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Š 5@52>4 A 0=3;. . . 0:552>9, 2001 Š %C4>65AB25==>5 >D>@<;5=85 45O-@5AA, 2001 Š %C4>6=8: . . >@HC=>2, 2001 Š 45O-@5AA, 2002 !>45@60=85 @548A;>285.....................................................................................................7 ;020 I 2545=85: ?5@5<5=K 8 ?@55<AB25==>ABL.......................................................9 ;020 II !B@C:BC@0 8 A8=B0:A8A.................................................................................31 ;020 III B A8=B0:A8A0 : A5<0=B8:5..........................................................................47 ;020 IV M284A>= 8 0<<8B.....................................................................................71 ;020 V 50;87< 8 @5;OB8287<..................................................................................94 @8<5G0=8O..................................................................................................127 <5==>9 C:070B5;L......................................................................................176 @54<5B=K9 C:070B5;L................................................................................187 . 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"5?5@L MB> =5 B0:. $8;>A>DK <>@0;8, ?>;8B8:8 8 ?@020 1>;LH5 =5 >3@0=8G820NBAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> :>=F5?BC0;L=K<8 87KA:0=8O<8, 0=0;87>< Ť;>38:8ť <>@0;8, ?@020 8;8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E 4510B>2. "0:, 2 1970-5 3>4K >4=>9 87 =081>;55 H8@>:> >1AC6405<KE :=83 AB0;0 Ť"5>@8O A?@0254;82>AB8ť (1971).  MB>9 :=835 6>= >;7, @0AAC640O AB@>3> >1>A=>20==> 8 O2=> 2 D8;>A>DA:>< :;NG5, =5 B>;L:> @0AA<>B@5;, :0: A;54C5B >?@545;OBL A?@0254;82>ABL, => 8 45B0;L=> ?@>0=0;878@>20;, 2 G5< >=0 459AB28B5;L=> A>AB>8B. 'CBL ?>765, 2 1978 3., !8AA5;0 >: =0?8A0;0 A2>N :=83C Ť>6Lť (ŤLyingť). 07C8AB8:C 1>;LH5 =5 >B1@0AK20;8 2 AB>@>=C, :0: =5 8<5NICN >B=>H5=8O : D8;>A>D88. @8AB>B5;52A:>5 ?>4G5@:=CB>5 2=8<0=85 : 4>1@>45B5;8 2>>1I5 8 : >B;8G8B5;L=K< G5@B0< >B45;L=KE 4>1@>45B5;59 2=>2L 2>H;> 2 <>4C. I5 1>;55 C4828B5;L=>  ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 5A;8 A<>B@5BL A ?>78F88 ?5@2KE ?>A;52>5==KE 45AOB8;5B89  B>, GB> D8;>A>DK =0G0;8 ?8A0BL =0 B0:85 >AB@K5 A>F80;L=K5 B5<K, :0: D5<8=87<, 01>@BK, 703@O7=5=85 >:@C60NI59 A@54K, O45@=K5 2>>@C65=8O. 048:0;L=K5 42865=8O 1960-E 3>4>2, E>BO 8 4>2>;L=> AB@5<8B5;L=> A>H;8 A> AF5=K, 2A5 65 >AB028;8 ?>A;5 A51O 206=K5 ?>A;54AB28O. 57CA;>2=>, ?@56=85 D8;>A>DK, =0G8=0O A ;0B>=0 8 :>=G0O 8;;5<, >B=N4L =5 8A:;NG0;8 ?>4>1=K5 B5<K 87 >1;0AB8 8=B5@5A>2 8, ?> ACI5AB2C, =5 AG8B0;8, GB> D8;>A>D8O 8<55B :0:85-;81> CAB0=>2;5==K5 3@0=8FK. >;55 1;87:89 : =0H5<C 2@5<5=8 5@B@0= 0AA5; ?8A0; 4;O H8@>:>9 0C48B>@88 ?> 2>?@>A0< >1@07>20=8O, 1@0:0, <8@0 8 2>9=K. 4=0:> E0@0:B5@=>, GB> 0AA5; ?@8 MB>< >B<5G0;, GB>, 45;0O MB>, >= 2KE>48B 70 @0<:8 D8;>A>D88 8 @0AAC6405B A:>@55 :0: >B5F, <C6, 3@0640=8=, 0 =5 :0: D8;>A>D.  MB>9 <5@5 >= 2?>;=5 ?>4G8=O;AO A>3;0H5=8N, CAB0=>2;5=8N :>B>@>3> A0< 65, ?> ACB8, 8 A?>A>1AB2>20; 8 :>B>@>5 3;0A8B, GB> D8;>A>D8N A;54C5B >?@545;OBL B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K 4065 2 B0:8E A2>8E @0745;0E, :0: D8;>A>D8O <>@0;8 8 ?>;8B8:8, >=0 1K;0 >3@0645=0 >B =5>1E>48<>AB8 4020BL A>25BK ?> ?@0:B8G5A:8< 2>?@>A0<. >?@5:8 MB><C A>3;0H5=8N 1970-5 3>4K AB0;8 A2845B5;O<8 ?>O2;5=8O B0:8E ?5@8>48G5A:8E 8740=89, :0: 6C@=0; ŤPhilosophy and Public Affairsť (Ť$8;>A>D8O 8 >1I5AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8Oť, A 1971 3.), 2 :>B>@>< AB028;0AL F5;L ?@8<5=5=8O D8;>A>D88 2 2>?@>A0E ?>;8B8:8.  1980-5 3>4K =0 C482;5=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 ?C1;8:8, ?@82K:H59 >B=>A8BLAO : D8;>A>D88 :0: : 87>I@5==>9 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 83@5> ?>;CG8;8 H8@>:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 >1I5AB20 8 6C@=0;K ?> Ť?@8:;04=>9 D8;>A>D88ť 8;8 ?> B0:8< 55 >B45;L=K< @0745;0<, :0: ŤD8;>A>D8O ;020 L 2545=85:?5@5<5=K 8 ?@55<AB25==>ABL 11 <548F8=Kť. !> A<5H0==K< GC2AB2>< =54>25@8O, A<CI5=8O, C4>2;5B2>@5=8O 8 >?0A5=8O D8;>A>DK AB0=>28;8AL G;5=0<8 :>=AC;LB0B82=KE :><8B5B>2 ?> A>2@5<5==K< ?@>1;5<0< ?>;8B8:8 8;8 ?@8=8<0;8 ?@83;0H5=8O G8B0BL ;5:F88 2 <548F8=A:8E 8 8=65=5@=KE H:>;0E. =8 1>;LH5 =5 A:;>==K 1K;8 4C<0BL, GB> CG0AB85 2 48A:CAA8OE ?> DC=40<5=B0;L=K< A>F80;L=K< ?@>1;5<0< >7=0G05B 2KE>4 70 @0<:8 D8;>A>D88.  :0:>9 <5@5 ?>4>1=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL =04;568B =07K20BL Ť?@8:;04=>9 D8;>A>D859ť, 0 =5 <8@A:8< ?@>?>254=8G5AB2><,  2>?@>A >B:@KBK9. 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(-B> ?@5645 2A53> 25@=> 2 >B=>H5=88 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:>3> <8@0; $@0=F8O 65 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O >AB020;0AL 3;02=K< ?@81568I5< 4;O AB>@>==8:>2 ?@56=59 <0@:A8ABA:>9 ?>78F88.) >O282H8EAO @07=>284=>AB59 <0@:A87<0 1K;> B0: 65 <=>3>, :0: 8 @07=>284=>AB59 E@8AB80=AB20; :064K9 <>3 2K1@0BL A515 Ť<0@:A87<ť ?> A2>5<C B5<?5@0<5=BC. !?5:B@ @07=>284=>AB59 1K; H8@>:: >B 3C<0=8AB8G5A:>3> <0@:A87<0 Ť-:>=><8:>-D8;>A>DA:8E @C:>?8A59ť, =0?8A0==KE 2 1844 3., => >?C1;8:>20==KE ;8HL 2 1932 3. 8 2?5@2K5 ?5@52545==KE =0 0=3;89A:89 O7K: 2 1959 3., 4> 65AB:>3> 453C<0=878@>20==>3> <0@:A87<0, A>740==>3> 2> $@0=F88 C8 ;LBNAA5-@><. C<0=8AB8G=>3> 0@:A0 G0AB> A>548=O;8 A 3C<0=878@>20==K< $@594>< A B5<, GB>1K ?@840BL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 284 =5G5B:> AD>@<C;8@>20=- 12 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK =K< 8450;0< 1960-E 3>4>2. 458 0@:A0 2 8=B5@?@5B0F88 ;LBNAA5@0 >BAB0820;8 B5, GL8 8450;K =>A8;8 1>;55 0A:5B8G=K9 E0@0:B5@ 3. %>BO 2 @57C;LB0B5 <0@:A87< 702>520; 2 1970-5 3>4K 284=>5 ?>;>65=85 =0 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:8E D8;>A>DA:8E D0:C;LB5B0E (GB> 4;O ?@54H5AB2CNI8E 45AOB8;5B89 1K;> A>25@H5==> =5 E0@0:B5@=>), 5<C B0:65, ?> @O4C ?@8G8=, =5 1C45B C45;5=> 2=8<0=8O 2 ?>A;54CNI5< 87;>65=88. 0@:A87< =081>;55 ?;>4>B2>@=> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 8 =081>;55 H8@>:> :C;LB828@C5BAO 2 ?@8<5=5=88 : ?>;8B8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88, D8;>A>D88 8A:CAAB20 8 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 A>F0;L=>9 :@8B8:5, => 2A5 MB8 >1;0AB8 ;560B 70 ?@545;0<8 <>8E =K=5H=8E 8=B5@5A>2. >340 D8;>A>DAB2>20=85 2 AB8;5 0@:A0 ?@8=8<05B D>@<C M?8AB5<>;>388 8;8 <5B0D878:8, >=> G0I5 2A53> 2K;8205BAO 2 @07=>>1@07=K5 CG5=K5 B@C4K, ?>A2OI5==K5 2KOA=5=8N B>3>, GB> 65 0@:A Ť459AB28B5;L=> 8<5; 2 284Cť. -B> 2>2A5 =5 C4828B5;L=>, CG8BK20O, GB> A0< 0@:A I ?8A0; A8AB5<0B8G5A:8E @01>B ?> MB8< B5<0<.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8 65, =081>;55 5AB5AB25==> 2845BL 2 =5< 0=B8D8;>A>D0, CB25@6402H53>, GB> D8;>A>D8O  MB> ?5@568B>: ?@>H;>3> 8 59 =0 A<5=C 4>;6=0 B5?5@L ?@89B8 =0C:0, :>B>@0O 8<55B : =59 B0:>5 65 >B=>H5=85, :0:>5, A>3;0A=> 8725AB=><C 2KA:07K20=8N 0@:A0 2 Ť5<5F:>9 845>;>388ť (1845 1846, 2?5@2K5 ?>;=>ABLN >?C1;8:>20==>9 2 1932), Ť8<55B >=0=87< : ?>;>2>9 ;N128ť. 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K =5 CAB0=>28< 2 :0G5AB25 =587<5==> ?>2B>@ONI53>AO D0:B0, GB> C@B 3>2>@8B: ŤEs regnetť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Ťthatť (ŤGB>ť) 2 ?@54;>65=88 ŤGalileo said that the earth movesť (Ť0;8;59 A:070;, GB> 5<;O 42865BAOť) O2;O5BAO C:070B5;L=K< <5AB>8<5=85< *, 0 ?@54;>65=85 2 F5;>< M:2820;5=B=> A;54CNI5<C: The earth moves. Galileo said that' (Ť5<;O 42865BAO. 0;8;59 A:070; MB>ť)  B0:8< >1@07><, <K 8<55< 745AL 420 M:AB5=A8>=0;L=KE ?@54;>65=8O. -B> A0<> ?> A515 4>AB>9=> >1AC645=8O :0: >?@545;5==>5 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5<K 0=0;870 8AE>4=>3> ?@54;>65=8O 2 8AB8==>AB=>-DC=:F8>=0;L=KE B5@<8=0E, 4065 5A;8 ?@8 B0:>< @5-H5=88 8AE>4=>5 ?@54;>65=85 >?@545;5==> =5 A>E@0=O5B A2>N 8AB8==>ABL * M284A>= 8A?>;L7C5B 745AL B>B D0:B, GB> 2 0=3;89A:>< O7K:5 A;>2> Ťthatť 8A?>;L7C5BAO 8 :0: A>N7=>5 A;>2> (ŤGalileo said that the earth movesť), 8 :0: C:070B5;L=>5 <5AB>8<5=85, ?5@52>48<>5 =0 @CAA:8< O7K: :0: ŤB>ť, B>Bť (ŤThat book is redť  Ť"0 :=830 :@0A=0Oť),  @CAA:>< O7K:5 2 MB8E A;CG0OE 8A?>;L7CNBAO @07=K5 A;>20, 8 ?>MB><C 4;O @CAA:>3> O7K:0 0=0;87 M284A>=0 =5 AB>;L =03;O45=. ;020 4. M284A>= 80<<8B 83 ?@8 70<5=5 Ť5<;O 42865BAOť =0 ;N1>5 4@C3>5 8AB8==>5 2KA:07K20=85 9. (M284A>= C65 40;, :0: <K 2845;8, >1JOA=5=85 C:070B5;L=K< <5AB>8<5=8O<.) 4=0:> 2 8B>35 >= 2 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 ?@8=8<05B :@8B8:C $>AB5@0: Ť8GB> 2 AB@>3>< A<KA;5 =5 A>AB02;O5B B5>@8N 7=0G5=8Oť. Ť"5>@8O 8AB8=K,  ?@>4>;605B >=,  :0: 1K E>@>H> =8 1K;0 >=0 >B>1@0=0, =5 O2;O5BAO B5>@859 7=0G5=8Oť, 81> A>E@0=ONBAO Ť=5@54CF8@C5<K5 8=45:A0;L=K5 M;5<5=BKť. 4=0:> >= 2A5 5I5 ?@>4>;605B AG8B0BL 2>7<>6=K< >1@0I0BLAO : ?>4>1=>9 B5>@88 70 >B25B>< =0 2>?@>A: Ť'B> 65 8<5==> 7=05B B>B, :B> 8=B5@?@5B8@C5B ?@54;>65=85?ť BAN40 A;54C5B, GB> MB0 B5>@8O <>65B Ť40BL C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=K9 >B25B =0 >4=C 87 F5=B@0;L=KE ?@>1;5< 2 D8;>A>D88 O7K:0ť. 5;05B ;8 MB> 53> CO728<K< ?5@54 :>;:8< 70<5G0=85< 0B=M<0 > B><, GB> A5<0=B8:0 M284A>=0  MB> ;8HL Ť:C09=>2A:89 A:5?B8F87< ?>4 <0A:>9 ?>78B82=>3> 2:;040 2 B5>@8N 7=0G5=8Oť, >AB05BAO 2>?@>A><. 0: ?@028;>, M284A>=0 G0AB> ?>@8F0NB 2 !>548=5==KE (B0B0E 70 B>, GB> >= <=>3> >15I05B 2 A2>8E ?@>3@0<<0E, => =8:>340 =5 2K?>;=O5B A2>8E >15I0=89; =081>;55 ?@540==KE ?>:;>==8:>2 >= =0H5; 2 =3;88, :>B>@0O, 2848<>, 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 <5=55 B@51>20B5;L=0. > 4065 B0<, :0: <K 2845;8, 2KA:07K20;8AL A><=5=8O.  B5?5@L >1@0B8<AO : 0<<8BC10. >;LH59 G0ABLN 53> B2>@G5A:0O 18>3@0D8O 1K;0 ?>A2OI5=0 8=B5@?@5B0F88 8 A ACI5AB25==K<8 >3>2>@:0<8 70I8B5 $@535. 20 >1J5<8ABKE B@C40, ?>O282H8EAO 2 E>45 >ACI5AB2;5=8O MB>3> 70<KA;0: Ť$@535ť (1973) 8 Ť=B5@?@5B0F8O D8;>A>D88 $@535ť (1981),  =5A><=5==>, 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 A2>59 G0AB8 A>45@60B >1AC645=85 =5 B>;L:> MB8E B5<, => 8 1>;LH8=AB20 3;02=KE ?@>1;5< D8;>A>D88 O7K:0. @8G5< A>45@60B B0:8< >1@07><, GB> 5A;8 <K E>B8< @0AA<>B@5BL, A:065<, B5>@8N 8<5= A>1AB25==KE 0<<8B0, <K 4>;6=K ?@8=OBL 2> 2=8<0=85, GB> 3>2>@8B ?> MB><C ?>2>4C $@535, GB> 3>2>@8B 0<<8B > $@535, GB> 3>2>@8B @8?:5 > $@535 8 0<<8B5, GB> =0 MB> >B25G05B 0<<8B 8 :0: >= A0< :@8B8:C5B @8?:5.  MB> A>25@H5==> =5>ACI5AB28<> 2 @07C<=KE ?@545;0E. @><5 B>3>, 2>7=8:05B 8 4@C30O B@C4=>ABL. %>BO 0<<8B 15A:><?@><8AA=> >BAB08205B A2>N 8=B5@?@5B0F8N $@535 8 1570?5;;OF8>==> >1@CH8205BAO =0 A2>8E >??>=5=B>2, >4=0:> 87;>65=85 8< A>1AB25==KE 273;O4>2 =>A8B ?@5420@8B5;L=K9, ?@>1=K9 E0@0:B5@. 0: B>;L:> G8B0B5;L =0G8=05B A:;>=OBLAO : B><C, GB>1K ?@8?8A0BL 0<<8BC >?@545;5==>5 CG5=85, BCB =5>6840==> 2>7=8:05B ?>2>@>B 2 53> 0@3C<5=B0F88, ?>O2;ONBAO =5?@542845==K5 B@C4=>AB8, 70O2;ONB > A515 =>2K5 0;LB5@=0B82K. 0: :@8B8:0<, B0: 8 AB>@>==8:0< ?@8E>48BAO ?@84020BL 273;O40< 0<<8B0 =5:>B>@CN D8:A8@>20==CN D>@<C, A B5< GB>1K =0G0BL 8E >1AC645=85. K A>A@54>B>G8< =0H5 2=8<0=85 =0 42CE B5A=> A2O70==KE 0A?5:B0E 53> <KA;8: 53> 2>77@5=8OE >B=>A8B5;L=> F5=B@0;L=>3> <5AB0 D8;>A>D88 O7K:0 8 53> 0=B8@50;87<5. $8;>A>D8O O7K:0, :0: <K C65 2845;8, ?@82;5:;0 : A515 2 ?>A;54=55 45AOB8;5B85 ?>@078B5;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> =081>;55 B0;0=B;82KE D8;>A>D>2.  459AB28B5;L=>AB8, ŤO7K:ť AB0; :;NG52K< ?>=OB85< 2 ?>A;52>5==>9 :C;L- 84 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK BC@5 2 F5;><, ?>4>1=> B><C :0: Ť0B><ť 1K; B0:8< ?>=OB85< 2 XVIII 2. 8 Ť@0728B85ť 2 XIX 2. 065 3;02=K5 =0CG=K5 >B:@KB8O 2 <>;5:C;O@=>9 18>;>388 MB>3> ?5@8>40 =5 >1E>48;8AL 157 B0:8E ?>=OB89, :0: Ť:>4ť 8 ŤB@0=A:@8?F8Oť; 2KE>48;8 :=838 > ŤO7K:5 0@E8B5:BC@Kť. -B0 2>;=0 C2;5G5=8O O7K:>< 1K;0 AB>;L <>I=>9, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> D8;>A>D>2 4065 =5 CB@C640;8 A51O >1>A=>20=85< A2>59 25@K 2 B>, GB> O7K: A;C68B =04;560I59 >B?@02=>9 B>G:>9 4;O D8;>A>DA:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O, B>G=> B0: 65, :0: 8E ?@54H5AB25=-=8:8-M<?8@8ABK A?>:>9=> ?@54?>;030;8, GB> =0G8=0BL =C6=> A 2>A?@8OB8O. 0<<8B, 2 >B;8G85 >B 4@C38E, >B:@KB> 70I8I05B Ť;8=328AB8G5A:89 ?>2>@>Bť. Ť>:0 <K =5 ?>9<5<, GB> ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =0H O7K:,  ?8H5B >= 2 @01>B5 Ť?@0240=85 454C:F88ť (1973),  A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> <K ?>AB8305< <8@ 8 157 :>B>@>3> ?>MB><C 4;O =0A =5 ACI5AB2C5B <8@0, 4> B5E ?>@ =0H5 ?>=8<0=85 2A53> >AB0;L=>3> 1C45B =5?>;=K<ť. 3> ?@54H5AB25==8:8 =0?8A0;8 1K Ť2>A?@8OB85ť 8;8 Ť<KH;5=85ť B0<, 345 >= ?8H5B ŤO7K:ť. >G5<C ?@>87>H;> B0:>5 87<5=5=85? > 42C< ?@8G8=0<, @07JOA=O5B >= 2 @01>B5 Ť>65B ;8 0=0;8B8G5A:0O D8;>A>D8O 1KBL A8AB5<0B8G=>9 8 4>;6=0 ;8 >=0 1KBL B0:>9?ť (1975). >-?5@2KE, =0 0<<8B0, :0: 8 =0 <=>38E D8;>A>D>2 4> =53>, C3=5B0NI5 459AB2C5B >BACBAB285 2 D8;>A>D88 ?@>3@5AA0, ?>=8<05<>3> 2 B>< A<KA;5, 2 :0:>< >= 8<55B <5AB> 2 5AB5AB25==KE =0C:0E; 53> ?>402;O5B =5A?>A>1=>ABL D8;>A>D88 >@30=87>20BL A51O :0: A8AB5<0B8G5A:>5 8AA;54>20=85, >ACI5AB2;O5<>5 Ť2 A>>B25BAB288 A >1I5?@8=OBK<8 <5B>40<8 8AA;54>20=8Oť, 4>AB830NI55 @57C;LB0B>2, Ť:>B>@K5 2A5<8 ?@8=8<0NBAO 8;8 >B25@30NBAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A >1I5?@8=OBK<8 :@8B5@8O<8ť, 8 7025@H0NI55AO OA=> AD>@<C;8@>20==>9 B5>@859. -?8AB5<>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>4 =5 40; >ICB8<KE @57C;LB0B>2 2 4>AB865=88 MB>9 F5;8. $@535, ?>;0305B 0<<8B, C:070; =0< ?CBL, :>340 70;>68; >A=>2K D8;>A>D88 :0: B5>@88 7=0G5=8O. B=N4L =5 :064K9 ?@8<5B MBC 8=B5@?@5B0F8N $@535, 0 =081>;55 A:5?B8G=> =0AB@>5==K5 <>3CB A?@>A8BL: =5C65;8 >=B53N, %><A:89, LN8A, M284A>=, @8?:5 8 0<<8B >B;8G0NBAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30 2 <5=LH59 AB5?5=8, G5< @M4;8, 0AA5; 8 LN8? >=5G=>, ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, GB> D8;>A>D8O 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5  MB> A>2<5AB=>5 ?@54?@8OB85, CG0AB85 2 :>B>@>< ?@54?>;0305B AB@>3CN A?5F80;L=CN ?>43>B>2:C 8 2 :>B>@>5 ;N1>9 G5;>25: <>65B =045OBLAO 2=5AB8 A2>9 2:;04 B0:8< 65 >1@07><, :0:8< CG5=K9 2=>A8B 2:;04 2 B>, GB> C= =07K205B Ť=>@<0;L=>9ť =0C:>9,  MB> ?@54AB02;5=85 A=8A:0;> A515 ?>445@6:C <=>38E 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:8E D8;>A>D>2, E>BO, :0: A 4>A04>9 ?@87=05B 0<<8B, ?>4>1=K5 =04564K =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 =>2K 8 4> A8E ?>@ =8:>340 =5 >?@024K20;8AL. 0<<8B =5 8<55B 2 284C, GB> 8=B5@5AK D8;>A>D>2 4>;6=K >3@0=8G820BLAO B>;L:> B5>@859 7=0G5=8O. 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(57CA;>2=>, C09= ?@845@68205BAO AE>4=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O.) 4=> 87 ?@54;>65==KE 0B=M<>< >1>A=>20=89 @50;87<0 >A=>2K205BAO =0 MB>< @07;8G5=88. !CI5AB2>20=85 <0B5@80;L=KE >1J5:B>2, ?> 53> <=5=8N, =5;L7O, AB@>3> 3>2>@O, =0720BL ŤB5>@859ť, 8<5O ?>4 MB8< 2 284C, GB> =5:>B>@K9 CG5=K9 2K428=C; 55 :0: 38?>B57C, 70B5< 55 ?>425@3;8 65AB:>9 :@8B8:5, 0 2 8B>35 ?@8=O;8 :0: ŤE>@>H> ?>4B25@645==CN B5>@8N <0B5@80;L=KE >1J5:B>2ť. 0?@>B82, 2 =0C:5 55 AG8B0NB A0<> A>1>9 @07C<5NI59AO, :0: :>340-B> AG8B0;8 B@5E<5@=>ABL ?@>AB@0=AB20. >MB><C >=0 5ABL Ť=5>1E>48<0O 8AB8=0ť 2 B>< 548=AB25==>< A<KA;5, 2 :0:>< ACI5AB2CNB =5>1E>48<K5 8AB8=K. >;55 BI0B5;L=> >= AB@5<8BAO >1>A=>20BL, GB> ACI5AB2CNB =5 B>;L:> M;5:B@>=K, => 8 D878G5A:85 ?>;O 8 D878G5A:85 25;8G8=K. -B> ?>42>48B 53> : :@8B8:5 :0: 0=A0 59E5=10E0, B0: 8 4>4LD0 @N=10C<0. <5AB5 A B5< MB8 D8;>A>DK =0C:8 >G5=L 206=K 4;O =53>. 0: <K C65 >B<5G0;8 @0=55, 59E5=-10E 8 @N=10C< 2 A2>5 2@5<O 1K;8 548=AB25==K<8 D8;>A>D0<8, :>B>@K5 >:C=C;8AL 2 @0AA<>B@5=85 :;0AA8G5A:8E ?@>1;5< 2@5<5=8, ?@>AB@0=AB20 8 ?@8G8==>AB8, :0: MB8 ?@>1;5<K AB02OBAO 2 B5>@88 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 8 :20=B>2>9 <5E0=8:5 4. > 1>;LH59 G0AB8 @01>BK 0B=M<0 2 D8;>A>D88 =0C:8 =>AOB B0:>9 65 >1I89 E0@0:B5@; <K C65 F8B8@>20;8 53> 70<5G0=85 87 Ť$8;>A>D88 D878:8ť > B><, GB> ŤD8;>A>D8O D878:8 O2;O5BAO ?@>4>;65=85< A0<>9 D878:8ť, 0 =5 O2;O5BAO <5B0B5>@859 > B><, :0: @01>B0NB D878:8. 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I @8<5G0=8O 127  '/ !>:@0I5=8O AJP Australasian Journal of Philosophy APQ American Philosophical Quarterly BJPS British Journal for the Philosophy of Science JP Journal of Philosophy JSL Journal of Symbolic Logic PAS Proceedings of the Aristitelian Society PASS Proceedings of the Aristotolian Society, Supplementary Volume  Proceedings of the British Academy PQ Philosophical Quarterly PR Philosophical Review RIP Revue Internationale de Philosophie RM Review of Metaphysics TLS Times Literary Supplement N.B. @8 A>2@5<5==>9 8740B5;LA:>9 ?@0:B8:5 G0AB> =5 A>2?040NB 40BK >D8F80;L=>3> 8 @50;L=>3> >?C1;8:>20=8O 8;8 40BK 2KE>40 0=3;89A:>3> 8 0<5@8:0=A:>3> 8740=89, =5 3>2>@O C65 > 40B0E, :>340 AB0BLO 1K;0 ?@54AB02;5=0 (8;8 2KA;0=0) 8 :>340 >=0 1K;0 >?C1;8:>20=0.  F5;>< O AB0@0;AO C:07K20BL 40BC ?5@2>3> >?C1;8:>20==>3> 8740=8O (:0: >=0 C:070=0 2 MB>< 8740=88), => O <>3 8=>340 >H818BLAO =0 3>4 8;8 4065 1>;55. A;8 <=>9 C:070=>, GB> :B>-B> =0?5G0; >B25B =0 :=83C 8;8 AB0BLN, :>B>@0O, A>3;0A=> ?@82545==>9 40B5, >?C1;8:>20=0 C65 ?>A;5 40==>3> >B25B0, MB> =5>1O70B5;L=> O2;O5BAO >H81:>9. ;020 1 1 >;57=K< 22545=85< 2 A>2@5<5==CN D8;>A>D8N 2 F5;>< O2;O5BAO :=830 ?>4 @540:F859 ".%>=4@8E0 8 .Q@=88B0 Ť$8;>A>D8O :0: >=0 5ABLť (Philosophy as It Is. I T.Honderich, M.Burnyeat (eds.), 1979), A>45@60I0O ?>41>@:C AB0B59 8 2K45@6:8 87 :=83 A ?@5420@ONI8<8 22>4=K<8 70<5G0=8O<8. Ť$8;>A>D8O 2 4204F0B>< 25:5ť .6.95@0 (Ayer A.J. Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, 1982)  MB> 8AB>@8O, =0?8A0==0O 2 ?>;5<8G5A:>< 4CE5; 745AL 95@ 48A:CB8@C5B A> A2>8<8 ?@54H5AB25==8:0<8 8 A>2@5<5==8:0<8. >;55 ?>;=>5 @0AA<>B@5=85 =5:>B>@KE D8;>A>D>2, > :>B>@KE ?>945B @5GL 2 <>59 :=835, 405BAO 2> 2B>@>< B><5 Ť;02=KE =0?@02;5=89 A>2@5<5==>9 D8;>A>D88ť . (B53<N;;5@0 (Siegmüller W. Hauptstromungen der Gegenwarts-Philosophie. V. 2,1975). A>15==> E>@>H> 2 =5< 87;0305BAO ;>38:0 8 A5<0=B8:0, 0 B0:65 A>45@68BAO >1H8@=>5 8AA;54>20=85 A>2@5- 128 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK <5==KE =0?@02;5=89 @0728B8O =0C:8. Ť;02=K5 B5G5=8O 2 D8;>A>D88ť . 8:5@0 (P.Ricoeur. Main Trends in Philosophy) O2;O5BAO 8740=85< .!, ?> ACI5AB2C, ?>43>B>2;5==K< <=>38<8 02B>@0<8 8 >?C1;8:>20==K< >B45;L=>9 :=83>9 2 1979 3., E>BO @01>B0 =04 =8< 70:>=G8;0AL >:>;> 1970 3. "><0 ?>4 =0720=85< Ť!>2@5<5==0O D8;>A>D8O: =>2K9 >17>@ť (Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey. 1981) 8740=K ?>4 M384>9 564C=0@>4=>3> 8=AB8BCB0 D8;>A>D88 8 ?>4>1=> ?@54K4CI8< :=830<  Ť$8;>A>D88 2 A5@548=5 AB>;5B8Oť (Philosophy in Mid-Century, 1958) 8 Ť!>2@5<5==>9 D8;>A>D88ť (Contemporary Philosophy, 1968)  A>45@60B :@8B8G5A:89 >17>@ =>2>9 D8;>A>D88 2 A0<KE @07=>>1@07=KE >1;0ABOE. =830 . . 59A8 Ť!>2@5<5==0O D8;>A>D8Oť (Lacey A.R. Modern Philosophy, 1982) ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A8AB5<0B8G5A:>5 22545=85 2 F5=B@0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K A>2@5<5==>9 1@8B0=A:>9 D8;>A>D88. !<. 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B0:65 Wiggins D. 24 27, 69,139 140, 163 8B35=HB59= . 18, 20, 31,49, 59, 67, 85, 104,113,119,123,124,125,133,135, 136,139,148,149,151,158,159,166, 167,174 @83B .%. D>=, A<. B0:65 Wright G.H. von 16,172 C=4B . 42 040<5@ %.., A<. B0:65 Gadamer H.G. 20,119,123,126,134 135 0@25@ H. 148 535;L ..$.12, 21, 36, 98,110,112, 123, 126,136,148 5<?5;L . 167 5@45@.. 136 5@A>=6.#. 157 5BBL5@ .. 21 22, 62,137 8G ."., A<. B0:65 Geach P.T. 132,139, 155,163,166 ><1@8G.%. 18,167 @09A ., A<. B0:65 Grice P. 27, 29 30, 31,40,58,60,141,154 @0<H8 . 128 129 @53>@8 ., A<. B0:65 Gregory R. 18 @N=10C< ‘., A<. B0:65 Grbnbaum A. 18,100 C4<5= ., A<. B0:65 Goodman N. 60 62, 94 97, 110, 152,159 160, 166 167 C<1>;L4B . D>= 150 CAA5@;L -. 20, 21, 34, 35, 37, 130, 148 N.B.  A;CG05 A1>@=8:>2, 2KH54H8E ?>4 GL59-;81> @540:F859, C:07K205BAO B>;L:> 8<O ?5@2>3> @540:B>@0. @8<5G0=8O 0;;0 '80@0 .., A<. B0:65 Dalla ChiaraM.L. 168 0<<8B M., A<. B0:65 Dummett M. 71, 83 93, 94, 97,103, 110, 123, 154, 163,166, 167 528BB M., A<. B0:65 Devitt M. 138,163, 166 5:0@B P. 21,22, 34, 37 5==5B ., A<. B0:65 Dennett D. 107 109,170 5@@840 ., A<. B0:65 Derrida J. 35, 37 41, 111, 144,146, 147, 148 149 659<A #. , 112,126 65DD@8 ., A<. B0:65 Jeffrey R.C.I72 8;LB59. 126,134 >==5;;0= .!., A<. B0:65 Donnellan K.S. 162,163 @59 #. 9 LN86. 84, 125, 126 M284A>= ., A<. B0:65 Davidson D. 71 83, 84, 86, 107, 123, 124, 138, 154, 156,163 165, 175 N35< . 119,120,121,122, 174 N@:359<-. 122 ND@5= . 145 ;L<A;52 . 142 5=5 . 148 045. 156 8DD ., A<. B0:65 Ziff . 103,141 0<5=:0 ., A<. B0:65 Kamenka E. 8 0=B . 94,100, 110, 124, 125, 140 0?;0= ., A<. B0:65 Kaplan D. 157,162 0@=0? . 14,49, 50, 52, 55, 60, 66, 91, 94, 101,140, 149, 154,156, 158 0F 6.6., A<. B0:65 Katz J.J. 47 49, 60,77,151,153 154 5=88 -. 157 >;;8=32C4 .6. 102 @8=:5 !., A<. B0:65 Kripke S. 53, 55, 57, 60, 63, 65 70, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 123,139, 157 158, 161 162, 163, 164, 165 @8AB520 .. 144 C09= #..., A<. B0:65 Quine W.V.O. 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 52, 53, 55, 58 65, 66, 73, 77, 81, 86, 90, 95, 100, 1 107,119, 120, 123, 124,138, 140, 1: 157,158, 159,162, 164,165, 166,1 C= ".! 13, 84,101 103,111, 115,1] 119,169,173,174 0:0= ., A<. B0:65 Lacan J. 35, 36 143, 144, 146 0:0B>A ., A<. B0:65 Lakatos I. 99, 115 119,167,173 0:>DD 6., A<. B0:65 Lakoff J. 152 153 528 ., A<. B0:65 Levi I. 172 173 528=0A -. 145 528-!B@>AA ., A<. B0:65 Lévi-Strauss !. 35, 36, 37, 40, 45, 143, } 145, 146 147 591=8F .. 25, 45, 53, 140, 158 59A8 -. ., A<. B0:65 Lacey A.R. 12* 165 5=8= .. 12 5AL=52A:89 !. 53,158 >::6. 95, 140 C:0G ., A<. B0:65 Lukâcs D. 128 LN8A .., A<. B0:65 Lewis D.. 5: 57 60, 63 65, 78, 84, 96, 123, 1: 160,164, 165 LN8A .. 16, 17, 94, 95, 131,132, 1 MH;8.!. 152 0::>;8 6.. 153 0;:>;<. 170 0;;0@<5 !. 33, 40 0=359<. 130 0@:A . 11 12, 36, 42, 122, 135, 14 145, 147 0@:C75. 130 0@:CA .. 158, 161, 163 0@A5;L . 41 0@B8=5 . 143 0A3@592 . 115 59=>=3 . D>= 20, 132,136 5@;>->=B8 . 35, 143 5B5;;8.. 168 5D0< 6., A<. B0:65 Mepham J. l 143 8;;L6.!. 10,67, 117 178 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK >=B53N ., A<. B0:65 Montague R. 49 57, 60, 68, 76, 78, 84, 96,155 156,157,158 >@@8A '.#. 55 LNM6. . 136 M::8 6.., A<. B0:65 Mackie J.L. 63, 73 74, 140,160 035;L "., A<. B0:65 Nagel T. 139,164, 170 59@0B. 167 8448G.%. 113 114 8; #. 62, 65 8FH5 $. 34,35,37,125 >78: ., A< B0:65 Nozick R. 136 137 AB8= 6. 13,19, 20, 27, 28, 39, 41,49, 92, 129, 140, 146, 153,158 0@A>=A "., A<. B0:65 Parsons ". 161 0@B0 ., A<. B0:65 Partee . 50, 54, 57, 155 0B=M< X., A<. B0:65 Putnam H. 18, 83, 99 107,109 113,119,120,122, 139,152,154,159,167,168,171,173, 174 8065 ., A<. B0:65 Plaget J. 34,143,153 8@A'.!. 135, 20, 33, 55,110,114,126, 135, 142,172 ;0B>= 10, 21, 39,40, 98, 109,124,125 ;0BB5 ., A<. B0:65 Platts M. 165 ;59A..".22 >;098 ., A<. B0:65 Pylya 99,167 >;0=8 ., A<. B0:65 Polanyi M. 102, 169 >??5@ K.P., A<. B0:65 Popper K.R. 18, 19, 20, 98,101 102,114 120,123, 133,140,172,173,174 >AB0; .., A<. B0:65 Postal P.M. 153, 154 @09>@ .., A<. B0:65 Prior A.N. 55, 156 157 C0=:0@5 .. 116 04=8F:89 ., A<. B0:65 Radnitzky G. 133 09; ., 14,19, 23, 44,48,49, 104,107, 109 09B ., A<. B0:65 Wright !. 166 0<A59 $.., A<. B0:65 Ramsey F.P. 23, 24,63,64,75,114,139 0AA5; . 10,12,14, 21, 24, 53, 55, 67, 84, 125,162 0CB;8 , A<. B0:65 Routley R.. 16 59E5=10E ., A<. B0:65 Reichenbach H. 18,100,114,132,161,167 5H5@ H., A<. B0:65 Rescher N. 161 8:5@ ., A<. B0:65 Ricoeur P. 128,135, 145 >;7 6. 10 >@B8 ., A<. B0:65 Rorty R. 122 126, 136,170,174 CAA> .-. 37,148 !0=B0O=0 6. 125 !0@B@ .-. 19, 33, 35, 37,145 !5;;0@A #., A<. B0:65 Sellars W. 123, 138 !5@;L 6. ., A<. B0:65 Searle J.R. 27 29, 30, 39, 40, 67,140,141,149,150, 154,162 !:8==5@ .$. 43,151 !:@CB>= ., A<. B0:65 Scruton R. 166 !<0@B 6.6., A<. B0:65 Smart J.J.C. 22 23,138,164,171,174 !=84 6.., A<. B0:65 Sneed J.D. 169 !>;;5@A . 144 !>AAN@ $. 45 31 33, 36, 38, 42, 44,45, 58, 76,142 !B0CB 6.$. 24 !B5@= . 33 !B>;=59:5@ ., A< B0:65 Stalnaker R. 60, 63 64,139 !B@>A>= .$., A<. B0:65 Strawson P.F. 15,16, 25, 28, 30, 131,141,165,166 !C8=15@= ., A<. B0:65 Swinburne R. 139 !C??5 $., A<. B0:65 Suppe F. 174 !M2846 .6., A<. B0:65 Savage L.J. 114 "0@A:89 . 49, 50, 51, 52, 77 80, 82,93, 97,165 "@C15F:>9 .!. 142 "C35=4E0B -. 20, 134 @8<5G0=8O 1 "C;<8= !.-., A<. B0:65 Toulmin S.A. 119,174 "M9;>@ '., A<. B0:65 Taylor !. 136 #8;A>= -.., A<. B0:65 Wilson E.O. 140 #8;A>=. 137 #8=G ., A<. B0:65 Winch P. 135 #8B=8#. 142 #=35@ ., A<. B0:65 Unger P. 175 #>;;5A 6., A<. B0:65 Wallace J. 82,162 $08= . 160 $09=4;8 6.., A<. B0:65 Findley J.N. 136 $595@10E . 12 $595@015=4 .., A<. B0:65 Feyerabend .. 13, 18,23, 111, 115,117 119, 140, 169, 173, 174 $Q;;5A40;L ., A<. B0:65 F011esdal D. 165,166 $8;4%. 165, 171 $8;<>@ .6. 153 $8=5BB8 . 45, A<. B0:65 Finetti B. de 114,171 $8EB5 .. 12 $>4>@ 6.., A<. B0:65 Fodor J.D. 47^9, 77, 109, 153, 154, 170 171 $>AB5@ 6.. 72, 78, 83, 164 $@00AA5= . 20=, A<. B0:65 Fraassen B.C. van 171, 172 $@535 . 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 49, 51, 54, 67, 71, 83, 84, 85, 98, 155, 163 $@594 3. , 36, 41,143, 146, 147 $@8A18. 133 $C:> . 13, 35, 37, 111, 119, 143, 144 145, 146, 149 %015@<0A.. 13,20, 119, 129 130, 135 %0945335@ . 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 37, 38, 123, 125, 134 135, 136 %0:8=3 /., A<. B0:65 Hacking I. 163, 165, 175 %0@48=3!. 125 %0@<0= 6., A<. B0:65 Harman G. 82, 151,164,171 %0@@8A 3., A<. B0:65 Harris Z. 41, 150 151,153 %0@@8A P. 142 %0@@8A>= ., A<. B0:65 Harrison . 15: %0@B .. 9 %50@ P.M., A<. B0:65 %50@ P.M. 9,11, 128 %59;6. 139 %5;;<0=6. 159,167 %5AA5 ., A<. B0:65 Hesse M. 119 121 173 174 %8;?8=5= P., CMC. B0:65 Hilpinen R.  %8=B8::0 /., A<. B0:65 Hintikka J. 16, 90, 159, 166 %8=B8::0 . 125 %>::5BB .$., A<. B0:65 Hockett C.F. 151,152 %><A:89 ., A<. B0:65 Chomsky N. 41 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 60, 76 80, 81, 84, 85,133, 140,149 150, 151, 152 153, 154, 155, 156,157,1Ť %>@:E09<5@ . 130 %C: !., A<. B0:65 Hook S. 174 %M=A>= . ., A<. B0:65 Hanson N.R. 102, 120, 167,174 '5@G ., A<. B0:65 Church A. 49, 51 52, 156, 157 '5@G;M=4.. 171 '87>;< ., A<. B0:65 Chisholm R. 161, 164 (5==>= . 151 (5DD;5@. 167 (8;;5@ $..!. 15 (;595@<0E5@ $. 134 (B53<N;;5@ ., A<. B0:65 Stegmüller W. 17 18,20,127,133,169 (C<59:5@ !., A<. B0:65 Shoemaker S. . -20=A 6., A<. B0:65 Evans J.L. 164 -;;8A ., A<. B0:65 Ellis . 160 -=35;LA $. 12, 34 -=A:>< ... 72,166 .< . 21,63, 140 /:>1A>= ., A<. B0:65 Jacobson R. 33, 40,41, 142,143 /A?5@A . 19 180 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK Abraham W. 163 Ackermann W., A<. B0:65 ::5@<0= #. 132 Adams E.W. 172 AddisonJ. 158 Adorno "., A<. B0:65 4>@=> ". 133 Agassi J. 168,169 Agazzi E. 131,133 Albert H., A<. B0:65 ;L15@B %. 133,135 Allen J.P. 149 Alston W.P. 171 Althusser L., A<. B0:65 ;LBNAA5@ . 145,146 Anderson A.R., A<. B0:65 =45@A>= -. . 132 Anderson J., A<. B0:65 =45@A>= 6. 160 AnderssonG. 169,173 Apel .-., A<. B0:65 ?5;L .. 134, 135,158 AratoA. 130 Armstrong D., A<. B0:65 @<AB@>=3 . 138,141 AsquithP. 168 Aune . 137 AvineriS. 129 AyalaF.J. 168 Ayer A.J., A<. B0:65 95@ .6. 127, 167 BachE. 150, 153 Bach K. 140 Bacherlard G., A<. B0:65 0H;O@ . 145 Baker G. 154. 155 Ballmer T.T. 156 Bar-Hillel Y., A<. B0:65 0@-%8;;5; . 154, 158,159 Barnes . 130,169 Barwise J. 131 Bastide R. 142 BaüerleR. 154 BealerG. 156 BeehlerR. 136 Bell J. 171 Belnap N.D., A<. B0:65 5;=0? .. 132 BennS.I. 136 Bennett J., A< B0:65 5==5B 6. 141 BenvenisteE. 142 Bernstein R.J. 175 BeverT. 153 BhaskarR. 170 BieriP. 141 Bigelow J. 161 Black M. 141 Blackburn S. 162 Blakeley 129 Bleicher J. 135 Block N. 170 Bloom H. 148 BloorD. 130,167 Boden M. A. 170 BogdanD.J. 151, 173 Bohm D., A< B0:65 >< . 168,173 Bontempo !. J 174 BurgerC. 136 Bradley M.C. 138 Bradley R. 161 BradonR 132 BrodbeckM. 136 BrodyB.R. 139 Broekman J. M 144 BrombergerS, 174 Bubner R., A< B0:65 C1=5@ . 133,134 Bunge M., A< B0:65 C=35 . 168 Burdick H. 166 Burr J.R. 128 Butts R.E. 169 CarrB. 137 Cash S. 128 Callinicos A. 129,145 Campbell K. 137, 138 Canguilhem G. 145 CartwrightN. 171 CassirerE. 150 1 Chalmers A.F. 173 Chandler H.S. 163 Charbonnier G. 147 Chatterjee M. 134 Cherry C. 151 ChiharaC.H. 165 Chisholm R.M., A<. B0:65 '87>;< . 137,139,161 Chomsky N., A<. B0:65 %><A:89 H. 147, 149,150,152,153 Church ‘., A<. B0:65 '5@G . 156, 158 @8<5G0=8O Churchland P.M. 171 Clark M. 145 Clark R. 157 ClémentC. 146 Cocchiarella N. 156 Cohen D. 152 Cohen J. 173 Cohen R.S. 132, 152, 173 Cole P. 141 ConnertonP. 130, 135 Cooper D. 152 Cooper R. 156 CornmanJ.W. 137 Cowan M. 150 Coward R. 144, 146 Cresswell M.J. 155, 158 CrossleyJ.N. 130 Culicover P.W. 153 Culicover P.W. 153 Culler J. 142,148 Curtis J.E. 130 Gushing S. 154 D'Agostino F. 149 Dalla Chiara M.L. A<. B0:65 0;;0 '80@0.. 133 DantoA. 137 Davidson D., A<. B0:65 M284A>= . 138, 141, 151, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 175 DaviesM. 164 Davis J.W. 165 Davis S. 138, 155 De George R. and F. 143, 147 Dennett D., A<. B0:65 5==5B . 170 Derrida J., A<. B0:65 5@@840 . 144, 147, 149 DerwingB. 153 Descombes V., A<. B0:65 5A:>< . 133 Devitt M., A<. B0:65 528BB . 163, 166 Diaz M.R. 132 DilworthC. 169 Donnellan .S., A<. B0:65 >==5;;0= .!. 162 Dougherty R.C. 153 DownesR. 139 DowtyD. 155,156,157 DretskeF.I. 137 Dreyfus H. 145 Ducrot . 144 Dummett M., A<. B0:65 0<<8B M. l 160, 162, 167 DunnJ.M. 132 DürrH.P. 173 EarmanJ. 168,169 EdgleyR. 152 EellsE. 172 Ehrmann J. 143, 146, 147 Eider F. 149 Elgin S.H. 150 Ellis ., A<. B0:65 -;;8A . 172 Ellis J. 144, 146 Elster J. 136, Englebretsen G. 133 Erde E.L. 149 ErmathM. 134 Evans G. 162, 163, 164, 166 Evans J.L., A< B0:65 -20=A 6. 137 Felman S. 146 Fetzer J.H. 172 Feyerabend P.K., A<. B0:65 $595@015 .. 167, 168, 173 Finas L. 148 Findlay J.N., A<. B0:65 $09=4;8 6.] 136 Finetti . de, A<. B0:65 $8=5BB8 . 45 171 Fletcher . 153 F10istadG.F. 130, 132, 135, 144, 155, 156,157,160,164 Fodor J.A., A<. B0:65 $>4>@ 6. 150, 151,153, 156, 170 F011esdal D., A<. B0:65 $Q;;5A40;L . 165 Foot . 128 Fraassen B.C. van 132, 156, 171 French P. 131,137 Fromm E. 129 Fuchs W.W. 148 GabbayD.M. 131,157 Gadamer H.G., A<. B0:65 040<5@ XJ 134 Gandillac M. de 143 GarrettM. 153 182 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK Geach P.T., A<. B0:65 8G .". 128,139, 163 GellnerE. 136 GelwickR. 169 George F. 146 Gerhardt M. 149 GeussR. 130 Giere R.N. 172 Gillies D. A. 172 Glucksmann A. 147 Gluclsmann M. 145 GlymourC. 169 GoddardL. 132 GodelR. 142 Goldmann L. 143 Goldstein L. 139 Goodmann N., A<. B0:65 C4<5= . 159, 160,166,167 Gordon !. 141,145 Gregory R., A<. B0:65 @53>@8 . 152 Grene M. 148 Grice ., A<. B0:65 @09A . 138,141 Griffin N.139 Griffiths A.P. 137 Grinder J.T. 150 GrmekM.D. 167 Grünbaum ‘., A<. B0:65 @N=10C< . 174 GuenthnerF. 154,155,159 GundersonK. 154 Guttenplan S. 163,165,166 Gutting G. 169 HaackS. 131,158,161 Hacker P. 154,155 Hacking L, A<. B0:65 %0:8=3 /. 164, 169,171,172,175 Halle M. 152 HamblinC.L. 155 Hamish R.M. 140 HamlynD.W. 170 Hanson N.R., A<. B0:65 %M=A>= . . 167,174 Hare R.M., A<. B0:65 %50@ . . 128 Harman G., A<. B0:65 %0@<0= 6. 137, 141,150,154,159 Harper W.L. 160,172 Harre R. 168 Harris Z., A<. B0:65 %0@@8A 3.150 Harrison ., A<. B0:65 %0@@8A>= . 155, 164 Harrison R. 136 Harsanyi J.C. 172 Hawkes T. 143 Hayes E.N. and T. 147 Heller A. 129 Hesse M., A<. B0:65 %5AA5 M. 130,173 Hilpinen R., A<. B0:65 %8;?8=5= . 161, 173 Hinckfuss I.168 Hintikka J., A<. B0:65 %8=B8::0 /. 131, 155,159,164,165 Hirsch . 139 i HockettC.F. 150,151,152 Hockney D. 131,153,156,162 HollisM.174 Holton G. 169 Home R.W. 168 Honderich T. 127 Hook S., A<. B0:65 %C: !. 149,152 Hooker C.A. 132,168 HookwayC. 136 Householder F. 150 Howard R.J. 135 Hudson W.D. 128 Hull D.L. 168 HungelandJ. 170 HuppertG. 144 IhdeD. 135 Jackson F. 137 Jacobs R.A. 141,150 JacobsenP. 150 Jacbbson R., A<. B0:65 /:>1A>= . 142 Jameson F. 142,148 Jammer M. 168 Jay M. 130 Jeffrey R.C., A<. B0:65 65DD@8 . 172 Jensen U.J. 168 Johnson M. 141 Jones A.J. 159 Kamenka E., A<. B0:65 0<5=:0 E. 129 KangerS. 154,155,158 Kaplan D., A<. B0:65 0?;0= . 157 @8<5G0=8O 183 Kasher A. 159 KatzF.M. 161 Katz J.J., A<. B0:65 0F 6.6. 140, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156, 161 KeatR. 136 KeenanE.L. 153,155,159 Kelly M. 146 Kemp P. 144 Kempson R.M. 140, 153, 164 KennickW.E. 174 Kiefer H.E. 154 Kimmerle H. 134 KisielT. 169 KitcherP. 167 Klemke E.D. 128 Kolakowski L., A<. B0:65 >;0:>2A:89 . 129 Kordig C.R. 174 KörnerS. 131,163 KortianG. 130 Kripke S., A<. B0:65 @8?:5 !. 157,162, 163 Kurzweil E. 144 KyburgH.E. 171, 173 Lacan J., A<. B0:65 0:0= . 146 Lacey A.R., A<. B0:65 59A8 -. . 128, 164 Lakatos L, A<. B0:65 0:0B>A . 167, 169 Lakoff G., A<. B0:65 0:>DD 6. 141, 151,156 Lambert . 131,158 Langendoen D.T. 150 LaudanL. 173 Leach E. 147 Leblanc H. 154, 164 Lecourt D. 145 Leeds S. 167 Lehman H. 145,167 Lehrer K. 137,172 Leiber J. 149 Leinfellner W. 156 Lemmon E.J 158 Lenk H. 133 Levi L, A<.B0:65 528 . 172 LevinsonS.C. 158 Lévi-Strauss !., A<. B0:65 528-!B@>AA . 146, 147 Levy B.-H. 147 Lewis D.K., A<. B0:65 LN8A .. 138, 159, 160 Linge D.E. 135 Link G. 155 LinskyL. 157, 158, 162 LoarB. 141,164 Lopes L.J. 168 Lorenzen P. and K. 159 LouxMJ. 138, 158, 161 Lucas J.R. 168 Lukocs D., A<. B0:65 C:0G  . 129 LuscheiE.C. 158 LycanW.G. 170 Lyons J. 143,149,153 McCallS. 158 McCarthy T. 130 Macdonald G.F. 137,166 McDowellJ. 164, 166 McGinn C.I70 MacIntyreA. 128,136 MackayA. 141 Mackie J.L., A<. B0:65 M::8 6. . 128, 137, 139, 160 Macksey R. 144, 147 McMurtryJ. 129 Magee . 149 MakkreelR. 134 Mandelbaum D.G. 150 Manninen J. 135 MargalitA. 163,166 Margenau H. 168 Margolis J. 170 Martin R.M. 155, 159 Mates B. 158,163 MatsonW.1.170 Matthews P. 150 MayrD. 168 Mediin B. 138 MeilandJ.W. 174 MellorD.H. 139, 163, 172 Mepham J., A<. B0:65 5D0< 6. 129, 145 Mermin A.D. 171 Meyer R.K. 132 Miller J.M. 144 184 6>= 0AA<>@. !>2@5<5==K5 D8;>A>DK MischelT.170 MittelstaedtP.132 MönnichU. 131 Montague R., A<. B0:65 >=B53N . 155 Montefiori . 133 MoravcsikJ.M.E. 153,155 Morgenbesser S. 151 MorickH.140 MulkayM.J.174 MunitzM.K.139,154 Nagel E. 172,174 Nagel "., A<. B0:65 035;L ". 138, 139, 163,164, 170 NerlichG. 168 Newmeyer F.J. 150, 154 Newton W.H. 171 Nicholas J.M. 170 NicklesT. 167 NidaC.A. 154 NiiniluotoL 160,172 NoonanH. 139 Norris C. 148 Nozick R., A<. B0:65 >78: . 137 Nute D. 160 O'Connor D.J. 137 Ogden C.K. 142 OlsenR.E. 134,165 Ortony A. 141 Otero G. 141,150 Palmer R.E. 134,135 Pandit G.L. 169 PapineauD. 169,173 PappasG.S. 137 Parain-VialJ. 143,149 Parfit D. 139 Parkinson G.H. 129 ParretH.142, 143, 149, 150, 151,154, 166 Parsons "., A<. B0:65 0@A>=A ". 132, 156, 157, 161 Partee ., A< B0:65 0@B8 . 155 Passmore J.A. 129, 167, 168,169, 174 Patton ".. 141 Paz . 147 PeacockeC. 162, 164 Pearce G. 169 Pears D. 164 PeleJ. 158,159 Pelletier F.J. 163 PenelhumT. 139 PeraM. 134 Perry J. 139 Peters S. 154 Pettit P. 143, 147 Piaget J., A<. B0:65 8065 . 143 Piatelli-Palmarini M. 153 PicconeP.146 Pitcher G. 138 PlantingaA. 134,160,161 Platts M., A<. B0:65 ;0BB5 M. 140,141, 163,165;166 Polanyi M., A<. B0:65 >;0=8 M. 169 Pollock J.L. 161 Polya G., A<. B0:65 >;098 . 167 Popper K.R., A<. B0:65 >??5@ K.P. 167,168, 172 Postal P.M., A<. B0:65 >AB0; .. 150, 154 Poster M. 144, 145,146 Presley C.F. 138 Priest G. 132 Prior A.N., A<. B0:65 @09>@ .. 156, 157 PrzeleckiM. 155 Putnam H., A<. B0:65 0B=M< X. 132, 139, 152,154,163,164, 167,171 Quine W.V.O., A<. B0:65 C09= #... 138, 157, 163,165,166,167,174 Quinton A. 136 RabinowP. 145 ftacevskis K. 145 Radnitzky G. 133,169, 173 Ramsey F.P., A<. B0:65 0<A59 $.. 139 Rancičre J. 145 Reagan C.E. 135 Reichenbach H., A<. B0:65 59E5=10E . 132, 161, 168 RennieM.K. 157 Rescher N., A<. B0:65 5H5@ . 131,132, 137,157,169,175 Richards I.A. 142 Rickey V. 158 J @8<5G0=8O 185 Rickmann H.P.I34 Ricoeur P., A<. B0:65 8:5@ .128,135, 145, 146 Ringle M.D.I70 Robey D. 142, 143 Robinson I. 150 Rootselaar B. van 158 RortyA. 139 Rorty R., A<. B0:65 >@B8 . 138,148, 169 Rosenberg J.F. 140,164 Rosenkrantz R.D. 171 Ross J.R. 140 Roth M. 137 Routley R., A<. B0:65 0CB;8 . 132, 139 RundleB. 155 Ruse M. 168 Ryan A. 136 Ryan M. 148 SaarinenE. 159,165 SadockJ.140 Salmon N. 163 SalusP.H. 142 Sampson G. 149, 150 SapirE. 150 Savage C.W. 170 Savage L.J., A<. 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