K205<K5 0DD5:BK (A<. @01>BC /. . 0;0H=8:0). 4=> 87 DC=:F8>=0;L=KE ?@>O2;5=89 0DD5:B0 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >= =02O7K- 205B AC1J5:BC AB5@5>B8?=K5 459AB28O, ?@54AB02;ONI85 A>1>9 >?@545;5==K9 70:@5?82H89AO 2 M2>;NF88 A?>A>1 <020@89=>3>> @ 0 7 @5H5=8O A8BC0F89: 153AB2>, >F5?5=5=85, 03@5AA8N 8 B. ?. (5>=BL52, !C40:>2, 1978). 725AB=>, GB> 8 4@C385 A8BC0B82=K5 M<>F88, B0:85 :0: 2>7<CI5=85, 3>@4>ABL, >1840, @52=>ABL, B>65 A?>A>1=K <=02O70BL> G5;>25:C >?@545;5==K5 ?>ABC?:8, ?@8G5< 4065 :>340 >=8 4;O =53> =565;0B5;L=K. -B> ?>72>;O5B CB25@640BL, GB> : M<>F8>=0;L=><C @07@5H5=8N A8BC0F89 ?@82>4OB =5 B>;L:> 0DD5:BK 8 GB> 40==0O DC=:F8O A2>9AB25==0 1>;55 H8@>:><C :;0AAC M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89 (8;N=0A, 1976, A. 124). 03;O4=K9 ?@8<5@ B0:>3> ?@>O2;5=8O M<>F89 ?@54>AB02;O5B 8AA;54>20=85 ". 5<1> (Dembo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ieron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eeper, 1948; Arnold, 1970). KH5, ?@8 >1AC645=88 >B=>H5=89.M<>F89 : ?@>F5AA0< ?>7=0=8O, <K ?>7=0:><8;8AL A >1I8< @53C;8@CNI8< 2;8O=85< M<>F89, 70:;NG0NI8<AO 2 A>A@54>B>G5=88 MB8E ?@>F5AA>2 =0 ?@54<5B=>< A>45@60=88, 8<5NI5< M<>F8>=0;L=CN >:@0A:C.  ;8B5@0BC@5 >A>1> 2K45;ONBAO 425 2708<>4>?>;=ONI85 DC=:F88, 2K?>;=O5<K5 M<>F8O<8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : >?@545;5==K< ?A8E8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA0<, B. 5. ?@54AB02;ONI85 A>1>9 G0AB=K5 A;CG08 >1I53> @53C;8@CNI53> 8E 2;8O=8O. 5GL 845B > 2;8O=88 M<>F89 =0 =0:>?;5=85 8 0:BC0;870F8N 8=48284C0;L=>3> >?KB0. 5@20O DC=:F8O, >1AC6405<0O ?>4 @07=K<8 =0720=8O<8: 70:@5?;5=8O-B>@<>65=8O (. . =>E8=), A;54>>1@07>20=8O {. . 5>=BL52), ?>4:@5?;5=8O (. . !8<>=>2), C:07K205B =0 A?>A>1=>ABL M<>F89 >AB02;OBL A;54K 2 >?KB5 8=482840, 70:@5?;OO 2 =5< B5 2>7459AB28O 8 C402I85AO-=5C402H85AO 459AB28O, :>B>@K5 8E 2>71C48;8. A>15==> O@:> A;54>>1@07CNI0O DC=:F8O ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 A;CG0OE M:AB@5<0;L=KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89 (A<. @01>BK /. . 0;0H=8:0 8 . . C@8O). Ä.:5N5P5°5˛5ś5¸566Œ6Ž6P7R7V7X7Ę7Ě7<8>8j<l<˛DüDDE\E^ErEtE|E‚EˆEŠE’E”E˜EšEžE EüúüďüďüďüďüďüďüďüďüďüďüďüäüŕÜŐÉÁÉÁÉÁÉÁÜŕh†íh†í5h†íh†í5mH sH  h†íh†íh†íhfvh1Tqh1TqmH sH h†íh1TqmH sH Uh1Tq(~€bdÎĐJL4 6 !!''|,~,Ä-Ć-x.z.&4(4Ř<Ú<~D÷÷÷ňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňňgd1Tq$a$gd†í^EžEţţ~DÂHđHňH@L‚O„OşSúSüS>X6ZŒZŽZ0b2bôböbňeôe@j>kjpśp¸pv¤wŚw@yByúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1TqByx}^€`€ŕ‡~ˆ€ˆžŔř’——$Ÿ&ŸPŁRŁŽ§’¨”¨úŹüŹ>˛@˛pˇŚš¨šŕž–ż˜żäĂúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1TqäĂćĂĆƸƺĆŇČÜĚŢĚŃŇŇNÖPŘRŘäßćß.äRćTćŒęŽę’í”íő@÷B÷`ý€ý‚ýúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1Tq‚ýŔ^`Ş ţ  nHJÂÄŘ4Ú4:Î;Đ;ü@~A€AĚGÎGZO\OŒT†VˆV\\P_úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1Tq> A0< ?> A515 A;54 =5 8<5; 1K A<KA;0, 5A;8 =5 1K;> 1K 2>7<>6=>AB8 8A?>;L7>20BL 53> 2 1C4CI5<.  0:BC0;870F88 70:@5?;5==>3> >?KB0 M<>F88 B>65 83@0NB 7=0G8B5;L=CN @>;L, 8 MB> ?>4G5@:8205B 2B>@0O 87 2K45;O5<KE DC=:F89. >A:>;L:C 0:BC0;870F8O A;54>2 >1KG=> >?5@5605B @0728B85 A>1KB89 8 2>7=8:0NI85 ?@8 MB>< M<>F88 A83=0;878@CNB > 2>7<>6=>< ?@8OB=>< 8;8 =5?@8OB=>< 8E 8AE>45, 2K45;ONB ?@542>AE8I0NICN DC=:F8N M<>F89 (0?>@>65F, 525@>28G, 1974). >A:>;L:C ?@542>AE8I5=85 A>1KB89 ACI5AB25==> A>:@0I05B ?>8A: ?@028;L=>3> 2KE>40 87 A8BC0F88, 2K45;ONB M2@8AB8G5A:CN DC=:F8N ("8E><8@>2, 8=>3@04>2, 1969).  >B=>H5=88 MB8E DC=:F89 M<>F89, 2?@>G5<, :0: 8 2 >B=>H5=88 4@C38E, 206=> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB>, :>=AB0B8@CO >?@545;5==>5 ?@>O2;5=85 M<>F89, >=8 >AB@> AB02OB 7040GC 2KOA=5=8O B>3>, :0: 8<5==> M<>F88 MB> 45;0NB, 2KOA=5=8O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> <5E0=87<0, ;560I53> 2 >A=>25 MB8E ?@>O2;5=89. >;LH>9 B5>@5B8G5A:89 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;O5B DC=:F8O M<>F89, >BG5B;82> =0<5G5==0O 2 @01>B0E . C=4B0 8 2KO2;ONI0O @>;L M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?5@56820=89 2 AB0=>2;5=88 8 >@30=870F88 AC1J5:B82=>3> >1@070. !>3;0A=> C=4BC, M<>F8>=0;L=K9 B>= >ICI5=89 (8;8 1>;55 A;>6=KE <548=8F> >B@065=8O), 2>A?@8=8<05<KE >4=>2@5<5==> 8;8 =5?>A@54AB25==> 4@C3 70 4@C3><, A;8205BAO ?> >?@545;5==K< 70:>=0< 2> 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 >1I85 @02=>459AB2CNI85 ?5@56820=8O, A>>B25BAB25==> >@30=87CO 2 2>A?@8OB88 8 A0<8 MB8 <548=8FK> (>ICI5=8O, ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 B. ?.). ">;L:> 2 A8;C B0:>3> A;8O=8O GC2AB2 <K 2>A?@8=8<05< =5 =01>@ ?OB5= 8;8 72C:>2, 0 ?59706 8 <5;>48N, =5 <=>65AB2> 8=B@>F5?B82=KE 2?5G0B;5=89, 0 A2>5 B5;>. "0:8< >1@07><, M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O 2KABC?0NB A8=B578@CNI59 >A=>2>9 >1@070, >15A?5G820NI59 2>7<>6=>ABL F5;>AB=>3> 8 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>3> >B@065=8O <>708G=>3> @07=>>1@078O D0:B8G5A:8 459AB2CNI8E @074@065=89. &5;>AB=>ABL ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =5 B>;L:> O2=> >1=0@C6820NICNAO, => 8 >4=C 87 B08=AB25==KE >A>15==>AB59 ?A8E8G5A:>3>. =>385 02B>@K, ?KB02H85AO >A<KA;8BL 55, >AB0=02;820;8AL, =5 =0H54H8 2>7<>6=>AB8 871028BLAO >B =02O7G82>3> >1@070 3><C=:C;CA0. 065 35HB0;LB?A8E>;>38O, 28452H0O 2 MB>9 >A>15==>AB8 F5=B@0;L=CN ?@>1;5<C ?A8E>;>388 8 402H0O B>=G09H55 55 D5=><5=>;>38G5A:>5 >?8A0=85, 4;O 55 >1JOA=5=8O 2K=C645=0 1K;0 >1@0B8BLAO : A?5:C;OB82=K< ?>AB@>5=8O<, AAK;0OAL, 2 G0AB=>AB8, =0 2708<>459AB285 M;5:B@>?>;59. >MB><C CG5=85 C=4B0 > A;8O=88 GC2AB2, ;560I5< 2 >A=>25 ?>7=020B5;L=KE A8=B57>2, ?@54AB02;O5B 8=B5@5A :0: >4=0 87 =5<=>3>G8A;5==KE ?>?KB>: 2A:@KBL ?A8E>- ;>38G5A:89 <5E0=87< AB@C:BC@8@>20==>AB8 8 F5;>AB=>AB8 >B@065=8O. /@:8< ?@8<5@>< M<>F8>=0;L=KE A8=B57>2, ?@>O2;ONI8EAO =0 C@>2=5 1>;55 A;>6=KE :>3=8B82=KE >1@07>20=89, A;C60B B0: =07K205<K5 0DD5:B82=K5 :><?;5:AK, M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>5 8AA;54>20=85 :>B>@KE, =0G0B>5 . . .=3><, 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 1K;> @0728B> . . C@8O. -B8 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8, GB> A>2>:C?=>ABL >1@07>2, ?@O<> 8;8 A;CG09=> A2O70==KE A A8BC0F859, ?>@>482H59 A8;L=>5 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 ?5@56820=85, >1@07C5B 2 ?0<OB8 ?@>G=K9 :><?;5:A, 0:BC0;870F8O >4=>3> 87 M;5<5=B>2 :>B>@>3> 2;5G5B, 4065 ?@>B82 2>;8 AC1J5:B0, =5<54;5==>5 <22545=85> 2 A>7=0=85 4@C38E 53> M;5<5=B>2. 5;L7O >B:070BL 2 C1548B5;L=>AB8 8 B5< <=>38< ?@8<5@0<, :>B>@K5 ?@82>48B C=4B. !CI5AB2CNB B0:65 8 >?@545;5==K5 B5>@5B8G5A:85 2K2>4K, ?>72>;ONI85 3>2>@8BL >1 >?@0240==>AB8 ?>8A:>2 A8=B578@CNI59 >A=>2K >1@070 8<5==> 2 AD5@5 M<>F8>=0;L=>3>. !>2@5<5==0O ?A8E>;>38O @0AA<0B@8205B GC2AB25==CN B:0=L >B@065=8O :0: >1@07>20=85 ?@5645 2A53> :>3=8B82=>9 ?@8@>4K. -B> 2K7K205B ACI5AB25==K5 70B@C4=5=8O ?@8 ?>?KB:5 ?>=OBL A;8O=85 2 ?A8E8G5A:>< >1@075 2>7459AB289 @07=KE <>40;L=>AB59. @54AB02;5=85 65 > A8=B578@CNI59 @>;8 M<>F89 ?>72>;O5B >A=0AB8BL >1@07 :0: 1K >1I8< DC=40<5=B><, =0 :>B>@K9 <>3CB ?@>5F8@>20BLAO 8 2ABC?0BL 2> 2708<>459AB285 ?>7=020B5;L=K5 >1@07>20=8O @07=KE C@>2=59 8 <>40;L=>AB59. 4=0:>, 3>2>@O > ?@58<CI5AB20E CG5=8O >1 M<>F8>=0;L=>< <DC=40<5=B5> >1@070, A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> >=> B@51C5B 4>?CI5=8O, 1>;LH8=AB2>< A>2@5<5==KE 02B>@>2 =5 ?@8=8<05<>3>, 0 8<5==> - ?@8=OB8O ?@8=F8?0 ?0=M<>F8>=0;L=>AB8, A>3;0A=> :>B>@><C F5;>AB=K9 0:B >B@065=8O, ?> A;>20< !. . C18=HB59=0, <...2A5340 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 2:;NG05B 548=AB2> 42CE ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE :><?>=5=B>2-7=0=8O 8 >B=>H5=8O, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 8 <0DD5:B82=>3>>, ...87 :>B>@KE B> >48=, B> 4@C3>9 2KABC?05B 2 :0G5AB25 ?@5>1;040NI53>> (1957, A. 264). #G5=8N C=4B0 >1 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 <B:0=8> ?A8E8G5A:>3> A>72CG=K ?@54AB02;5=8O $. @N35@0, 2 @01>B5 :>B>@>3> B>65 >BAB08205BAO ?@O<0O A2O7L <564C M<>F8O<8 8 F5;>AB=>ABLN >B@065=8O. 4=0:>, 1C4CG8 ?@8=F8?80;L=K< ?@>B82=8:>< A2>9AB25==>3> C=4BC <0B><87<0>, AB@5<OI53>AO 2> GB> 1K B> =8 AB0;> A;>68BL 2A52>7<>6=K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 >1@07>20=8O 87 M;5<5=B0@=KE 548=8F, MB>B 02B>@ @0728205B A2>N B5>@8N 2 =0?@02;5=88, ?@>B82>?>;>6=>< 2C=4B>2A:><C - >B F5;>3> : G0AB8. !>3;0A=> @N35@C, M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O O2;ONBAO 87=0G0;L=K< 8 548=AB25==K< =>A8B5;5< F5;>AB=>AB8, A>E@0=ONI8< 70 A>1>9 MBC >A>15==>ABL 8 ?@8 2K45;5=88 87 B>B0;L=>9 F5;>AB=>AB8 >?KB0 48DDC7=KE :><?;5:A>2 8 1>;55 AB@>3> >@30=87>20==KE 35HB0;LB>2. <5==> M<>F88, :0: 1K @5?@575=B8@CNI85 2 MB8E >1>A>1;ONI8EAO >1@07>20=8OE F5;>AB=>ABL 8 O2;ONI85AO <5@>9 MB>9 F5;>AB=>AB8, ?@5?OBAB2CNB 8E 87>;OF88 8 ?>72>;ONB 8< >AB020BLAO G0ABO<8 548=>3> <8@>>ICI5=8O 8=482840. "0:8< >1@07><, >BAB0820O BC 65 845N >1 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 >A=>25 F5;>AB=>AB8 >B@065=8O, A8=B57C C=4B0 @N35@ ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B 48DD5@5=F80F8N :0: >A=>2=>9 ?@8=F8? @0728B8O M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2. 4=0:> 8 2 40==>< A;CG05 >15 B>G:8 7@5=8O =5 O2;ONBAO 0;LB5@=0B82=K<8. ABL >A=>20=8O CB25@640BL, GB> ?@54AB02;5=8O @N35@0 1>;55 >B25G0NB 35=5B8G5A:><C (2 @0728B88 @515=:0 <=>385 =>2>>1@07>20=8O D>@<8@CNBAO 8<5==> ?CB5< 2K45;5=8O 87 1>;55 >1I8E 8 48DDC7=KE M;5<5=B>2 >?KB0), B>340 :0: C=4B0 - DC=:F8>=0;L=><C 0A?5:BC 2708<>>B=>H5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=KE 8 ?>7=020B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2.  A>60;5=8N, CA2>5=85 8=B5@5A=KE 8 ?5@A?5:B82=KE 8459 @N35@0 70B@C4=O5B :@09=5 A;>6=K9 8 B@C4=K9 4;O 2>A?@8OB8O O7K: 8E 87;>65=8O. -<>F88 O2;ONBAO A>1KB85< =5 B>;L:> ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<, 8 8E DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 =07=0G5=85 =5 8AG5@?K205BAO @07=>AB>@>==8<8 2;8O=8O<8 =0 C@>2=5 AC1J5:B82=>3> >B@065=8O. 0: CB25@640; . 5:0@B, <3;02=>5 459AB285 2A5E ;N4A:8E AB@0AB59 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >=8 ?>1C640NB 8 =0AB@0820NB 4CHC G5;>25:0 65;0BL B>3>, : G5<C MB8 AB@0AB8 ?>43>B>2;ONB 53> B5;>> (1950, A. 615). >A:>;L:C M<>F88 A83=0;878@CNB > 7=0G8<>AB8 ?@>8AE>4OI53>, ?>43>B>2:0 2 M<>F8>=0;L=>< A>AB>O=88 B5;0 : ;CGH5<C 2>A?@8OB8N 8 2>7<>6=K< 459AB28O< =0AB>;L:> F5;5A>>1@07=>, GB> 1K;> 1K C4828B5;L=>, 5A;8 >=0 =5 70:@5?8;0AL 2 M2>;NF88 8 =5 AB0;0 >4=>9 87 E0@0:B5@=KE >A>15==>AB59 M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2. 07=>AB>@>==55 2;8O=85 M<>F89 =0 B5;> B>65 ?>;CG8;> >B@065=852 2K45;5=88 @O40 8E DC=:F8>=0;L=KE E0@0:B5@8AB8:. =>38<8 02B>@0<8 ?>4G5@:8205BAO ?@>8AE>4OI0O 2 M<>F8>=0;L=>< A>AB>O=88 0:B820F8O =5@2=KE F5=B@>2, 0 2 :>=5G=>< 8B>35 - 8 2A53> >@30=87<0, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O =5A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 AB@C:BC@0<8 AB2>;0 <>730 8 ?5@540205<0O =5A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 ?CBO<8 2>71C645=8O (8=4A;59, 1960; Prince, 1928, Arnold, 1967; 8 4@.). !>3;0A=> <0:B820F8>==K<> B5>@8O< M<>F88 >15A?5G820NB >?B8<0;L=K9 C@>25=L 2>71C645=8O F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 >B45;L=KE 55 ?>4AB@C:BC@ (8, A>>B25BAB25==>, C@>25=L 1>4@AB2>20=8O A8AB5<K ?A8E8G5A:>3> >B@065=8O), :>B>@K9 <>65B :>;510BLAO >B :><0B>7=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 3;C1>:>3> A=0 4> ?@545;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O 2 A>AB>O=88 M:AB070. :B820F8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 8 ?@5645 2A53> 2535B0B82=>3> 55 >B45;0, ?@82>48B : <=>3>G8A;5==K< 87<5=5=8O< 2 A>AB>O=88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2 8 >@30=87<0 2 F5;><. %0@0:B5@ MB8E 87<5=5=89 ?>:07K205B, GB> M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O 2K7K20NB ;81> <>18;870F8N >@30=>2 459AB28O, M=5@35B8G5A:8E @5AC@A>2 8 70I8B=KE ?@>F5AA>2 >@30=87<0, ;81>, 2 1;03>?@8OB=KE A8BC0F8OE, 53> 4 5<>18;870F8N, =0AB@>9:C =0 2=CB@5==85 ?@>F5AAK 8 =0:>?;5=85 M=5@388 (M==>=, 1927). G5284=>, GB> DC=:F88 0:B820F88 8 <>18;870F88-45<>18;870F88 B5A=> A2O70=K 8 ?>A;54=NN <>6=> @0A- A<0B@820BL :0: >4=> 87 @57C;LB0B82=KE ?@>O2;5=89 ?5@2>9 (=0@O4C, =0?@8<5@, A 87<5=5=8O<8 2@5<5=8 @50:F88 8;8 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 0=0;870B>@>2). 0@O4C A >1I59 ?>43>B>2:>9 >@30=87<0 : 459AB28N >B45;L=K5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O A>?@>2>640NBAO A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 87<5=5=8O<8 2 ?0=B><8<8:5, <8<8:5, 72C:>2K<8 @50:F8O<8. 0:>2> 1K =8 1K;> 87=0G0;L=>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 8 =07=0G5=85 MB8E @50:F89 (A<. 0@28=, 1953), 2 M2>;NF88 >=8 @072820;8AL 8 70:@5?;O;8AL 8 :0: A@54AB20 >?>25I5=8O >1 M<>F8>=0;L=>< A>AB>O=88 8=482840 2> 2=CB@8284>2>< 8 <56284>2>< >1I5=88. ! ?>2KH5=85< @>;8 >1I5=8O C 2KAH8E 682>B=KE 2K@078B5;L=K5 42865=8O AB0=>2OBAO B>=:> 48DD5@5=F8@>20==K< O7K:><, A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> 8=48284K >1<5=820NBAO 8=D>@<0F859 :0: > A2>5< A>AB>O=88, B0: 8 > B><, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 A@545 (A83=0;K >?0A=>AB8, ?8I8 8 B. ?.). -:A?@5AA82=0O DC=:F8O M<>F89 =5 ?>B5@O;0 A2>53> 7=0G5=8O 8 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 2 8AB>@8G5A:>< @0728B88 G5;>25:0 AD>@<8@>20;0AL 1>;55 A>25@H5==0O D>@<0 >1<5=0 8=D>@<0F859 - G;5=>@0745;L=0O @5GL. !0<0 CA>25@H5=AB2>202H8AL 1;03>40@O B><C, GB> 3@C1K5 2@>645==K5 D>@<K 2K@065=8O AB0;8 4>?>;=OBLAO 1>;55 B>=:8<8 :>=25=F8>=0;L=K<8 =>@<0<8, CA208205<K<8 2 >=B>35=575, M<>F8>=0;L=0O M:A?@5AA8O >AB0;0AL >4=8< 87 3;02=KE D0:B>@>2, >15A?5G820NI8E B0: =07K205<CN =525@10;L=CN :><<C=8:0F8N. ;O 1>;55 ?>;=>3> >7=0:><;5=8O A DC=:F8>=0;L=K< =07=0G5=85< M<>F89 A;54>20;> 1K =0@O4C A> A@02=8B5;L=> >1I8<8 8E ?@>O2;5=8O<8 ?>7=0:><8BLAO 5I5 A> A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 DC=:F8>=0;L=K<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8 >B45;L=KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89. 4=0:> MB> 7=0G8B5;L=> @0AH8@8;> 1K =0H5 >1AC645=85 MB>9 ?@>1;5<K. !?5F8D8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 B0:8E M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89, :0: A<5E, AB@0E 459AB28O, ?5G0;L, 3>@5, >A25I5=K 2 @01>B0E . 5@3A>=0, . 0=5, 3. $@5940, -. 8=45<0==0. AB0B8, @01>BK 2-E ?>A;54=8E 02B>@>2, 0 B0:65 @01>B0 .-. !0@B@0, 2A:@K20NB 5I5 >4=C >1ICN E0@0:B5@8AB8:C M<>F89, >?@545;5==K9 0A?5:B :>B>@>9 1K; >1>7=0G5= .. 5>=BL52K< :0: A?>A>1=>ABL M<>F89 <AB028BL 7040GC =0 A<KA;>. -<>F88, >A>15==> :>340 >=8 A83=0;878@CNB > G5<-B> 8A:;NG8B5;L=><, =5 <>3CB >AB028BL ;8G=>ABL @02=>4CH=>9, 2K7K20O ?>7>9 A;>6=CN 8 @0725@=CBCN <@01>BC A>7=0=8O> ?> 55 >1JOA=5=8N, >4>1@5=8N, ?@8<8@5=8N A =5N 8;8 >AC645=8N 8 4065 2KB5A=5=8N. 4=0:> AB028BL 40==>5 ?@>O2;5=85 M<>F89 @O4>< A 4@C38<8 =5 ?>72>;O5B B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, GB> >=8 2 =5< 2KABC?0NB =5 :0: =5?>A@54AB25==> 459AB2CNI0O A8;0, 0 :0: ?>2>4, 2 A2O78 A :>B>@K< ?@8E>48B 2 42865=85 2AO A;>6=0O A8AB5<0 A8; ;8G=>AB8 8 A>7=0=8O. ;0AA8D8:0F8O M<>F89. !CI5AB2>20=85 ?@8=F8?80;L=> @07;8G=KE :;0AA>2 M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89 >BG5B;82> 45<>=AB@8@C5BAO A>?>AB02;5=85<, =0?@8<5@, B0:8E ?5@56820=89, :0: D878G5A:0O 1>;L 8 GC2AB2> 3>@4>AB8, ?0=8G5A:89 AB@0E 8 MAB5B8G5A:>5 =0A;0645=85. >MB><C =5 O2;O5BAO ?@87=0:>< 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?@>3@5AA0 B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, GB> <=>385 A>2@5<5==K5 :>=F5?F88 AG8B0NB 4>AB0B>G=K< >1AC645=85 =5:>9 M<>F88 2>>1I5 (--. !0@B@, . #. 8?5@, . . =>E8= 8 4@.). 1AC645=85 ?@54K4CI8E 2>?@>A>2 4>;6=> 1K;> C1548BL =0A, GB> ?@8 B0:>< >3@0=8G5=88 <>6=> @0AAG8BK20BL ;8HL =0 A0<K9 ?5@2K9 H03 2 2KOA=5=88 B>3>, :>340, :0: 8 70G5< 2>7=8:0NB M<>F88, 8 GB> 2>?@>A > :;0AA8D8:0F88 O2;O5BAO 206=59H8< A>AB02=K< :><?>=5=B>< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B5>@88 M<>F89, @07@01>B0==>ABL :>B>@>3> 2 =5:>B>@>9 :>=F5?F88 <>6=> AG8B0BL ?>:070B5;5< 8 >1I59 55 @07@01>B0==>AB8. =>3>3@0==>ABL M<>F89, 8E ?@>O2;5=85 =0 @07;8G=KE C@>2=OE >B@065=8O 8 45OB5;L=>AB8, A;>6=K5 >B=>H5=8O A ?@54<5B=K< A>45@60=85<, A?>A>1=>ABL : A;8O=8N 8 >1@07>20=8N A>G5B0=89 8A:;NG0NB 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>AB>9 ;8=59=>9 8E :;0AA8D8:0F88. > 2AO:>< A;CG05 A53>4=O ?A8E>;>38O @0A?>;0305B F5;K< @O4>< =57028A8<KE 8;8 G0AB8G=> ?5@5:@K20NI8EAO ?@87=0:>2 8 >A=>20=89 4;O 45;5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=88, 0 ACI5AB2CNI85 :;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 AE5<K ;81> 0:F5=B8@CNB >4=> 8;8 4@C3>5 87 MB8E 45;5=89, ;81> 22>4OB 8E H03 70 H03>< 2 B>< 8;8 8=>< A>G5B0=88 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8. 065 ?5@5G5=L =081>;55 8725AB=KE >A=>20=89 2K3;O48B 2=CH8B5;L=>. -<>F88 @07;8G0NBAO ?> <>40;L=>AB8 (:0G5AB2C), 2 G0AB=>AB8 - 7=0:C, ?> 8=B5=A82=>AB8, ?@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8, 3;C18=5, >A>7=0==>AB8, 35=5B8G5A:><C ?@>8AE>645=8N, A;>6=>AB8, CA;>28O< 2>7=8:=>25=8O, 2K?>;=O5<K< DC=:F8O<, 2>7459AB28N =0 >@30=87< (AB5=8G5A:85-0AB5=8G5A:85), D>@<5 A2>53> @0728B8O, ?> C@>2=O< ?@>O2;5=8O 2 AB@>5=88 ?A8E8G5A:>3> (2KAH85-=87H85), ?> ?A8E8G5A:8< ?@>F5AA0<, A :>B>@K<8 >=8 A2O70=K, ?>B@51=>ABO< (8=- AB8=:B0<), ?> ?@54<5B=><C A>45@60=8N 8 =0?@02;5==>AB8, =0?@8<5@, =0 A51O 8 4@C38E, =0 ?@>H;>5, =0AB>OI55 8 1C4CI55, ?> >A>15==>ABO< 8E 2K@065=8O, =5@2=><C AC1AB@0BC 8 4@. G5284=>, GB> MB>B ?5AB@K9 ?5@5G5=L, =5 @0A:@K20NI89 =8 ACI5AB25==>AB8 8A?>;L7C5<KE ?@87=0:>2 8 >A=>20=89, =8 M2@8AB8G=>AB8 ?@>2>48<KE 45;5=89, <>65B A;C68BL ;8HL 4;O A0<>3> >1I53> >7=0:><;5=8O A ?>;>65=85<, ACI5AB2CNI8< 2 ?@>1;5<5 :;0AA8D8:0F88 M<>F89. 865 <K ?>?KB05<AO =0<5B8BL >B45;L=K5 B5=45=F88 8 70B@C4=5=8O, E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O MB>9 ?@>1;5<K. !CI5AB2CNI85 :;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 AE5<K @07;8G0NBAO A>>B=>H5=85< A2>59 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 8 M<?8@8G5A:>9 >1>A=>20==>AB8, 8 >B MB>3> ?@5645 2A53> 7028A8B 2>7<>6=>ABL 8E ?@8=OB8O 8 >F5=:8. "0:, =5 @0745;OO ?@54AB02;5=89 . N;5@0 (1924,  36) > B@5E AB048OE 35=5B8G5A:>3> @0728B8O ?A8E8:8, <K <>65< A:5?B8G5A:8 >B=5AB8AL 8 : 53> ?>?KB:5 A2O70BL A =8<8 B@8 @07=KE >B=>H5=8O C4>2>;LAB28O-=5C4>2>;LAB28O : 45OB5;L=>AB8. > 2 >1>A=>20=88 B>3>, GB> M<>F88 <>3CB 2K7K20BLAO 8B>3>2K<8 @57C;LB0B0<8 45OB5;L=>AB8, A>?@>2>640BL A0< ?@>F5AA 45OB5;L=>AB8 8;8 ?@54H5AB2>20BL 59, ?@542>AE8I0O 55 @57C;LB0BK, N;5@ ?@82>48B B0:65 D0:B8G5A:89 <0B5@80; 8 A>>1@065=8O > F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 B0:8E >B=>H5=89. -B8 0@3C<5=BK ?>72>;ONB ?@8=OBL 53> :;0AA8D8:0F8>==CN AE5<C, => B>;L:> :0: M<?8@8G5A:CN 8 =C640NICNAO 2 B5>@5B8G5A:>< >1>A=>20=88. -<?8@8G5A:85 :;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 AE5<K 8=>340 =5 8<5NB 548=>3> >A=>20=8O, 70<5=OO 53> ?5@5G8A;5=85< A?5F8D8G5A:8E >B;8G89 2K45;O5<KE :;0AA>2 8;8 A>AB>O=89. "0:85 AE5<K O2;ONBAO A:>@55 ?>?KB:0<8 A8AB5<0B8G5A:>3> >?8A0=8O, G5< A>1AB25==> :;0AA8D8:0F859 M<>F89. "0:, . . 5B@068F:89 =07K20; @0A?@>AB@0=5==>5 <0:045<8G5A:>5> @07;8G5=85 A>1AB25==> M<>F89, 0DD5:B>2, =0AB@>5=89, GC2AB2, AB@0AB59 C@>4;82>9 :;0AA8D8:0F859, A@02=820O 55 A @O4><: <1) 2>40 ?@>AB>, 2) 2=570?=K9 8 A8;L=K9 =0?>@ 2>4K, 3) A;01>5 8 A?>:>9=>5 B5G5=85 2>4K, 4) A8;L=>5 8 ?>AB>O==>5 B5G5=85 2>4K ?> >4=><C 3;C1>:><C @CA;C> (1908, A. 134). 07C<55BAO, MB> A?@0254;82>5 A@02=5=85 =5 >B25@305B F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8 2K45;5=8O B5E 8;8 8=KE ?>4:;0AA>2 M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89 8 =0?@02;5=0 8A:;NG8B5;L=> ?@>B82 ?>?KB>: @0AA<0B@820BL 8E :0: :;0AA8D8:0F8N 2 AB@>3>< A<KA;5 A;>20. B45;L=> <>6=> 2K45;8BL :;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 AE5<K, >?8@0NI85AO =0 ?@54AB02;5=8O > 35=5B8G5A:>< @0728B88 8 2708<>459AB288 M<>F89 (. !?8=>70, . C=4B, . @>B). "0:8< AE5<0< A2>9AB25==> AB@5<;5=85 2K45;8BL =5:>B>@>5 G8A;> 107>2KE, 8AE>4=KE M<>F89 8 40;55 ?@>A;56820BL >4=> 70 4@C38< CA;>28O 8 70:>=><5@=>AB8, ?> :>B>@K< @072820NBAO B5 8;8 8=K5 8E A>G5B0=8O 8 @07=>284=>AB8. %>BO B0:85 <?>25AB2>20B5;L=K5> :;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 AE5<K A D>@<0;L=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O >1KG=> =5 O2;ONBAO AB@>38<8, =5A><=5==>5 8E ?@58<CI5AB2> 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> =0@O4C A @07;8G5=85< >=8 =5ACB 5I5 1>;LHCN =03@C7:C >1JOA=5=8O, B0: :0: ?@>8AE>645=85 25I8 2=>A8B, ?>60;C9, =081>;LH89 2:;04 2 B> 55 2845=85, :>B>@>5 <K =07K205< ?>=8<0=85<. AB0B8, 2 35=5B8G5A:8E :;0AA8D8:0F8OE A>45@68BAO 8 =5:>B>@>5 >1JOA=5=85 8E ;>38G5A:>9 =5AB@>3>AB8. 5GL 845B > ?@87=0205<>9 2 =8E A?>A>1=>AB8 M<>F89 : A;8O=8N 8 >1@07>20=8N A>G5B0=89, @07=>>1@0785 :>B>@KE, ?> A;>20< !?8=>7K, <=52>7<>6=> >?@545;8BL =8:0:8< G8A;><>. >MB0?=>5 22545=85 >A=>20=89 4;O @07;8G5=8O M<>F89, A2>9AB25==>5 35=5B8G5A:8< :;0AA8D8:0F8O<, ?>72>;O5B 871560BL A<5H5=8O :;0AA8D8:0F88 M<>F89 ?> 8E 2=CB@5==8< ?@87=0:0< (<>40;L=>AB8, D>@<5) 8 :;0AA8D8:0F89 ?> AD5@0< 8E ?@>O2;5=8O, ?@54<5B=><C A>45@60=8N 8 4@C38< 2=5H=8< ?@87=0:0<. @54AB02;O5BAO >G5284=K<, GB> 2 >1>8E A;CG0OE :;0AA8D8F8@CNBAO @07=K5 O2;5=8O: 2 ?5@2><-A>1AB25==> M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O, @0AA<0B@8205<K5 157>B=>A8B5;L=> : B><C, =0 GB> >=8 =0?@02;5=K, 2> 2B>@>< - F5;>AB=K5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 O2;5=8O, 2 :>B>@K5 2E>4OB M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O 2<5AB5 A <>:@0H8205<K<> 8<8 ?@54<5B=K< A>45@60=85<. 04>ABL :0: M<>F8>=0;L=>5 ?5@56820=85 2A5340 B>645AB25==0 A0<0 A515 8 <>65B 1KBL ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=0 3@CAB8, 3=52C, 1>O7=8 8 B. ?., => @0AA<0B@8205<0O 2<5AB5 A ?@54<5B=K< A>45@60=85< >=0 <>65B >1J548=OBLAO A 3@CABLN 2 @07@O4, =0?@8<5@, MB8G5A:8E M<>F89 8 ?@>B82>?>AB02;OBLAO @04>AB8 :0: MAB5B8G5A:>9 8;8 @>48B5;LA:>9 M<>F88. ! =54>AB0B>G=> G5B:8< @07;8G5=85< <2=CB@5==8E> 8 <2=5H=8E> >A=>20=89 4;O :;0AA8D8:0F88 M<>F89 A2O70=>, ?>60;C9, 1>;LH5 2A53> 70B@C4=5=89 8 =54>@07C<5=89 2 8AB>@88 MB>9 ?@>1;5<K. '0AB8G=> MB> >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB>, 70 8A:;NG5=85< >G5284=>3> @07;8G8O M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?5@56820=89 ?> 7=0:C (E>BO 5I5 ;0B>= ?8A0; > A<5H5=88 C4>2>;LAB28O 8 AB@040=8O 2 A;>6=KE ?5@56820=8OE), <>40;L=>ABL M<>F89, @0AA<0B@8205<0O A0<0 ?> A515, =5 >1=0@C68205B 4@C38E AB>;L 65 O2=KE ?@87=0:>2 C?>@O4>G5==>AB8. @838=0;L=>5 >1JOA=5=85 MB><C D0:BC 1K;> 40=> . C=4B><, ?@54;>682H8< @0AA<0B@820BL <>40;L=>ABL :0: 3@0485=B=>5 A>AB02=>5 A2>9AB2>, >?@545;ONI55AO A>>B=>H5=85< B@5E 53> 42CE?>;NA=KE :><?>=5=B>2: C4>2>;LAB28O-=5C4>2>;LAB28O, 2>71C645=8O-CA?>:>5=8O 8 =0?@O65=8O-@07@5H5=8O. 4=0:> E>BO <D0:B>@=0O> 8=B5@?@5B0F8O . C=4B>< <>40;L=>AB8 M<>F89 2?>A;54AB288 ?>;CG8;0 A5@L57=CN ?>445@6:C 2 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>< 8AA;54>20=88 M:A?@5AA88 8 A5<0=B8:8 M<>F89 ( 59:>2A:89, 1979, 3;. 3; @E8?:8=0, 1981; 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 845N C=4B0 ?>445@6820; !. . C18=HB59=), 70<5B=>3> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 2 ?A8E>;>388 >=0 =5 ?>;CG8;0. 5 8<5O 2>7<>6=>AB8 >?8@0BLAO =0 2=CB@5==85 ?@87=0:8, 1>;LH8=AB2> 02B>@>2 ?@8 A8AB5<0B8G5A:>< >?8A0=88 <>40;L=>AB8 M<>F89 8A?>;L7CNB 2=5H=85 ?> >B=>H5=8N : =59 >A=>20=8O. #?><8=02H85AO 2KH5 107>2K5 <>40;L=>AB8 22>4OBAO ?>ABC;0B82=> 8;8 >1>A=>2K20NBAO A;>6=K< :>=B5:AB>< B5>@5B8G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=89 (=0?@8<5@, 2 @01>B5 . @>B0)*. *  A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 845O > ACI5AB2>20=88 107>2KE <>40;L=>AB59 >BAB08205BAO 2 @01>B0E . . ;LH0==8:>2>9 8 55 A>B@C4=8:>2 (1978). @8<5@>< M<?8@8G5A:>9 :;0AA8D8:0F88 <>65B A;C68BL @07;8G5=85 45AOB8 <DC=40<5=B0;L=KE> M<>F89, 2K45;5==KE =0 >A=>25 :><?;5:A=>3> :@8B5@8O; >E20BK20NI53> 8E =5@2=K9 AC1AB@0B, M:A?@5AA8N 8 AC1J5:B82=>5 :0G5AB2> (70@4, 1980, A. 83). 5A<>B@O =0 >1J5:B82=CN >1>A=>20==>ABL, M<?8@8G5A:85 :;0AA8D8:0F88 =5 40NB >B25B0 =0 2>?@>A, ?>G5<C 2 @0728B88 ?A8E8G5A:>3> A;>68;8AL 8 70:@5?8;8AL 8<5==> 2K45;O5<K5 2 =8E <>40;L=>AB8. A25B8BL MB>B 2>?@>A <>3;8 1K ?>?KB:8 A2O70BL <>40;L=>ABL M<>F89 A ?>B@51=>ABO<8 (=0?@8<5@, >4>=>2, 1975) 8;8, 2 1>;55 AB0@>9 B5@<8=>;>388, 8=AB8=:B0<8 (0:40C3>;;, 1916, 3;. 3), >4=0:> MB8 ?>?KB:8 >AB02;ONB 157 >1JOA=5=8O M<>F88, >?@545;ONI85AO CA;>28O<8 45OB5;L=>AB8 =57028A8<> >B B>3>, :0:8< ?>B@51=>ABO< >=0 >B25G05B. 4=>9 87 ?>?KB>: @07@5H8BL C:070==K5 70B@C4=5=8O O2;O5BAO >1J548=5=85 ?>B@51=>AB59 8 CA;>289 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 >1I55 >A=>20=85 4;O :;0AA8D8:0F88 M<>F89 (!8<>=>2, 1966, A. 53-59; Plutchik, 1968). B>@>9, <5=55 8A:CAAB25==K9 A?>A>1, ?@54;>65==K9 #. 0:40C3>;;><, 70:;NG05BAO 2 ?@8=F8?80;L=>< @07;8G5=88 M<>F89, >B25G0NI8E ?>B@51=>ABO< (8=AB8=:B0<, CAB@5<;5=8O<), 8 GC2AB2, 7028AOI8E >B CA;>289 45OB5;L=>AB8. !E>4=>5 @07;8G5=85 B5E 65, B>;L:> 2708<>70<5=5==KE, B5@<8=>2 ?@54;>68; -. ;0?0@54; A>3;0A=> MB><C 02B>@C, >B GC2AB2, 2K@060NI8E ?@8A?>A>18B5;L=K5 CAB0=>2:8 8=482840, A;54C5B >B;8G0BL M<>F88, @072820NI85AO 2 CA;>28OE, 70B@C4=ONI8E ?@8A?>A>1;5=85. -BC 65 845N <>6=> CA<>B@5BL 2 @07;8G5=88 . @=>;L4 8 6. 0AA>=>< 8<?C;LA82=KE 8 <?@5>4>;520NI8E> (contending) M<>F89, 2>7=8:0NI8E A>>B25BAB25==> ?@8 >BACBAB288 8 =0;8G88 ?@5?OBAB289 =0 ?CB8 : 4>AB865=8N F5;8 (Arnold, Gasson, 1954, 3;. 10), 2 @07;8G5=88 . . !8<>=>2K< (1966, A. 23-40) M<>F8>=0;L=>3> B>=0 >ICI5=89 8 A>1AB25==> M<>F89, . . >4>=>2K< (1975, A. 25)-A?5F8D8G5A:8E 8 =5A?5F8D8G5A:8E M<>F89. #65 A0< D0:B 8A?>;L7>20=8O AE>4=>9, ?@8G5< >B=N4L =5 >G5284=>9 8458 2 @07;8G=KE :>=F5?F8OE, =5 8<52H8E 2;8O=8O 4@C3 =0 4@C30, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> >=0 >B25G05B =5:>B>@>9 0:BC0;L=>9 =C645 ?A8E>;>388 M<>F89.  459AB28B5;L=>, 2 >1>1I5==>< 2845 MB8 @07;8G5=8O C:07K20NB =0 A2>5>1@07=>5 AB@>5=85 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 AD5@K >B@065=8O, 2 :>B>@>9 2K45;O5BAO A8AB5<0 M<>F89, ?@575=B8@CNI8E AC1J5:BC ?>B@51=>AB8 8 =0?@02;5==KE =0 8E ?@54<5BK, 8 4@C30O A8AB5<0, >1I0O 4;O 2A5E ?>B@51=>AB59, ?><>30NI0O AC1J5:BC 2 4>AB865=88 MB8E ?@54<5B>2. AB5AB25==>, GB> MB8 M<>F88 4>;6=K ACI5AB25==> @07;8G0BLAO A2>8<8 >A>15==>ABO<8 (35=5B8G5A:8< @0728B85<, CA;>28O<8 2>7=8:=>25=8O 8 B. 4.), ?>MB><C <>6=> A>3;0A8BLAO A #. 0;40C3>;;><. CB25@6402H8<, GB>, 5A;8 <K ?5@5AB0=5< A<5H820BL MB8 :;0AAK M<>F89, <=0CG=K5 8AA;54>20=8O AB0=CB 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;55 OA=K<8 8 B>G=K<8>. A=>20=8O 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?>A;54AB28O 40==>3> :;0AA8D8:0F8>==>3> 45;5=8O M<>F89 <K ?>?KB0;8AL >1>1I8BL 8 @0728BL 2 ?@54;>65=88 @07;8G0BL 254CI85 8 ?@>872>4=K5 (A8BC0B82=K5) M<>F8>=0;L=K5 O2;5=8O (8;N=0A, 1976, 3;. 4.3). 8=0<8:0 M<>F89.  40==>< ?>4@0745;5 @5GL 1C45B 84B8 > ?@54AB02;5=8OE, :0A0NI8EAO 2=CB@5==8E 70:>=><5@=>AB59 ?@>B5:0=8O 8 @0728B8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0. -B>B 0A?5:B ?@>1;5<K M<>F89 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >A25I05BAO 2 A>2@5<5==KE :>=F5?F8OE, A:;>==KE @0AA<0B@820O> M<>F8>=0;L=CN AD5@C :0: A8AB5<C =57028A8<KE @50:F89 =0 >?@545;5==K5 CA;>28O 8 A8BC0F88.  :>=F5?F8OE ?@>H;>3>, ?>4G5@:8202H8E 2708<>459AB285 8 2708<>>1CA;>2;5==>ABL M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?5@56820=89 2 35=5B8G5A:>< 8 A8BC0B82=>< 8E @0728B88, 2>?@>A > 48=0<8:5 M<>F89 70=8<05B, :0: ?@028;>, 25AL<0 206=>5 <5AB>. >6=> 2K45;8BL =5A:>;L:> B5=45=F89, E0@0:B5@=KE 4;O 87>1@065=8O 48=0<8:8 M<>F89 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B5>@88. 065 5A;8 @0AA<0B@820BL M<>F88 :0: 87>;8@>20==K5 @50:F88 =0 >?@545;5==K5 2>7459AB28O, 5AB5AB25==> 2AB05B 2>?@>A > B><, >1=0@C6820NB ;8 MB8 @50:F88 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<5==>'5 @0728B85, 8;8 65 >AB0NBAO 157 87<5=5=8O. -B>B 2>?@>A @0AA<0B@820;AO . C=4B><, >4=0:> B>;L:> 2 >B=>H5=88 A?5F8D8G5A:>3> :;0AA0 M<>F89, ?>;CG82H8E 2 53> :>=F5?F88 =0720=85 0DD5:B>2 (B0: :0: B>;L:> >=8 O2;ONBAO @50:F8O<8, 8<5NI8<8 =57028A8<>5, A0<>AB>OB5;L=>5 @0728B85). C=4B AG8B05B, GB> MB> @0728B85 70:;NG05BAO :0: 2 :>;8G5AB25==><, B0: 8 2 :0G5AB25==>< 87<5=5=88 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?5@56820=8O 8 GB> A?5F8D8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@, <D>@<0> MB>3> 87<5=5=8O A>1AB25==> 8 >B;8G05B >48= 0DD5:B >B 4@C3>3>. >AB83=C2 AB0488 0DD5:B0, M<>F8>=0;L=K9 ?@>F5AA ?>4G8=O5BAO C65 =5 2=5H=8< 2>7459AB28O<, 0 8<5==> <D>@<5> MB>3> 0DD5:B0, :>B>@CN >= 4>;65= ?@>9B8, ?>AB5?5==> C30A0O 8;8 ?@82>4O : D>@<8@>20=8N 2>;52>3> ?>1C645=8O. >402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> >1KG=KE, <C<5@5==KE> M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?5@56820=89 =5 O2;ONBAO, A>3;0A=> C=4BC, 02B>=><=K<8, B0: :0: A <><5=B0 A2>53> 2>7=8:=>25=8O >=8 2;820NBAO 2 >1I89 ?>B>: 4@C38E ?5@56820=89, 2ABC?0O A =8<8 2> 2708<>459AB285 8 284>87<5=OOAL. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 CG5=88 C=4B0 >BG5B;82> >1>7=0G5=> 5I5 >4=> ?>;>65=85, :0A0NI55AO 48=0<8:8 M<>F89 - ?>;>65=85 > A>548=5=88, A;8O=88, AC<<0F88 >B45;L=KE M<>F89 2 1>;55 A;>6=K5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 >1@07>20=8O.  7=0G5=88 MB>9 >A>15==>AB8 M<>F89 <K 3>2>@8;8, >1AC640O 8E ?@>O2;5=85 2 :0G5AB25 A8=B578@CNI59 >A=>2K >1@070. 06=> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> 8<5==> ?@54AB02;5=8O > B@5E:><?>=5=B=>< A>AB025 ;N1>9 M<>F88, A;C60I5< :0: 1K >1I59 >A=>2>9 4;O 8E A;8O=8O, ?>72>;8;8 C=4BC AB028BL 2>?@>A >1 C=825@A0;L=KE ?@8=F8?0E MB>3> ?@>F5AA0.  G0AB=>AB8, 1K;> ?>:070=> ACI5AB2>20=85 :0: ?@>AB@0=AB25==>3> 2708<>459AB28O 8 AC<<0F88 M<>F8>=0;L=KE 2?5G0B;5=89, ?5@568205<KE >4=>2@5<5==> (=0?@8<5@, ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 ?597060, 0@E8B5:BC@=>3> 0=A0<1;O), B0: 8 2@5<5==>9 AC<<0F88 ?5@56820=89, A;54CNI8E 4@C3 70 4@C3>< (=0?@8<5@, ?@8 2>A?@8OB88 <C7K:0;L=>3> ?@>87- 2545=8O). ;O <=>38E B5>@89 2>7<>6=>ABL A>548=5=8O M<>F89 A;C68B 206=59H8< ?@8=F8?><, >1JOA=ONI8< 2>7=8:=>25=85 A;>6=KE M<>F89 87 1>;55 ?@>ABKE. !>3;0A=> X. >;LDC, >4=> 87 >?@545;5=89 M<>F89 (<=><8=0;L=>5>) 8 70:;NG05BAO 2 @0A:@KB88 A>AB02;ONI8E 55 M;5<5=B>2. "0:, A>AB@040=85 . 5:0@B (1950) >1JOA=O5B A>548=5=85< ?5G0;8 8 ;N128, @52=>ABL, A>3;0A=> . !?8=>75 - A;>6=K9 0DD5:B, A>AB>OI89 >4=>2@5<5==> 87 ;N128 8 =5=028AB8 : ;N18<><C ;8FC 8 7028AB8 : B><C, :>3> >= ;N18B.  :><?;5:A5 M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?5@56820=89, A>548=ONI8EAO 2 1>;55 A;>6=K5 >1@07>20=8O, 8=>340 <>6=> =09B8 M;5<5=BK, A2O70==K5 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==K<8 >B=>H5=8O<8. "0:0O A?>A>1=>ABL M<>F89 ?>@>640BL 8 >1CA;>2;820BL 4@C3 4@C30 O2;O5BAO 5I5 >4=8< 8, ?>60;C9, A0<K< 8=B5@5A=K< <><5=B><, E0@0:B5@87CNI8< 8E 48=0<8:C.  2KO2;5=88 8 >?8A0=88 :>=:@5B=KE 70:>=><5@=>AB59 ?>@>645=8O >4=8E M<>F89 4@C38<8 1>;LH5 2A53> 1K;> A45;0=> . !?8=>7>9. @82>48<K9 8< <0B5@80; ?>:07K205B, GB> M<>F8>=0;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O, @072820NI85AO ?@8 @07;8G=KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E 87 =5:>B>@>9 8AE>4=>9 M<>F88, 2 >B45;L=KE A;CG0OE <>3CB 1KBL 25AL<0 A;>6=K 8 @07=>>1@07=K. "0:, AC1J5:B, >E20G5==K9 ;N1>2LN, A>?5@568205B 0DD5:BK B>3>, :>3> >= ;N18B. A;54AB285 B0:>3> A>?5@56820=8O ;N1>2L <>65B @0A?@>AB@0=8BLAO =0 4@C3>5 ;8F>: B>3>, :B> ?@8G8=O5B ?@54<5BC =0H59 ;N128 C4>2>;LAB285, <K 1C45< B>65 ;N18BL, 0 B>3>, :B> ?@8G8=O5B 5<C =5C4>2>;LAB285, <K 1C45< =5=02845BL. 4=> 87 ?>A;54AB289 ;N128 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >=0 ?>@>6405B 65;0=85 2708<=>AB8, :>B>@>5, 1C4CG8 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==K<, 2K7K205B =5C4>2>;LAB285. A;8 G5;>25: ?@8 MB>< AG8B05B, GB> 53> =5 ;N1OB ?> 53> 65 28=5, >= 1C45B >E20G5= 0DD5:B>< ?@8=865==>AB8, 5A;8 65 >= B0: =5 4C<05B, >= 1C45B 8A?KBK20BL =5=028ABL : B><C, :>3> >= ?>;0305B ?@8G8=>9 ?>;CG05<>3> >B =5@0745;5==>9 ;N128 =5C4>2>;LAB28O. "0:>9 ?@8G8=>9 <>65B 1KBL A0< ?@54<5B ;N128 8;8, =0?@8<5@, B>B, :>3> >= ;N18B.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 2>7=8:05B >A>1K9 284 =5=028AB8 - @52=>ABL. 57028A8<> >B B>3>, ?>;=>ABLN ;8 <K A>3;0A8<AO A CB25@645=8O<8, A>45@60I8<8AO 2 MB>< ?@8<5@5 (>= <>3 1K 1KBL ?@>4>;65=), 8;8 1C45< AG8B0BL, GB> 2 =53> =C6=> 2=5AB8 =5:>B>@K5 ?>?@02:8, - >= A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> 87CG5=85 >B45;L=KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE @50:F89 =5 <>65B ?@825AB8 : ?>=8<0=8N M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O, 206=59H59 45B5@<8=0=B>9 :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO 2708<>A2O70==>ABL MB8E @50:F89, 8E A?>A>1=>ABL 87<5=OBLAO 8 ?>@>640BL 4@C3 4@C30, ?> <5@5 B>3> :0: MB>3> B@51CNB 87<5=ONI85AO CA;>28O. =0G5 3>2>@O, 2 ?>;=>< A2>5< 2845 M<>F8>=0;L=0O @50:F8O O2;O5BAO :0: 1K @0725B2;5==>9 8 :0640O 87 B0:8E 25B259 >7=0G05B ?>B5=F80;L=CN 2>7<>6=>ABL 55 40;L=59H53> @0728B8O, >B25G0NI53> B><C 8;8 8=><C 20@80=BC 87<5=5=8O A8BC0F88. >=OB=>, GB> B0:0O >@30=870F8O M<>F8>=0;L=KE @50:F89 O2;O5BAO 206=K< M2>;NF8>==K< ?@8>1@5B5=85<, ACI5AB25==> ?>2KA82H8< 2>7<>6=>ABL 381:>3> 040?B82=>3> ?>2545=8O.  ?@54AB02;5=8OE >1 >1CA;>2;5==>AB8 M<>F89 4@C3 4@C3>< >A>1>5 <5AB> 70=8<05B ?>;>65=85 > 2708<>?>@>645=88 >F5=820NI8E (C4>2>;LAB285-=5C4>2>;LAB285 8 8E ?@>872>4=K5) 8 ?>1C640NI8E (65;0=8O, 2;5G5=8O) ?5@56820=89. =0G5=85 MB8E ?@>ABKE 5AB5AB25==KE ?>;>65=89 (=5?@8OB=>5 ?>@>6405B 65;0=85 >B =53> 871028BLAO, =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>5 65;0=85 2K7K205B =5C4>2>;LAB285 8 B. 4.) 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> 8E ?@8=OB85< 8;8 >B25@65=85< @5H05BAO, :0: <K C65 3>2>@8;8, 2>?@>A >1 >B=>H5=88 M<>F89 8 <>B820F88, 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 - > <2KE>45> M<>F89 2 459AB285. $878>;>38G5A:85 <5E0=87<K M<>F89. 0@O4C A @01>B0<8, 4;O :>B>@KE 2>?@>A > D878>;>38G5A:8E <5E0=87<0E M<>F89 O2;O5BAO 5AB5AB25==K< ?@>4>;65=85< 2>?@>A0 >1 CA;>28OE 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O, ?@82>4OI8E MB8 <5E0=87<K 2 42865=85 (2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 E0@0:B5@=0 B5>@8O . . =>E8=0, 8<5NI0O AB@C:BC@C CA;>28O - <5E0=87<K-DC=:F88 M<>F89), ACI5AB2C5B F5;K9 @O4 B5>@89, 4;O :>B>@KE MB>B 2>?@>A O2;O5BAO 3;02=K<, 0 ?>@>9 8 548=AB25==K<. 06=CN @>;L 2 ?>O2;5=88 MB8E B5>@89 AK3@0;0 <?5@8D5@8G5A:0O> B5>@8O #. 65<A0 8 . . 0=35 (1890), 2?5@2K5 AD>@<C;8@>202H0O >1JOA=5=85 ?@8@>4K M<>F89 AAK;:>9 =0 >?@545;5==K9 D878>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. K7202 >682;5==CN 8 ?@>4>;68B5;L=CN 48A:CAA8N (A<., =0?@8<5@, Schachter, 1970), <?5@8D5@8G5A:0O> B5>@8O AB0;0 A2>53> @>40 >1@07F>< 4;O 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 0;LB5@=0B82=KE B5>@89, >B;8G0NI8EAO ;8HL B5<, :0:>9 8<5==> D878>;>38G5A:89 ?@>F5AA @0AA<0B@820;AO 3;02=>9 45B5@<8=0=B>9 2>7=8:=>25=8O M<>F89 2<5AB> ?@54;>65==>3> 65<A>< - 0=35 =5@2=>3> 2>71C645=8O, 8AE>4OI53> 87 28AF5@0;L=KE >@30=>2: B0;0<8G5A:89 (Cannon, 1927; Bard, 1934), ;8<18G5A:89 (5;L3>@=, CD1>@@>C, 1966: Papez, 1937), 48DDC7=>-0:B820F8>==K9 (8=4A;59, 1960; Pie'ron, 1928: Prince, 1928; Arnold, 1967) 8 4@. (A<. >1AC645=85 MB8E B5>@89 2 @01>B0E .-. !0@B@0, . #. 8?5@0). 5 2=8:0O 2 A>45@60=85 MB8E @01>B, 2=5AH8E 1>;LH>9 2:;04 2 2KOA=5=85 D878>;>38G5A:>9 >A=>2K M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2, 2 :0G5AB25 >1I53> 8E =54>AB0B:0 >B<5B8< E0@0:B5@=>5 4;O =8E =548DD5@5=F8@>20==>5 >B=>H5=85 : M<>F8O<. 0: ?>:070; -. ;0?0@54, B>;L:> 87-70 ?@5427OB>9 8 =8G5< =5 >?@0240==>9 C=8D8F8@>20==>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 M<>F89 :06CBAO =5?@8<8@8<K<8 :;0AA8G5A:85 8 <?5@8D5@8G5A:0O> B5>@88 M<>F89. >AB0B>G=> >B:070BLAO >B >B=>H5=8O : M<>F8O< :0: : ?@>F5AA0<, ?@>B5:0NI8< ?> =5:>B>@><C 548=><C >1@07FC, 8 <K ?>;CG05< 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>25AB8 M;5<5=B0@=>5 :;0AA8D8:0F8>==>5 8E 45;5=85, ?>72>;ONI55 >1JOA=8BL >48= :;0AA M<>F89 A>3;0A=> :;0AA8G5A:8< ?@54AB02;5=8O<, @C3>9 - A>3;0A=> <?5@8D5@8G5A:>9> B5>@88.  A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 845N > B><, GB> >@30=8G5A:85 87<5=5=8O 83@0NB @>;L 2 @0728B88 >?@545;5==KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89, 70I8I0; !. . C18=HB59= (1946, A. 481). >?@>A > D878>;>38G5A:8E <5E0=87<0E M<>F89 8<55B =5?>A@54AB25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?@>1;5<5 2K@065=8O M<>F89 2 <8<8:5, ?0=B><8<8:5, 2535B0B82=KE DC=:F8OE >@30=87<:0 8 B. ?. -B0 ?@>1;5<0, 8=B5=A82=> 87CG05<0O M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>, O2;O5BAO ?@54<5B>< @0725@=CB>3> >1AC645=8O B0:65 8 2 >B45;L=KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E @01>B0E. A:;NG8B5;L=> 59 ?>A2OI5=, =0?@8<5@, 1>;LH>9 B@C4 '. 0@28=0 (1953). 5;L7O =5 2845BL =5:>B>@>9 A8<?B><0B8G=>AB8 2 B><, GB> 2KE>4>< 2 A25B 8<5==> MB>9 @01>BK, AB>;L 65 >4=>AB>@>==59, :0: 8 <?5@8D5@8G5A:0O> B5>@8O, >1KG=> 40B8@C5BAO =0G0;> A>2@5<5==>3> MB0?0 2 8AA;54>20=88 M<>F89. !@548 A>2@5<5==KE 02B>@>2 A@02=8B5;L=> 1>;LH>5 2=8<0=85 2>?@>AC > 2K@065=88 M<>F89 C45;O5B . 70@4 (1980). 025@H0O >17>@ >A=>2=KE ?@>1;5< ?A8E>;>388 M<>F89, ?>4G5@:=5<, GB> 2 =5< 1K;8 70B@>=CBK ;8HL B@048F8>==K5 2>?@>AK, >1AC6405<K5 2 :;0AA8G5A:8E 8 A>2@5<5==KE :>=F5?F8OE. -B> 7=0G8B, GB> ?@54AB02;5==K9 ?5@5G5=L 2>?@>A>2 7=0:><8B A B5<, :0: M<>F88 87CG0NBAO, => =5 :0: 4>;6=K 8;8 <>3;8 1K 87CG0BLAO 2 ?A8E>;>388. 5 O2;O5BAO B09=>9, GB> 2 >1;0AB8 M<>F89 ACI5AB2C5B 5I5 >G5=L <=>3> B>=G09H53> D0:B8G5A:>3> <0B5@80;0, :>B>@K9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O B5>@8O =5 A?>A>1=0 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8 >A<KA;8BL 8 >1JOA=8BL. @>A05BAO 2 3;070, =0?@8<5@, B>B D0:B, GB> 2 B5>@8OE M<>F89 E@>=8G5A:8 >1E>48BAO 2>?@>A >1 8E >=B>B5=5B8G5A:>< @0728B88. >=5G=>, =5>A25I5==>ABL B0:>3> @>40 2>?@>A>2 =5 <>65B 1KBL A;CG09=>9. 5:>B>@>5 >1JOA=5=85 MB><C 40NB 40==K5, B>65 B5>@5B8G5A:8 =54>AB0B>G=> >A<KA;5==K5, > ?0B>;>38G5A:8E 87<5=5=8OE 8 8=48284C0;L=KE @07;8G8OE 2 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 687=8 (A MB8<8 40==K<8 7=0:><OB @01>BK . . 0==CH:8=0, . . .=30; A<. B0:65 >4>=>2, 1978), 2 G0AB=>AB8 40==K5 > 2>7<>6=>< @57:>< 87<5=5=88 >A=>2=KE E0@0:B5@8AB8: M<>F8>=0;L=>9 687=8 (=0?@8<5@, 2=570?=>5 2>7=8:=>25=85 B@52>6=>AB8, 687=5@04>AB=>AB8) ?>4 2;8O- =85< ?0B>35==>3> D0:B>@0. 59AB28B5;L=>, :0: 87>1@078BL ?@>4C:B>< ?@>4>;68B5;L=>3> @0728B8O B>, GB> A?>A>1=> 2 A0<K5 A60BK5 A@>:8 8AG57=CBL, CABC?82 <5AB> 4@C3><C, =>2><C, A>2A5< =5?>E>65<C 8 4065 ?@>B82>@5G0I5<C B><C, GB> 8AG57;>? 5 <>65B 1KBL A><=5=89, GB> 70 MB8< :@>5BAO >4=0 87 <=>3>G8A;5==KE B09=, AB>;L E0@0:B5@=KE 4;O ?A8E>;>388 M<>F89. >6=> 2K@078BL =04564C, GB> 40==0O :=830 1C45B A?>A>1AB2>20BL :0: >7=0:><;5=8N A B09=0<8 M<>F89, B0: 8 C25;8G5=8N G8A;0 708=B5@5A>20==KE 2 8E @07304:5. 5 @540:B>@K-A>AB028B5;8 1;03>40@=K . . C7K@5N, A>AB0282H5<C 18>3@0D8G5A:85 A?@02:8 >1 02B>@0E, . .. 0BO52>9, . . C7K@5N, . . 0A8=>2A:>9, $. . 0A8;N:C, . !. >?8=>9, ?>43>B>282H8< @O4 ?5@52>4=KE B5:AB>2, 0 B0:65 <=>38< A>B@C4=8:0< D-B0 ?A8E>;>388 # 8 4@C7L- O<, ?><>302H8< ?@8 ?>43>B>2:5 MB>9 :=838 : 8740=8N. " "#  @E8?:8=0 . !. 5:>=AB@C:F8O AC1J5:B82=>3> A5<0=B8G5A:>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20, >7=0G0NI53> M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O. - 5AB8. >A:. C=-B0. !5@. A8E>;>38O. 1981. !2. N;5@ . CE>2=>5 @0728B85 @515=:0. ., 1924. 0A8;L52 . ., >?;C6=K9 . ., "8E><8@>2 . . -<>F88 8 <KH;5=85. ., 1980. 8;N=0A . . A8E>;>38O M<>F8>=0;L=KE O2;5=89. ., 1976. C42>@BA . -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O. ., 1950. C=4B . A=>2K D878>;>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388, B. 2. . <. 8 3. K3>BA:89 . !. !?8=>70 8 53> CG5=85 >1 M<>F8OE 2 A25B5 A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E>=52@>;>388. - >?@>AK D8;>A>D88, 1970, ! 6. 5;L3>@= -., CD1>@@>C 6. -<>F88 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 @0AAB@>9AB20. ., 1966. @>B . A8E>;>38O GC2AB2>20=89 2 55 8AB>@88 8 3;02=KE >A=>20E. !?1., 1879-1880. C@528G . . A8E>;>38G5A:85 2>?@>AK 87CG5=8O ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?@83>4=>AB8 @01>B=8:>2 M=5@3>A8AB5<K. -  :=.: "8?>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 G5;>25:0. ., 1965. 0@28= '. K@065=85 M<>F89 C 682>B=KE 8 G5;>25:0.-!>G., B. 5. .., 1953. 5:0@B . !B@0AB8 4CH8. - 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. ., 1950. >4>=>2 . . ;0AA8D8:0F8O M<>F89 ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 =0?@02;5==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8. - >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1975, ! 6. >4>=>2 . . -<>F8O :0: F5==>ABL. ., 1978. 0?>@>65F, . .. 525@>28G /. 3.  35=578A5, DC=:F88 8 AB@C:BC@5 M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 C @515=:0. - >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1974, ! 6. 70@4 . . -<>F88 G5;>25:0. ., 1980. 5==>= . $878>;>38O M<>F89. ., 1927. 0=35 . . DD5:BK. !?1., 1890. 5>=BL52 . ., !C40:>2 . . -<>F88.-!-, B. 30. ., 1978. 8=4A;59 . . -<>F88.- :=.: -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O, B. 1. 0:40C3>;; #. A=>2=K5 ?@>1;5<K A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1916. ;LH0==8:>20 . .  ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 4803=>AB8:5 M<>F8>=0;L=>AB8.-  :=.: @>1;5<K >1I59, 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1978. 5B@068F:89 . . 2545=85 2 87CG5=85 ?@020 8 =@02AB25==>AB8. A=>2K M<>F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. !?1., 1908. 59:>2A:89 /. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O M<>F89. ., 1979. C18=HB59= !. . A=>2K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388. ,, 1946. C18=HB59= !. . KB85 8 A>7=0=85. ., 1957. !8<>=>2 . . 'B> B0:>5 M<>F8O? ., 1966. "8E><8@>2 . ., 8=>3@04>2 ... -<>F88 2 DC=:F88 M2@8AB8:.- :=.: A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O. ., 1969. $@5AA . -<>F88.- :=.: -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O, 2K?. 5. ., 1975. Andre'ani ". Les conduites e'motives. Paris, 1968. Arnold . . An excitatory theory of emotion. - In: Reyinert . L. (ed.) Feelings and emotions. N. Y., 1967. Arnold . B. Emotion, motivation and the limbic system.-Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1969, v. 159, ! 3. Arnold . . Perennial problems in the field of emotion.-In: Arnold . B. (ed.). Feelings and emotions. N. Y., 1970. Arnold . B.. Gasson J. A. The human person. N. Y., 1954. Bard P. On emotional expression after decortication with some remarks on certain theoretical views, p. I, p. II. - Psychol. Rev.. 1934. v. 41, ! 4, ! 5. Bindra D. A unified interpretation of emotion and .motivation.-Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.. 1969. v. 159. ! 3. Cannon W. B. The James-Lange theory of emotion: a critical examination and an alternative theory. - Amer. J. Psychol., 1927, v. 39, ! 1-4. Dembo T. Der Arger als dynamisches Problem.-Psychol. Forsch., 1931, Bd. 15. Duffy . Leeper's <Motivational theory of emotion>. - Psychol. Rev., 1948, v. 55, ! 6. Hodge F. A. The emotion in a new role.-Psychol. Rev., 1935, v. 42, ! 6. Lazarus R. S. Emotion as coping process.-In: Arnold M. B. (ed.). The na- ture of emotion. Baltimore, 1968. Leeper R. W. A motivational theory of emotion to replace <emotion as disorganized response>.-Psychol. Rev., 1948, v. 55, ! 1. Papez R. W. A proposed mechanism of emotion.-Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1937, v. 38, ! 4. Pie'ron H. Emotions in animals and man.-In: Reymert M. L. (ed.). Feelings and emotions. Worcester. 1928. Plutchik R. The evolutionary basis of emotional behavior.-In: Arnold M. B, (ed.). The nature of emotion. Baltimore, 1968. Prince M. Can emotion be regarded as energy?-In: Reymert M. L. (ed.). Feelings and emotions. Worcester, 1928. Schachter S. The assumption of identity and peripheralist-centralist controversies in motivation and emotion.-In: Arnold M. B. (ed.). Feelings and emotions. Tomkins S. S. Affect as the primary motivational system.-In: Arnold M. B. (ed.). Feelings and emotions. N. Y., 1970. Young P. T. Motivation and emotion. N. Y., 1961. 81;8>B5:0 http://www.koob.ru P_bbHeöfřf.kHlJl$u&uZyN~P~ԄքŹ‰Ž‰ôŒ‘‘T”R—T—šœԝ֝˘nĽpĽúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1TqpĽ¸ŠžŹŔŹöŻJľLľâˇäˇň¸ô¸ź¸žşžHĆţĆÇTĚVĎXώԐÔfŰhŰŢăňăôă”ç–çˆčúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1TqˆčúéüéěňîňD÷ÎůĐůţţDœÔÖ ˜šč  ^ŚZ\°"##0#2#p$úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1Tqp$r$Î$Đ$n%p%ä%ć%N&P&Ę&Ě&ś'¸'N(P(ô(ö(j*l*ţ*+x+z+r,t,Î,Đ,Ü-Ţ-úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1TqŢ-,...|.~.Ŕ.Â.:/v>x>t?v?*@,@ţ@úúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúúgd1Tqţ@AôAöAŇBÔBDDúDüD^EšEœEžE Eúúúúúúúúúúňđđú$a$gd†ígd1Tq,1h°‚. °ĆA!°Ľ"°R#n$n%°°Ä°Ä ÄœB@ń˙B 1KG=K9CJ_HaJmHsHtHBAň˙ĄB A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0Xió˙łX 1KG=0O B01;8F0ö4Ö l4Öaö .kô˙Á. 5B A?8A:0L@ňL †í5@E=89 :>;>=B8BC;  ĆE‹$J @J †í86=89 :>;>=B8BC;  ĆE‹$˛T˙˙˙˙?@ą˛çč Ľ Ś   ‹ Œ ‰Š>?âă<=lm?a x y "Á#Â#Ý%ý%ţ%()F)G)--z-{-ů.ú. 1Ÿ154[4\47Ň7Ó7 8Ą8ź:/<0<đ??@@@ßBŕB|EŽGG’K“K¨MŠMÇOIPJP}R~RU U¸WÓXÔXp[Ë[Ě[ň]ó] _ _\_]_i`nbob‹dee'g(h)hňkókn)o*oFqGqÉrĘr‡v wĄw°zŔzÁz`|/0U‚€‚7†$ˆ%ˆá‹â‹NOę‘É’Ę’`•Ą•˘•Č˜É˜œœ(Ÿ% & ä˘ĺ˘Š¤éĽęĽ†§]¨^¨yŞŤŤtŻuŻą ´ ´LˇMˇ¸ššš\ťc˝d˝ ż‹ŔŒŔ/ĂĚĂÍĂéřǚǾÉAËBËÝ̇ψĎÓĐÔĐ[Ń\ŃîŇ>Ô?ÔŘaŘbŘ ŰÜŽÜ)ß*ߕâ–âŃćŰćÜćŹč­č&éßéŕéXîYî„đÉńĘńäóĺóö0řĚřÍřćú.ü/üÖţçţčţ5:noz{IJ™šÔŐ  GH˝ž  \ ]   a b ž Ÿ   I J Đ Ń ř ů  ! B C  €  Ă   ‘ ’ ý ţ ;<pqžŸÉĘ56~˛ł !‚ƒřů34ÍÎ78ĂÄhią˛űœ÷řabÜÝKLéę_`‘Ż°ł˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€˜0€€(˜0€€(˜0€€(˜0€€(˜0€€(˜0€€(˜0€€˜0€€(˜0€€(˜0€€˜0€€0˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€0˜0€€p˜0€€0˜0€€0˜0€€0˜0€€8˜0€€8˜0€€8˜0€€˜0€€8˜0€€8˜0€€@˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€p˜0€€@˜0€€@˜0€€@˜0€€H˜0€€H˜0€€H˜0€€˜0€€H˜0€€P˜0€€p˜0€€P˜0€€P˜0€€P˜0€€P˜0€€P˜0€€˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€X˜0€€`˜0€€`˜0€€`˜0€€˜0€€`˜0€€`˜0€€`˜0€€h˜0€€h˜0€€h˜0€€h˜0€€h˜0€€h˜0€€h˜0€€p˜0€€p˜0€€p˜0€€˜0€€p˜0€€p˜0€€p˜0€€x˜0€€x˜0€€x˜0€€x˜0€€x˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€€˜0€€€˜0€€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€p˜0€€˜˜0€€˜˜0€€˜˜0€€˜˜0€€˜˜0€€ ˜0€€˜0€€ ˜0€€p˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€ ˜0€€¨˜0€€˜0€€¨˜0€€¨˜0€€¨˜0€€¨˜0€€¨˜0€€°˜0€€°˜0€€°˜0€€°˜0€€°˜0€€¸˜0€€¸˜0€€˜0€€¸˜0€€¸˜0€€p˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€˜0€€Ŕ˜0€€Č˜0€€Č˜0€€ˆ˜0€€p˜0€€Č˜0€€Č˜0€€Đ˜0€€Đ˜0€€Đ˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€Đ˜0€€Đ˜0€€Ř˜0€€ˆ˜0€€p˜0€€Ř˜0€€Ř˜0€€Ř˜0€€Ř˜0€€Ř˜0€€ŕ˜0€€˜0€€ŕ˜0€€ŕ˜0€€˜0€€č˜0€€č˜0€€č˜0€€č˜0€€č˜0€€č˜0€€˜0€€đ˜0€€đ˜0€€đ˜0€€đ˜0€€đ˜0€€p˜0€€ř˜0€€ř˜0€€ř˜0€€ř˜0€€ř˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ř˜0€€ř˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ €˜0€€˜0€€ €˜0€€˜0€€ €˜0€€˜0€€ €˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ €˜0€€€˜0€€(€˜0€€€˜0€€ €˜0€€ €˜0€€˜0€€(€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ €˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ €˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ €˜0€€ˆ˜0€€ €˜0€€ €˜0€€ €˜0€€˜0€€ €˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€˜0€€@0€€ř€My00Ő0xćŃLéę_`ł˜@0€€€M90Œ>|M90M90€   K(  €0 €0 €" E~DByäÂýP_pĽˆčp$Ţ- 5ţ@ E‘“”•–#$%&'()žE’˙˙ ´{ť|cňľ{ťôuťś{ťôĆťˇ{ť|ஸ{ťźaťš{ť\çďş{ť,Ÿ¤ť{ťźŕŽź{ť´PĆ˝{ť 0 łł!!ƒƒŔŔůůł šš''‰‰ĆĆ˙˙ł 8 *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€City€9 *€urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags€place€   ‡‰Šşť˝žđń()Š‹ŽÇČ;`„ł  Đ Ţ ťÂŽż†‘›˘Ž&ăî, 3 y "'"3"9()))9*Ň+Î,Ô, -&-7->-:/F/"3)3557;;@@AüA BřCœD$L(LŹO­OOTYTĎTŘTÄVĐVn[o[œ\ž\ď]ń]_)_ÚaŰaHeQegg{lˆllŽlll›mŠm’oœo#r*ršt†v‡vw…y‡yđyűyzzvz‚zÔ|Ő| "…†‡ˆڀă€U~‚Ąƒ§ƒCˆEˆŠR‹1“=“™™8œ:œŒ˜ŃĄÜĄšĽÂĽx¨y¨ÂŠĂŠdŞmŞ0­;­XŽ\Žąłžľ ľÍľKˇ>¸D¸šš[ť\ť˝Ú˝ß˝9Â:ÂFÂJÂiĂsĂŰĆĺƾȽÉÚĚÜĚ+Ű7ŰÇßŃßQçSçYîđOö!ř"ř/ř0řfřgřËřú*úĚüÎü”4>HDEg i • — ŞŹEG¤ĽłżŔá!‚ƒÎĐÔůDE;`ƒ‘°ł3333333Q l ;`„‘Ž°ł‘°ł˙˙*<<<ĺ1Tqfvł €†íšOô˙@€__°ZĐ))__(e⋲ppŇp.˙˙Unknown˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙GĚ‡z €˙Times New Roman5€Symbol3&Ě ‡z €˙Arial"1ˆđÄhť…ˆ&śdĽŚš)ŘíŽűš)ŘíŽű!đĽn´´24d3ƒQđH)đ˙?ă˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šOô˙˙**ţ˙ŕ…ŸňůOhŤ‘+'łŮ0`˜¤°źČÔč ô  ( 4@HPXăÂss*sss Normal.dot*rm2rmMicrosoft Word 10.0@FĂ#@rńÃÄ@ôôćÓuĆš)Říţ˙ŐÍ՜.“—+,ůŽ0ě hp|„Œ” œ¤Ź´ ź Ęă*=űŽA   Íŕçâŕíčĺ  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ Ą˘Ł¤ĽŚ§¨ŠŞŤŹ­ŽŻ°ą˛ł´ľśˇ¸šşťź˝žżŔÁÂĂÄĹĆÇČÉĘËĚÍÎĎĐŃŇÓÔŐÖ×ŘŮÚŰÜÝŢßŕáâăäĺćçčéęëěíîďđńňóôőö÷řůúűüýţ˙      !"#$%&'()*ţ˙˙˙,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGţ˙˙˙IJKLMNOţ˙˙˙QRSTUVWţ˙˙˙ý˙˙˙ý˙˙˙ý˙˙˙\ţ˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙Root Entry˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ŔF ÷=đÓuĆ^€1Table˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙+`9WordDocument˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙.TSummaryInformation(˙˙˙˙HDocumentSummaryInformation8˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙PCompObj˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙j˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ţ˙ ˙˙˙˙ ŔFÄîęóěĺíň Microsoft Word MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9˛q