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(8@>:>5 @0725@BK20=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 70 ?>A;54=85 3>4K, ?@82;5G5=85 2=8<0=8O CG5=KE : >1I5<5B>4>;>38G5A:8< ?@>1;5<0< ?A8E>;>388, >A=>20B5;L=0O @07@01>B:0 >B45;L=KE 55 :0B53>@89 A>740;8 CA;>28O 4;O 8AA;54>20=8O 2708<>A2O759 >A=>2=KE ?>=OB89 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8. 5A<>B@O =0 ?>?C;O@=K9 AB8;L 87;>65=8O, 2 :=835 <=>3> A=>A>: =0 @01>BK, 2 :>B>@KE @0718@05<K9 2>?@>A 1K; C65 @0AA<>B@5= ;81> 1>;55 ?>4@>1=>, ;81> 2 4@C38E A2O7OE, ;81> B@51C5B ?@82545==>3> 745AL CB>G=5=8O. -B> ?>72>;8;> A>:@0B8BL 87;>65==>5, =5 ;8H82 2>7<>6=>AB8 708=B5@5A>202H53>AO 40==K< 2>?@>A>< G8B0B5;O @07>1@0BLAO 2 =5< H8@5 8 3;C165. <5AB5 A B5< AB0@0OAL =5 70B@C4=OBL 2=8<0=8O G8B0B5;O B5<, GB> >= C65 7=05B 8;8 ;53:> <>65B C7=0BL 87 ;N1>3> CG51=8:0 ?A8E>;>388, MB0 :=830 85 ?>2B>@O5B <0B5@80; MB8E CG51=8:>2.  ?59 A45;0=0 ?>?KB:0 ?@825AB8 87;>65==>5 B0< 2 A8AB5<C, >A>1> >AB0=02;820OAL =0 B@51CNI5< 4>?>;=5=8O 8;8 CB>G=5=8O. %>BO 8=>340 (40 ?@>AB8B MB> 1>;55 ?>43>B>2;5==K9 G8B0B5;L), GB>1K 85 =0@CH0BL 87;0305<>9 A8AB5<K 8 4;O ;CGH53> 55 ?>=8<0=8O, =0< ?@845BAO 3>2>@8BL 8 > 4>AB0B>G=> >1I58725AB=><. >6=> 2KA:070BL C25@5==>ABL, GB> =5 70 3>@0<8 2@5<O, :>340 1C45B =0:>=5F A>740=0 :=830, 87;030N- 4 I0O A8AB5<C ?A8E>;>388 AB>;L ?>;=> 8 ?>=OB=>, GB> 55 M?83@0D>< <>6=> 1C45B ?>AB028BL A;>20 C:@5F8O 0@0, A:070==K5 425 BKAOG8 ;5B =0704: A5 BCB >4=> 87 4@C3>3> AB0=>28BAO OA=K<, 8 5A;8 >=O; <5=O BK, B@C4K ?@8;>682 =51>;LH85, A 4>@>38 >GL =5 A>1L5B B51O 1>;LH5, 8 C7@8HL BK B09=K ?@8@>4K. "0:, >4=0 25IL ?>AB>O==> 4>;6=0 >A25I0BLAO 4@C3>N !. B0:, >B?@028<AO 2 ?CBL, G8B0B5;L! > A@07C 4>3>2>@8<AO: :>=5F MB>9 :=838  MB> B>;L:> =0G0;> ?CB8 : C:070==>9 F5;8, 4>AB8GL :>B>@>9 <>6=> 1C45B B>;L:> :>;;5:B82=K<8 CA8;8O<8. 1 C:@5F89.  ?@8@>45 25I59. ., 1913, AB@. 40. 2>4=0O 3;020  !%, /"/%  !!"% 1.  !%  A2>59 ?@57845=BA:>9 @5G8 ?@8 >B:@KB88 XVIII 564C=0@>4=>3> ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :>=3@5AA0 2 >A:25 2 1966 3. . . 5>=BL52 =0?><=8; A;>20 . . 0835: «K=5 >1I59, B> 5ABL >1I5?@87=0==>9, A8AB5<K 2 =0H59 =0C:5 =5 ACI5AB2C5B... A8E>;>3 =0H8E 4=59 ?>4>15= @80<C, A84OI5<C =0 @0720;8=0E "@>8» '. >:0702 >3@><=K9 8 ?;>4>B2>@=K9 ?CBL, ?@>45;0==<9 A B5E ?>@ ?A8E>;>3859, >B<5B82 «B@C4=>AB8 ?>AB@>5=8O A8AB5<K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8», . . 5>=BL52 A:070;, GB> «2 =0H8 4=8 ?A8E>;>3 A:>@55 =0?><8=05B AB@>8B5;O, ?5@54 :>B>@K< >18;85 ?5@2>:;0AA=>3> <0B5@80;0 8, 1>;55 B>3>, F5;K5 70:>=G5==K5 1;>:8, => :>B>@><C =54>AB05B >1I53> MA:870 A>>@C65==>3> 8< A;>6=>3> 0@E8B5:BC@=>3> 0=A0<1;O» 2. ! MB8< >1@07>< =5;L7O =5 A>3;0A8BLAO. > C65 B>340 2 :C;C0@0E :>=3@5AA0 1K;> A:070=> > =5>1E>48<>AB8 53> 4>?>O=5=8O. !B@>8B5;L=0O ?;>I04:0 58E>BH388 :0: <8@>2>9 =0C:8 =0 A8<?>78C<0E MB>3> <564C=0@>4=>3> :>=3@5AA0 1K;0 ?>4>1=0 =5 ;N1>9 ' . 9, 0B5, A8E>;>38O. ., 1914, AB@. 48. 4 . . 5>=BL52. >=OB85 >B@065=8O 8 53> 7=0G5=85 4;O 9£9E>;>399.  *8>?@>AK D8;>A>D88», 1986, ! 12, AB@. 43. 6 AB@>8B5;L=>9 ?;>I04:5, 0 AB@>8B5;LAB2C 028;>=A:>9 10H=8. «!B@>8B5;8» 3>2>@8;8 254L =0 @07=KE =0CG=KE O7K:0E. -B> >BG5B;82> 1K;> 284=> 8 =0 XIX :>=3@5AA5 2 >=4>=5 (1969 3.). >;3>@O 1K;> 1K, 5A;8 1 MB> A@02=5=85 <>3;> 1KBL >B=5A5=> B>;L:> : <8@>2>9 ?A8E>;>388. ?>;=5 ?>=OB=>, GB> ?A8E>;>38-<0@:A8ABK 8 =5 8ICB «>1I53> B5>@5B8G5A:>3> O7K:0»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«@C3 >E20BK205<KE =0C:>9 2>?@>A>2 G@572KG09=> @0AH8@8;AO..." >MB><C 45OB5;L=>ABL >B45;L=KE 8AA;54>20B5;59 =587156=> ABO38205BAO :> 2A5 1>;55 >3@0=8G5==><C CG0AB:C 2A5>1I53> 7=0=8O. -B0 A?5F80;870F8O, GB> 5I5 EC65, ?@82>48B : B><C, GB> 548=>5 >1I55 ?>=8<0=85 2A59 =0C:8, 157 G53> 8AB8==0O 3;C18=0 8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> 4CE0 >1O70B5;L=> C<5=LH05BAO, 2A5 A 1>;LH8< B@C4>< ?>A?5205B 70 @0728B85< =0C:8. !>7405BAO A8BC0F8O, ?>4>1=0O B>9, :>B>@0O A8<2>;8G5A:8 87;>65=0 2 181;59A:>9 8AB>@88 > 028;>=A:>9 10H=5» 2. 1 !<. «@>1;5<K ;8G=>AB8». 0B5@80;K A8<?>78C<0, B. I. , 1969; B. II. ., 1970; «8G=>ABL». ., 1971. 2 . -9=HB59=. $878:0 8 @50;L=>ABL. ., 1965, AB@. 111. 7 > 2 ?A8E>;>388 @07=>3>;>A8F0, 2K@060NI0O 1>30BAB2> 8459 8 ?CB59 @5H5=8O 7040G (:>B>@0O, 5A;8 >=0 2 <5@C, ?@>AB> =5>1E>48<0 4;O @0728B8O =0C:8), CAC3C1;O5BAO 1KBCNI59 ?>=OB89=>9 8 B5@<8=>;>38G5A:>9 =5G5B:>ABLN. #6 5A;8 ?@>4>;60BL A@02=5=85, B> <>6=> A:070BL, GB> AB@>8B5;8 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388, AB@5<OAL : 548=>9 F5;8, E>BO 8 ?>=8<0NB 4@C3 4@C30, => G0I5 A ?><>ILN «=0CG=>3> 60@3>=0», G5< AB@>3> >?@545;5==KE >1I5?@87=0==KE =0CG=KE B5@<8=>2 8 8E A8AB5<; 8E O7K: 70G0ABCN 5I5 =5 ?>4G8=5= 3@0<<0B8:5 8E =0C:8 8 =5 >1>1I5= 2 A8AB5<C 548=> ?>=8<05<KE =0CG=KE ?>=OB89. . . 02;>2 C?@5:0; ?A8E>;>38N 70 B>, GB> >=0 «5I5 =5 4>H;0 4> 5AB5AB25==>9 8 >1I5?@8=OB>9 A8AB5<K 55 O2;5=89», «=5 <>3;0 4065 2K@01>B0BL >1I53> O7K:0 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O O2;5=89 87CG05<>3> 5N <0B5@80;0...» '. . . "5?;>2, ?@82>4O MB8 A;>20, B0: B@0:B>20; 8E: «-B>  O@:89 ?>:070B5;L AC1J5:B82=>AB8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?>=OB89, 3>2>@O B>G=55  B>3> D0:B0, GB> 70 <=>38<8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<8 B5@<8=0<8 8 2K@065=8O<8 AB>OB =5 =0CG=K5 ?>=OB8O, 0 =5>?@545;5==K5 8=B@>A?5:B82=K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O» 2. #:07K20O =0 206=>ABL A8AB5<0B8:8 2 ?A8E>;>388, . . 02;>2 5I5 2 1910 3. ?8A0;: «-B>  1>;LH0O 7040G0, : :>B>@>9 O A51O 3>B>2;N,  ?5@51@0BL 2A5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?>=OB8O 8 ?>:070BL 2 A>?>AB02;5=88 A =0H8< >1J5:B82=K< <0B5@80;><, 4> :0:>9 AB5?5=8 >=8 D0=B0AB8G=K 8 =>AOB 3@C1K9 M<?8@8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@...» 3 > :0: 8725AB=>, >= MB>3> =5 A45;0;.  :>=5G=>, =5 ?>B><C, GB> 2@5<5=8 =5 E20B8;>. 0G02 @01>B0BL 2 :;8=8:5, >= 1 . . 02;>2. >;8. 5>1@. A>G., B. III, :=. 2. . ., 1951, AB@. 167, 152. 2 . . "5?;>2. 1 >1J5:B82=>< <5B>45 2 ?A8E>;>388.  «725AB8O :045<88 ?5403>38G5A:8E =0C: !$! », 2K?. 45. 0B5@80;K A>25I0=8O ?> ?A8E>;>388. ., 1953, AB@. 72. 3 . . 02;>2. >;8. A>1@. A>G., B. III, :=. 1, AB@. 190. 8 ?>=O;, 0 B5?5@L MB> ?>=8<05B :064K9 <0@:A8AB, GB> ?>AB@>8BL A8AB5<C ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?>=OB89, 8AE>4O B>;L:> 87 D878>;>38G5A:8E ?>=OB89, B0: 65 =5;L7O, :0: ?>AB@>8BL A8AB5<C ?>=OB89 D878>;>388, 8AE>4O B>;L:> 87 E8<88. > 2 A;>20E . . 02;>20 70:;NG5=> ?@028;L=>5 AB@5<;5=85 : A8AB5<5 2708<>A2O70==KE ?>=OB89. 5;L7O 745AL =5 ?@825AB8 8 A;>2 . . "5?;>20, :>B>@K5 <=5 ?@8H;>AL A;KH0BL. -B> 1K;> 2 ?>A;52>5==>5 2@5<O, :>340 682K 1K;8 >1@07K 1>52 2 !B0;8=3@045 70 :064K9 4><. . . 5A<5O=>2 A@02=8; B>340 =0C:C A> HBC@<>< 740=8O, 3>2>@O, GB> 5ABL @01>BK, 2K1820NI85 2@030 87 2A5E :><=0B 70=OB>3> MB060, 0 5ABL @01>BK, HBC@<CNI85 =>2K5 MB068. @8254O MB> A@02=5=85, >@8A 8E09;>28G A:070;:  2 ?A8E>;>388 G0AB> =0G8=0NB A ?>420;0, :0: 1C4B> =5 70=O;8 5I5 =8 >4=>3> MB060. =5 70?><=8;0AL 3@CABL MB8E A;>2. > D@>=B>28: CB>G=8; 1K >1@07. A8E>;>38 HBC@<CNB A@07C 8 ?>420;, 8 G5@40:, 8 @07=K5 MB068, => =5 70:@5?;ONB >B2>520==>3> 8, 3;02=>5, =5 2A5 G5B:> 7=0NB, GB> C65 >B2>520=>, =5@54:> ;><OBAO 2 >B:@KBK5 425@8, 254CB 1>9 157 A8AB5<K. > 4>2>;L=> A0<>:@8B8G5A:8E C?@5:>2! >?@>1C5< ?>:070BL ?@8G8=C B>3>, > G5< @07=K<8 A;>20<8, 2 @07=KE 0A?5:B0E 3>2>@8;8 . . 0=35, . . 5EB5@52, . . 02;>2, . . "5?;>2, . . 5>=BL52 8 <=>385 @C385. >3CB A:070BL 8 4065 G0AB> ?KB0NBAO 4>:070BL, GB> 45;> 745AL 2 <>;>4>AB8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8, AAK;0OAL =0 A;>20 -118=30C70: «A8E>;>38O 8<55B 4;8==>5 ?@>H;>5, => :@0B:CN 8AB>@8N», A:070==K5 8< 2 1902 3. > 45;> =5 2 MB><. AB>@8O ?A8E>;>388 =5 B0: C6 :>@>B:0, GB> >B;8G=> ?>:070=> . . /@>H52-A:8<_^AB>@8O M=4>:@8=>;>388, =0?@8<5@, <=>38< 1 !<- . . /@>H52A:89. AB>@8O ?A8E>;>388. ., J966, 9 :>@>G5. !>25BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O B0:65 ?@>45;0;0 =5;53:89 8 =5 2> 2A5E >1;0ABOE @02=><5@=K9, ?> 2 F5;>< >3@><=K9, ?CBL. 3> 8B>3 ?>42545= 2 42CEB><=8:5 «A8E>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 2 !!! » \ <>=>3@0D8OE , . 5B@>2A:>3>2 8 . . 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G5< >B;8G85 ?5@2>3> 87 MB8E ?>=OB89 >B G5B:> >?@545;5==>3> ?>=OB8O «A:;>==>ABL» :0: 8=B5@5A0, @50;87C5<>3> 2 45OB5;L=>AB8?  254L ?>?KB>: 2=5A5=8O OA=>AB8 2 MB>B 2>?@>A =5 1K;> 4065 =0 A?5F80;L=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 ?> MB>9 ?@>1;5<55. @>872>;L=> 8 =5A>3;0A>20==> C?>B@51;O5BAO, :0: MB> 1C45B 1 !<. «A8E>;>38G5A:0O ?0C:0 2 !!! », B. I. ., 1959; B. . ., 19G0. 2 !<. . . 5B@>2A:89. AB>@8O A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1967. 3 !<. . . C48;>20. $8;>A>DA:85 ?@>1;5<K 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1972. 4 !<. «5B>4>;>38G5A:85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>38=». ., 1.969. 5 «!:;>==>AB8 8 A?>A>1=>AB8». ., 1962. 10 ?>:070=> =865, 8 B5@<8= «?5@56820=85», :>B>@K9 8=>340 ?>=8<05BAO :0: A8=>=8< ?>=OB8O «M<>F8O», ;81> ?>=OB8O «GC2AB2>», ;81> :0: ?@>B5:0=85 ;N1>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 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(20@F ?5@5=5A 53> 2 CG51=8:: «...>B@065=85 ?>;>68B5;L=>3> 8;8 >B@8F0B5;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O G5;>25:0 : D0:B0< @50;L=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, ?5@568205<>5 :0: GC2AB2>, 8 =07K205BAO M<>F859» 1. ! B5E ?>@ MB> =5B>G=>5 >?@545;5=85 A =5ACI5AB25==K<8 20@80=B0<8 :>GC5B ?> CG51=8:0<. 725AB=>, GB> >B=>H5=85  MB> ?A8E8G5A:>5 O2;5=85 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, >B@065=85 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. =0G8B, CAB@0820NI0O <=>38E D>@<C;8@>2:0 «M<>F88 MB> >B@065=85 >B=>H5=89 G5;>25:0 : D0:B0< 1 «A8E>;>38O». >4 @54. . . >@=8;>20, . . "5?;>20, . . (20@F0. ., 1938, AB@. 270. 11 :>@>G5. !>25BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O B0:65 ?@>45;0;0 =5;53:89 8 =5 2> 2A5E >1;0ABOE @02=><5@=K9, => 2 F5;>< >3@><=K9, ?CBL. 3> 8B>3 ?>42545= 2 42CEB><=8:5 «A8E>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 2 !!! »', <>=>3@0D8OE . . 5B@>2A:>3>2 8 . . 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G5< >B;8G85 ?5@2>3> 87 MB8E ?>=OB89 >B G5B:> >?@545;5==>3> ?>=OB8O «A:;>==>ABL» :0: 8=B5@5A0, @50;87C5<>3> 2 45OB5;L=>AB8?  254L ?>?KB>: 2=5A5=8O OA=>AB8 2 MB>B 2>?@>A =5 1K;> 4065 =0 A?5F80;L=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 ?> MB>9 ?@>1;5<55. @>872>;L=> 8 =5A>3;0A>20==> C?>B@51;O5BAO, :0: MB> 1C45B 1 !<. «A8E>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 2 !!! », B. I. ., 1959; B. II. ., I960. 2 !<. . . 5B@>2A:89. AB>@8O A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1967. 3 !<. . . C48;>20. $8;>A>DA:85 ?@>1;5<K 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388. , 1972. 4 !<. «5B>4>;>38G5A:85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>388». , 1969. 5 «!:;>==>AB8 8 A?>A>1=>AB8». ., 1962. N ?>:070=> =865, 8 B5@<8= «?5@56820=85», :>B>@K9 8=>340 ?>=8<05BAO :0: A8=>=8< ?>=OB8O «M<>F8O», ;81> ?>=OB8O «GC2AB2>», ;81> :0: ?@>B5:0=85 ;N1>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 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(<0:>2. -<>F88, GC2AB20 8 2>;O :0: D>@<K >B@065=8O 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. «0B5@80;K III A5A>N7=>3> AJ5740 1I5AB20 ?A8E>;>3>2 !!! »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«A8;0 2>;8») :0: ?@>F5AA 8 =0AB>9G82>ABL («AB>9:>ABL 2>;8») :0: A>AB>O=85 8;8 :0: A2>9AB2> ;8G=>AB8, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 2 F5;>< 2>;O  MB> >B@065=85 >1J5:B82=>3> >B=>H5=8O F5;8 45OB5;L- 1 !<. . . ;0B>=>2. >;O :0: A?>A>1=>ABL 8 :0: D>@<0 >B@065=8O.  «0B5@80;K 2B>@>9 <562C7>2A:>9 =0CG=>9 :>=D5@5=F88 ?> ?@>1;5<0< ?A8E>;>388 ?>;8». 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«A=OB><» 2845 2>H;8 2 2>A?@8OB8O 8 GC2AB20 8 ?>MB><C 4>;6=K @0AA<0B@820BLAO B>;L:> :0: :><?>=5=BK AB@C:BC@ ?>A;54=8E. ! MB8< =5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO. 59AB28B5;L=>, 1>;55 ?@>ABK5 >ICI5=8O 8 M<>F88 2:;NG5=K 2 «A=OB><», 87<5=5==>< 2845 2 2>A?@8OB8O 8 GC2AB20. > >=8 A>E@0=8;8AL C G5;>25:0 8 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=K5 D>@<K ?A8E8G5A:>3> >B@065=8O. 0=55 <K C65 ?@82>48;8 0@3C<5=BK, A2845B5;LAB2CNI85 > =0;8G88 «G8ABKE» M<>F89 (A<. AB@. 44). 1 !<. . . ;0B>=>2, . . (20@F. G5@:8 ?A8E>;>388 4;O ;5BG8:>2. ., 1948, AB@. 151. 58 =>340 >=8 =0:;04K20NB >B?5G0B>: 2 A>7=0=88 =0 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O, ?@>O2;OOAL :0: M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O. -B> 1K;> ?>4<5G5=> 8 =0H;> >B@065=85 4065 2 ?>3>2>@:5: «AB0; A ;52>9 =>38». !>AB>O=85 M9D>@88 8;8, =0?@>B82, B>A:0 A =5>A>7=0==K<8 ?@8G8=0<8  4@C3>9 ?@8<5@ B0:8E M<>F89. 0:@K2 3;070 8 ?>2>@0G820O 3>;>2C : M;5:B@8G5A:>9 ;0<?>G:5, ;53:> ?>7=0BL >ICI5=85 A25B0, =5 2E>4OI53> =8 2 :0:85 2>A?@8OB8O, B0: 65 :0: 8 72C:, >ICI05<K9, :>340 «2 CE5 725=8B». 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M3C=. >4@AB2CNI89 <>73. ., I960, AB@. 55. 3 /. Olds, P. Milner. Positive Rinforcement produced by electrical Stimulation of septal Srea and other Regions of rat Brain. 76 . 5@A>= 2 1962 3. ?>2B>@8; ?>4>1=K5 >?KBK A :>70<8 '. -B8 42865=8O <>6=> 1K;> 1K ?>=OBL :0: 02B>-0B87<, 157 CG0AB8O AC1J5:B82=>3> :><?>=5=B0 M<>F88, ?5@568205<>9 :0: ?>B@51=>ABL : A>25@H5=8N =068<0, 5A;8 1K =59@>?A8E>;>38O =5 7=0;0 0=0;>38G=KE A;CG052 C ;N459, :>340 M;5:B@8G5A:>5 8;8 B0:B8;L=>5 @074@065=85 >?@545;5==KE CG0AB:>2 ?>4:>@:8 AC1J5:B82=> 2K7K205B ?5@56820=85 ?>B@51=>AB8 8 M<>F88. -B8 8 4@C385 ?>4>1=>3> @>40 D0:BK A2845B5;LAB2CNB > B><, GB> <K 8<55< 745AL 45;> 8 A AC1J5:B82=K< O2;5=85<. "0:8< >1@07><, ?>;=>ABLN ?>4B25@48;8AL A;>20 !. . C18=HB59=0 > B><, GB>, «2KABC?0O 2 :0G5AB25 ?@>O2;5=8O ?>B@51=>AB8, 2 :0G5AB25 :>=:@5B=>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 D>@<K 55 ACI5AB2>20=8O, M<>F8O 2K@0605B 0:B82=CN AB>@>=C ?>B@51=>AB8»2. -B0 0:B82=0O AB>@>=0 ?>B@51=>AB8 :0: AC1J5:B82=>3> O2;5=8O C G5;>25:0 AB0=>28BAO >A>7=0==K< <>B82>< 45OB5;L=>AB8, =0 G5< O ?>4@>1=55 >AB0=>2;NAL 2 3;025 5. <5AB5 A B5< 2A5 MB> ?>:07K205B 2708<>>1CA;>2;5==>ABL ?>B@51=>AB59 8 M<>F89 682>B=KE 8, AB0;> 1KBL, 8E A8=E@>==>5 2>7=8:=>25=85 8 @0728B85.  >?KB0E ;4A0 8 8;=5@0 8 8E ?>A;54>20B5;59 2K7K20;8AL 157CA;>2=> @5D;5:B>@=K5 M<>F88, 0:B82878@>202H85 ?>B@51=>AB8. > M<>F88 <>3CB 1KBL 8 CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5. #A;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K9 <5E0=87< M<>F88 :0: D>@<K ?@>O2;5=8O ?>B@51=>AB59 >?@545;8; 1KAB@>5 8 ?> ACI5AB2C =5>3@0=8G5==>5 @0AH8@5=85 ?>B@51=>AB59 A=0G0;0 @515=:0, 0 ?>B>< 8 27@>A;>3> G5;>25:0. =0- «Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology», 1954, N 47, p. 419 427. 1 N. Person, Self-stimulation in the Goat.  «Acta of Physiology Scandinavian», 1962, N 23, p. 276. 2 !. . C18=HB59=. A=>2K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1946, AB@. 460. 77 G0;5 =51>;LH>9 :@C3 ?>B@51=>AB59 C @515=:0 2A:>@5 ?>;CG05B CA;>2=>@5D;5:B>@=K5 A2O78 A 4@C38<8 >IC-' B5=8O<8 8 2>A?@8OB8O<8, >= ?>AB5?5==> @0AH8@O5BAO*', A2O7K20OAL A ?>=OB8O<8, A;>20<8. "0:, =>O2;O5BA/O ?>B@51=>ABL «2845BL <0<C», «?>;CG8BL ?>E20;C», «1KBL E>@>H8<», ?>B@51=>AB8 2 >1I5=88, 83@5, CG5=88, B@C45, 2K?>;=5=88 4>;30, ?>B@51=>ABL 2 :@0A>B5 8 B. 4, 8 B. =. 4=>2@5<5==> >1>30I05BAO M<>F8>=0;L=K9 <8@ 8 ?>O2;O5BAO <8@ GC2AB2, <8@ :@0A>BK, 4>1@0 8 ?@024K. «48=AB2> :@0A>BK-4>1@0 8 :@0A>BK-?@024K» O2;O5BAO «>A=>2=K< 2>?@>A>< 8A:CAAB20 8 MAB5B8:8»1, ?8H5B ". 02;>2, 8 =5 A;CG09=> 4@52=53@5G5A:85 D8;>A>DK >1J548=O;8 ?>=OB8O :@0A>B0  4>1@> 2 >4=> ?>=OB85 «:0;;>:030B8O». 48=AB2> =@02AB25==KE 8 MAB5B8G5A:8E GC2AB2, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 ?>B@51=>AB59, 8E 2K7K20NI8E, 1K;> C1548B5;L=> ?>:070=> . . 6840@LO=2. 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A>>B=>H5=88 =@02AB25==KE 8 MAB5B8G5A:8E GC2AB2.  «@>1;5<K MB8:8». ., 1964. 3 , 0@:A 8 $. -=35;LA. !>G., B. 12, AB@. 718. 78 >AB0;L=K5 4065 C ?5@2>1KB=>3> G5;>25:0. «!>2@5<5==0O ?>;>20O ;N1>2L ACI5AB25==> >B;8G05BAO >B ?@>AB>3> ?>;>2>3> 2;5G5=8O, >B M@>A0 4@52=8E,  ?8A0; AH.  >-?5@2KE, >=0 (?@54?>;0305B C ;N18<>3> ACI5AB20 2708<=CN ;N1>2L; 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 65=I8=0 =0E>48BAO 2 @02=>< ?>;>65=88 A <C6G8=>9, B>340 :0: 4;O 0=B8G=>3> M@>A0 >B=N4L =5 2A5340 B@51>20;>AL 55 A>3;0A85. >-2B>@KE, A8;0 8 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL ?>;>2>9 ;N128 1K20NB B0:8<8, GB> =52>7<>6=>ABL >1;040=8O 8 @07;C:0 ?@54AB02;ONBAO >158< AB>@>=0< 25;8:8<, 5A;8 =5 25;8G09H8< =5AG0ABL5<; >=8 84CB =0 >3@><=K9 @8A:, 4065 AB02OB =0 :0@BC A2>N 687=L, GB>1K B>;L:> ?@8=04;560BL 4@C3 4@C3C... , =0:>=5F, ?>O2;O5BAO =>2K9 =@02AB25==K9 :@8B5@89 4;O >AC645=8O 8 >?@0240=8O ?>;>2>9 A2O78; A?@0H820NB =5 B>;L:> > B><, 1K;0 ;8 >=0 1@0G=>9 8;8 2=51@0G=>9, => 8 > B><, 2>7=8:;0 ;8 >=0 ?> 2708<=>9 ;N128 8;8 =5B?»1 1@07>20=85 =>2KE, B0: =07K205<KE 2KAH8E ?>B@51=>AB59 8<55B 2 A2>59 D878>;>38G5A:>9 >A=>25 >B:@KBK9 . . 02;>2K< «59@>48=0<8G5A:89 <5E0=87< 48=0<8G5A:>3> AB5@5>B8?0. 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C=4B>< :0: B@5E<5@=0O B5>@8O M<>F89, A?@0254;820 8 4;O >4=>3> 87 :><?>=5=B>2 A>7=0=8O. @0240, ?>=OB85 «?5@56820=85» H8@5 «M<>F89», B0: :0: ?5@56820=8O ?@>O2;ONBAO =5 B>;L:> 2 D>@<5 M<>F89 (0 A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 GC2AB2), => 8 2 D>@<5 ?>B@51=>AB59, 8 2>;52>3> CA8;8O, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 ?@>872>;L=>3> 2=8<0=8O 8 ?@>872>;L=>9 ?0<OB8. :B ;N1>?KBAB20, :0: 8 4>304:0 (7=0<5=8B0O «-2@8:0» @E8<540), B0:65 ?5@568205BAO. 4=0:> <564C AB5?5=LN ?@>O2;5=8O ?5@56820=89 5ABL 8 ACI5AB25==K5 @07;8G8O: B0:, M<>- 89 F88, GC2AB20, ?>B@51=>AB8 8 2>;52>5 CA8;85 2A5340 ?5@56820NBAO. :BK 2=8<0=8O, ?0<OB8, <KH;5=8O, 2>A?@8OB89 8 >ICI5=89 <>3CB ?5@56820BLAO, ?> <>3CB ?@>O2;OBLAO 8 2 D>@<5 «G8AB>3>» ?>7=0=8O. 8 >48= ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 B5@<8= =5 8<55B B0:>3> =5>4=>7=0G=>3> ?>=8<0=8O, :0: «?5@56820=85», GB> A;C68B ?@8G8=>9 <=>38E =5B>G=>AB59. 0 MB>< 2>?@>A5 A;54C5B >AB0=>28BLAO ?>4@>1=55. «5@56820=85  >1I55 =0720=85 4;O =5?>A@54AB25==>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3> >?KB0; A> AB>@>=K AC1J5:B82=>9 2AO:::9 ?A8E8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA 5ABL ?5@56820=85. > 2AO:>< ?5@56820=88 @07;8G0NB 0:B 8 A>45@60=85 ?5@56820=8O; ?5@2K9  5ABL 45OB5;L=>ABL, A2O70==0O A 2>7=8:=>25=85< 40==>3> ?5@56820=8O; 2B>@>5  A>45@60=85, A>AB02, B>, GB> ?5@568205BAO» '. -B> >?@545;5=85 8AE>48;> 87 ?>=OB8O «?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> >?KB0» 8 @0AH8@O;> 53> 4> ?>=OB8O «>B@065=85». >;55 >1I5?@8=OBK< AB0;> >B>645AB2;5=85 M<>F89 8 GC2AB2 :0: ?5@56820=8O A2>8E >B=>H5=89. «-<>F8O<8, 8;8 GC2AB20<8, =07K20NBAO A2>5>1@07=K5 ?5@56820=8O, 2 :>B>@KE 2K@0605BAO >B=>H5=85 G5;>25:0 : ?@54<5B0< 8 O2;5=8O< >:@C60NI59 459AB28B5;L=>AB8» 2. «'C2AB2><, 8;8 M<>F859, =07K205BAO ?5@56820=85 G5;>25:>< A2>53> >B=>H5=8O : B><C, GB> >= ?>7=05B 8 45;05B...»3 «5@56820=8O G5;>25:>< A2>8E >B=>H5=89 : 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 =07K20NBAO GC2AB20<8 8;8 M<>F8O<8» 4. . . $>@BC=0B>2 >B>645AB2;O5B ?>=OB85 «?5@56820=85» A ?>=OB85< «M<>F8O», ?@>B82>?>AB02;OO 8E 1>;55 A;>6=K< GC2AB20<.  MB>< A<KA;5 ?5@56820=85 '" . . 0@H020, . !. K3>BA:89. A8E>;>38G5A:89 A;>20@L. ., 1931, AB@. 128. 2 . . 528B>2. G5@:8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388. , 1946, AB@. 95. 3 . . "5?;>5. A8E>;>38O. ., 1951, AB@. 155. 4 ". . 3>@>2 A8E>;>38O. , 1952, AB@. 158. 90 ?>=8<05BAO 8< :0: M<>F8>=0;L=K9 B>= GC2AB20. «@8 <=>3>:@0B=>< ?5@56820=88 GC2AB20 2 D>@<5 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 >=>, 459AB28B5;L=>, <>65B ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 CAB>9G82CN A:;>==>ABL : A>>B25BAB2CNI8< ?5@56820=8O<» ',  ?8H5B >=. . . /:>1A>=, 1>;55 4@C38E A>25BA:8E ?A8E>;>3>2 @01>B0NI89 =04 ?@>1;5<>9 M<>F89 8 GC2AB2, =0?@>B82, AG8B05B, GB> «A;>2>< «GC2AB2>» >1>7=0G05BAO >?@545;5==0O 6820O @50:F8O =0 ?@>8AE>4OI55  «?5@56820=85»» 2. = >1J548=O5B MB8 B@8 ?>=OB8O 2 >?@545;5=88: «5@56820=85GC2AB20, B. 5. 6820O M<>F8>=0;L=0O @50:F8O, <>65B 8=>340 4>AB83=CBL 1>;LH>9 A8;K, ?@8>1@5AB8 E0@0:B5@ 0DD5:B0»3. !>2A5< 8=>5 A>45@60=85 2 ?>=OB85 «?5@56820=85» 2:;04K20; !. . 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A=>2K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388, AB@. 7. 9! ?A8E8G5A:CN DC=:F8N 8;8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=CN D>@<C >B@065=8O, <>6=> CAB@0=8BL @07=>1>9 2 ?>=8<0=88 MB>9 :0B53>@88 A@548 ?A8E>;>3>2, 27O2 87 :064>3> >?@545;5=8O @0F8>=0;L=>5 75@=>. >-2B>@KE, O E>B5; 1K 5I5 @07 ?>4G5@:=CBL =5>1E>48<>ABL 8 2>7<>6=>ABL CAB@0=5=8O MB>3> «@07=>O7KG8O» ?CB5< A>740=8O :>;;5:B82=K<8 A8;0<8 A8AB5<K A>3;0A>20==KE ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?>=OB89. "0:8< >1@07><, 8 745AL A2>N 7040GC O 286C =5 2 B><, GB>1K 2K4C<K20BL =>2K5 B5@<8=K, 0 2 B><, GB>1K ?@825AB8 =081>;55 C65 >1>A=>20==K5 >?@545;5=8O 2 548=CN A8AB5<C A2O70==KE <564C A>1>9 ?>=OB89. >A;5 MB8E 70<5G0=89 ?@>4>;68< @0AA<>B@5=85 0B@81CB>2 A>7=0=8O. >7=0=85  MB> :><?>=5=B A>7=0=8O 8=48284C<0 2 D>@<5 =5?>A@54AB25==KE 8;8 >?>A@54>20==KE, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?>;=KE 8 B>G=KE >1@07>2 >B@0605<>3> 8 <KA;59 >1 8E A2O7OE. # G5;>25:0 ?>7=0=85 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 >ICI5=8OE, <KH;5=88, 2>A?@8OB88 8 ?0<OB8.  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A25B5 A:070==>3> 8 >B@065=85 A;54C5B ?>=8<0BL =5 B>;L:> :0: @57C;LB0B 2>7459AB28O <8@0 =0 G5;>25:0, => 8 :0: D0:B 8E 2708<>459AB28O; B>G=55, A0<> >B@065=85 5ABL 8E 2708<>459AB285, :>B>@>5 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?CB5< >B=>H5=8O, 2:;NG5==>3> 2 >B@065=85. $8;>35=5B8G5A:8 >=> @0728;>AL =0 >A=>25 0:B82=>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> >B@065=8O 682>B=KE, =5?>A@54AB25==> A2O70==>9 A M<>F8>=0;L=>9 D>@<>9 >B@065=8O; ?>A;54=55 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2>7=8:;> =0 >A=>25 18>;>38G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 :0: :0G5AB20 D878>;>38G5A:>3> >B@065=8O. # G5;>25:0 >B=>H5=8O 8 :0: <>B82K 45OB5;L=>AB8, 8 :0: AB@5<;5=85 : 4>AB865=8N F5;8 ?@>O2;ONBAO G5@57 2>;N. =>340 >B=>H5=85 G5;>25:0 : <8@C 2KABC?05B 2 548=AB25 A ?5@56820=85< (5A;8 8A?>;L7>20BL =0H >1@07  A8AB5<C :>>@48=0B, B> <>6=> A:070BL, GB> MB0 B>G:0 A>7=0=8O ;568B 2 ?;>A:>AB8 >A59 :>>@48=0B >B=>H5=8O 8 ?5@56820=8O 8 1;865 : >A8 ?5@56820=8O). -B> >B=>H5=85 :0: ?5@56820=85. @>ABK< ?@8<5@>< MB>3> <>65B 1KBL B0:>9 D0:B: @0AA5@482H8AL =0 :>3>-;81>, <K 2A5340 >4=>2@5<5==> 87<5=O5< 8 =0H5 >B=>H5=85 : =5<C. @>AB59H85 D>@<K >B=>H5=89 <>3CB 1KBL 8 C 682>B=KE.  4@C38E A;CG0OE >B=>H5=85 2KABC?05B 2 548=AB25 A ?>7=0=85<. 53:> >1@07=> ?@54AB028BL A515 ?>;>65=85 B0:>9 B>G:8 A>7=0=8O 2 B@5E<5@=>9 A8AB5<5 :>>@48=0B. =0 ;568B 2 ?;>A:>AB8 >A8 :>>@48=0B ?>7=0=8O 94 9 >B=>H5=8O. -B>  >B=>H5=85 :0: ?>7=0=85. <5==> 01 MB>9 2KAH59 D>@<5 >B=>H5=89 8 3>2>@8;8 0@:A O -=35;LA, :>340 ?>4G5@:820;8, GB> «4;O 682>B=>3> 53> >B=>H5=85 : 4@C38< =5 ACI5AB2C5B :0: >B=>H5=85»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«B5>@88 >B=>H5=89» 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388. «A8E>;>38G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O G5;>25:0,  ?8H5B >=,  2 @0728B>< 2845 ?@54AB02;ONB F5;>AB=CN A8-B5<C 8=48284C0;L=KE, 8718@0B5;L=KE, A>7=0B5;L=KE A2O759 ;8G=>AB8 A @07;8G=K<8 AB>@>=0<8 >1J5:B82=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. -B0 A8AB5<0 2KB5:05B 87 2A59 8AB>@88 @0728B8O G5;>25:0, >=0 2K@0605B 53> ;8G=K9 >?KB 8 2=CB@5==5 >?@545;O5B 53> 459AB28O, 53> ?5@56820=8O»2. -B> >?@545;5=85, 40==>5 2 1957 3., . . OA8I52 @0728; 2 4@C38E AB0BLOE. > ACI5AB2C A =8< A>3;0A=K 8 4@C385 02B>@K. > 2A5 65 =8 MB>, =8 >?8@0NI85AO =0 =53> ?>4>1=K5 >?@545;5=8O >B=>H5=89 :0: ?A8E8G5A:8E O2;5=89 =5 40NB 2>7<>6=>AB8 G5B:> >B3@0=8G8BL 8E >B A>7=0=8O 2 F5;><. 54L 2 ?@82545==>< =0<8 >?@545;5=88 >B=>H5=89 . . OA8I5-2K< A ?>;=K< ;@02>< <>6=> 420 ?5@2KE A;>20 70<5- 1 . 0@:A 8 $ -=35;LA. !>G., B. 3, AB@. 29. 1 . . OA8I52. @>1;5<0 >B=>H5=89 G5;>25:0 8 55 <5AB> 2 ?A8E>;>388.  «>?@>AK ?A8E>;>388», 1957, ! 5; A<. 53> 65. 8G=>ABL 8 =52@>7K. ., 1960, AB@. 210. 95 =8BL A;>2>< «A>7=0=85» 8 A<KA; D@07K A>E@0=8BAO.  254L ?>=OB85 «A>7=0=85» H8@5 ?>=OB8O «>B=>H5=85». KH5 C65 1K;> A:070=>, GB> ?>=OB85 A>7=0=8O C65 ?>=OB8O ?A8E8:8, GB> >=> A>2?0405B A AC1J5:B82=K< :><?>=5=B>< ?A8E8:8 G5;>25:0. A;8 MB> 8<5BL 2 284C, B> A;54C5B ?@87=0BL CAB0@52H8<8 8 : B><C 65 >BO3>I5==K<8 BO65;K< 3@C7>< ?A524>=0CG=KE ?>=OB89 8450;8AB8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 B5@<8=K «15AA>7=0B5;L=>5» 8 «?>4A>7=0B5;L=>5» 2 ?@8<5=5=88 : ?A8E8G5A:8< O2;5=8O<. >=5G=>, <>6=> A:070BL, GB> «?>2545=85 A>10:8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>», => MB> =8G53> =5 1C45B >7=0G0BL, :@><5 B>3>, GB> A>7=0=8O C A>10:8 =5B. <5AB> MB>3> ;CGH5 3>2>@8BL > «=5>A>7=0205<KE D>@<0E 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8», :0: MB> A45;0; $. . 0AA8= ', 0 5I5 ;CGH5 > =5>A>7=0==KE O2;5=8OE G5;>25G5A:>9 ?A8E8:8. 1> ?>=OB85 «O2;5=8O 2KAH59 =5@2=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8» <>65B ?>=8<0BLAO =5 B>;L:> :0: «?A8E8:0», => >B=>A8BLAO 8 : «:>@:>2>9 =59@>48=0<8:5».  ?>A;54=OO =5 <>65B 1KBL >A>7=0==>9 8;8 =5>A>7=0==>9, > G5< C65 H;0 @5GL 2 ?@54K4CI59 3;025.  2>B ?A8E8G5A:85 O2;5=8O C G5;>25:0 <>3CB 1KBL 2 @07=>9 AB5?5=8 >A>7=0==K 8 <>3CB 1KBL 4065 =5>A>7=0==K<8. # G5;>25:0 =01;N40NBAO 420 >A=>2=KE 2840 =5>A>7=0==KE ?A8E8G5A:8E O2;5=89. >-?5@2KE, MB> A>7=0B5;L=K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 O2;5=8O, 8<5NI85 AC1J5:B82=K9 :><?>=5=B, 5I5 =5 AB02H89 A>7=0=85<. @8<5@0<8 745AL O2;ONBAO =5 B>;L:> ?A8E8:0 <;045=F52, => 8 ?A8E8:0 ;N459, AB@040NI8E BO65;K<8 ?A8E8G5A:8<8 701>;520=8O<8, 0 B0:65 C?><O=CBK5 ?@>A>=>G=K5 A>AB>O=8O 27@>A;>3>, 8 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?>A;5>1<>@>G=>5 A>AB>O=85 G5;>25:0. >-2B>@KE, MB> B0: =07K205<K5 2B>@8G=K5 02B><0B87<K, 2K?>;=5=85 :>B>@KE C65 =5 B@51C5B CG0AB8O 1 $. . 0AA8=. @>1;5<0 «15AA>7=0B5;L=>3>»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i 2-O ?>4AB@C:BC@0 C@>2=8 OA=>AB8 A>7=0=8O: B2>@G5A:>5 >70@5=85, 24>E=>25=85, OA=>5 A>7=0=85, A?CB0=-1=>5 A>7=0=85, =5>A>7=0==K5 O2;5=8O, ?0B>;>38G5A:85 {=0@CH5=8O, ?>B5@O A>7=0=8O. 3-O ?>4AB@C:BC@0  48=0<8:8 A>7=0=8O: A2>9AB20 ;8G=>AB8, A>AB>O=8O A>7=0=8O, ?@>F5AAK A>7=0=8O. 4-O ?>4AB@C:BC@0  DC=:F88 A>7=0=8O: ?0<OBL, 2>;O, GC2AB20, 2>A?@8OB8O, <KH;5=85, >ICI5=8O, M<>F88. !0<>A>7=0=85  2KAH55 2K@065=85 A>7=0=8O C G5;>25:0 :0: G;5=0 >1I5AB20, =0?@02;5==>5 =0 A0<>3> A51O. !0<>A>7=0=85 C G5;>25:0 <>65B 1KBL B>;L:> :0: C G;5=0 >1I5AB20: «>B=>H5=85 G5;>25:0 : A0<><C A515 AB0=>28BAO 4;O =53> ?@54<5B=K<, 459AB28B5;L=K< ;8HL G5@57 ?>A@54AB2> 53> >B=>H5=8O : 4@C3><C G5;>25:C»2 8 «459AB28B5;L=>5 4CE>2=>5 1>30BAB2> 1 !<. «@>1;5<K A>7=0=8O». 0B5@80;K A8<?>78C<0; «!>7=0=85». 0B5@80;K >1AC645=8O ?@>1;5< A>7=0=8O 80 A8<?>78C<5, A>AB>O2H5<AO 1 3 8N=O 1966 3. 2 3. >A:25. ., 1967. 1 . 0@:A 8 $. -=35;LA. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89. ., 1956, I AB@. 568. 14 676 97 8=482840 2A5F5;> 7028A8B >B 1>30BAB20 53> 459AB28B5;L=KE >B=>H5=89...»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«>7=09 A0<>3> A51O»2. -BC <KA;L @07JOA=O; !>:@0B, 8 >=0 4>H;0 4> =0H8E 4=59. A>1> 206=> 4;O A0<>?>7=0=8O ?@028;L=>5 ?>=8<0=85 A2>59 @>;8 2 :>;;5:B825, 2 >1I5AB25. KA>:89 C@>25=L A0<>?>7=0=8O 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, A0<>A>7=0=8O 2 F5;>< >?@545;O5B >1J5:B82=> ?@028;L=>5 A>G5B0=85 >A>15==>AB59 ;8G=>AB8, 8 2 G0AB=>AB8 55 A?>A>1=>AB59, A A>F80;L=>9 @>;LN MB>9 ;8G=>AB8. '5< 2KH5 A0<>A>7=0=85 ;8G=>AB8, B5< 2KH5 ?@8 ?@>G8E @02=KE CA;>28OE @>;L 55 2 :>;;5:B825 8 >1I5AB25. ! ?>=OB85< A0<>A>7=0=8O B5A=> A2O70=> ?>=OB85 «O» :0: AC1J5:B82=>5 ?A8E8G5A:>5 O2;5=85, >?@545;O5<>5 ?0<OBLN 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, ?@55<AB25==>ABLN A>7=0=8O, 8 ?@>O2;ONI55AO :0: ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 A51O 2A5<C 4@C3><C («=5-O»). >=8<0=8N «D5=><5- 1 . 0@:A 8 $. -=35;LA. !>G., B. 3, AB@. 36. 2 «AB>@8O 3@5G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K», B. II. ., 1955, AB@. 151. 98 =0 O», 2>:@C3 :>B>@>3> ;><0;>AL <=>3> :>?89, ?><>30NB A;CG08 ?0B>;>388 ?0<OB8, 8 >A>15==> B0: =07K205<>3> @0742>5=8O ;8G=>AB8. 725AB=K A;CG08 B0:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=89, :>340 C G5;>25:0 =01;N40NBAO :0: 1K 425 687=8, 425 ?0<OB8, 420 A>7=0=8O, 425 ;8G=>AB8 8 420 «O»  ABL ?>4>1=K5 65 701>;520=8O ?0<OB8  @5B@>3@04=K5 0<=5788. "0:>9 1>;L=>9 (2 G0AB=>AB8, 2 @57C;LB0B5 CH810 <>730), ?@84O 2 A51O, A>7=05B, GB> >= 682, => =5 A>7=05B, :B> >=. "0:8< 1>;L=K< ?@8E>48BAO =0G8=0BL 687=L 70=>2> 2. >4>1=K5 A;CG08 ?>72>;ONB 3;C165 ?>=OBL ACI=>ABL 8 AB@C:BC@C A>7=0=8O 8 53> A2O78 A D>@<0<8 >B@065=8O, 2 G0AB=>AB8 A ?0<OBLN 8 2>;59. ><>30NB >=8 ;CGH5 @07>1@0BLAO 2 A8AB5<0E ?>=OB89, A2O70==KE A :0B53>@8O<8 8 ;8G=>AB8, 8 45OB5;L=>AB8, :>B>@K< ?>A2OI5=K A;54CNI85 3;02K. > ?@5645 G5< ?5@59B8 : =8<, =04> 8AG5@?0BL A8AB5<C ?>=OB89 :0B53>@88 «A>7=0=85», 2:;NG82 2 =55 ?>=OB8O > D>@<0E A>7=0=8O. 3. $ + !/ >;3>5 2@5<O ?A8E>;>38O C45;O;0 2=8<0=85 B>;L:> 8=48284C0;L=><C A>7=0=8N  :0: A>7=0=8N :>=:@5B=>3> (8;8 01AB@038@>20==>3>) G5;>25G5A:>3> 8=482840.  ?@54K4CI8E ?0@03@0D0E MB>9 3;02K > =5< 3>2>@8; 8 O. @0240, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 CG51=8:>2 ?A8E>;>388 3>2>@8;>AL 8 > =0;8G88 B0:>9 53> D>@<K, :0: >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85, :>B>@>5 =5 AG8B0;>AL, >4=0:>, >1J5:B>< 87CG5=8O ?A8E>;>388. 564C B5< >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85  MB> =5 B>;L:> A>F80;L=K5 O2;5=8O, 2 1 !<. . 0=5. 52@>7K. ., 1911, AB@. 204 215. 2 !<. . . C@8O. >B5@O==K9 8 2>72@0I5==K9 <8@. ., 1971. 4* 99 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8 <0B5@80;87>20==K5 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?@>4C:B0E :C;LBC@K. => O2;O5BAO 8 >1>1I5==K< A>7=0=85< 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 ;8G=>AB59. -B> >1>1I5=85 ?@>8AE>48B =5 >4=><><5=B=>, 0 2 8AB>@8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 :;0AA>2>9 1>@L1K. >MB><C >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85 5ABL B0:65 3@C??>2>5 A>7=0=85 :;0AA0.  ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O =0C:0 =5 <>65B ?>;=>ABLN 8A:;NG8BL 53> 87 A2>53> 2=8<0=8O. !59G0A 2=8<0=85 >1I5AB25==>9 (A>F80;L=>9) ?A8E>;>388 ' ?@82;5G5=> : ?@>1;5<5 A>7=0=8O <0;KE 3@C??, 2 >A>15==>AB8 :>;;5:B82>2. A=>2>?>;030NI8<8 ?@8 MB>< O2;ONBAO A;54CNI85 A;>20 . 0@:A0: «>4>1=> B><C :0: A8;0 =0?045=8O MA:04@>=0 :020;5@88 8;8 A8;0 A>?@>B82;5=8O ?>;:0 ?5E>BK ACI5AB25==> >B;8G=K >B AC<<K B5E A8; =0?045=8O 8 A>?@>B82;5=8O, :>B>@K5 A?>A>1=K @0728BL >B45;L=K5 :020;5@8ABK 8 ?5E>B8=FK, B>G=> B0: 65 8 <5E0=8G5A:0O AC<<0 A8; >B45;L=KE @01>G8E >B;8G=0 >B B>9 >1I5AB25==>9 A8;K, :>B>@0O @0728205BAO, :>340 <=>3> @C: CG0AB2C5B >4=>2@5<5==> 2 2K?>;=5=88 >4=>9 8 B>9 65 =5@0745;L=>9 >?5@0F88, :>340, =0?@8<5@, B@51C5BAO ?>4=OBL BO65ABL, 25@B5BL 2>@>B, C1@0BL A 4>@>38 ?@5?OBAB285. > 2A5E B0:8E A;CG0OE @57C;LB0B :><18=8@>20==>3> B@C40 8;8 2>2A5 =5 <>65B 1KBL 4>AB83=CB 548=8G=K<8 CA8;8O<8, 8;8 <>65B 1KBL >ACI5AB2;5= ;8HL 2 B5G5=85 3>@074> 1>;55 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>3> 2@5<5=8, 8;8 65 ;8HL 2 :0@;8:>2>< <0AHB015. 45AL 45;> 845B =5 B>;L:> > ?>2KH5=88 ?CB5< :>>?5@0F88 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?@>872>48B5;L=>9 A8;K, => 8 > A>740=88 =>2>9 ?@>872>48B5;L=>9 A8;K, :>B>@0O ?> A0<>9 A2>59 ACI=>AB8 5ABL <0AA>20O A8;0. > 8 ?><8<> B>9 =>2>9 A8;K, :>B>@0O 2>7=8:05B 87 A;8O=8O <=>38E A8; 2 >4=C >1ICN, ?@8 1>;LH8=AB25 1  A8AB5<5 55 ?>=OB89 A<. . . 0@K38=. A=>2K A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B5>@88. ., 1971. 100 ?@>872>48B5;L=KE @01>B C65 A0<K9 >1I5AB25==K9 :>=B0:B 2K7K205B A>@52=>20=85 8 A2>5>1@07=>5 2>71C645=85 687=5==>9 M=5@388 (animal spirits), C25;8G820NI55 8=48284C0;L=CN ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL >B45;L=KE ;8F, B0: GB> 12 G5;>25: 2 B5G5=85 >4=>3> A>2<5AB=>3> @01>G53> 4=O 2 144 G0A0 ?@>87254CB 3>@074> 1>;LH5 ?@>4C:B0, G5< 425=04F0BL 87>;8@>20==KE @01>G8E, @01>B0NI8E ?> 12 G0A>2 :064K9, 8;8 >48= @01>G89 2 B5G5=85 A;54CNI8E ?>4@O4 425=04F0B8 4=59 B@C40. @8G8=0 MB>3> 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> G5;>25: ?> A0<>9 A2>59 ?@8@>45 5ABL 682>B=>5, 5A;8 8 =5 ?>;8B8G5A:>5, :0: 4C<0; @8AB>B5;L, B> 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 >1I5AB25==>5»1.  MB8E 2KA:07K20=8OE 0@:A0 A;54C5B >A>1> >1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 =0 420 ?>;>65=8O. #:070=85 =0 B>, GB> <5E0=8G5A:0O A8;0 3@C??K ;N459 ?@8 :>>?5@0F88 1>;LH5 AC<<K 8E >B45;L=KE A8;, 8, 2>-2B>@KE, B>, GB> >1I5AB25==K9 :>=B0:B ;N459 O2;O5BAO 206=K< D0:B>@>< 3@C??>2>3> A>7=0=8O. /2;5=85 3@C??>2>3> A>7=0=8O, =5>1JOA=8<>5 A ?>78F89 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388, A>2A5< =5 1K;> 87CG5=> 2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 0@:A ?8A0; ?@82545==K5 A;>20. >MB><C-B> >= 8 C?>B@518; =5A:>;L:> 8@>=8G=> >1@07=>5 2K@065=85 «animal spirits» (682>B=K9 4CE). -B> O2;5=85 8 5ABL ?@54<5B A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. !0< B5@<8= «A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:85 O2;5=8O» 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> >=8 2>7=8:;8 8 @0728;8AL 2 ?@>F5AA5 0=B@>?>35=570, GB> MB> =5 B>;L:> ?A8E8G5A:85, => 8 A>F80;L=K5 O2;5=8O. 4=0:> >=8, :0: 8 A>7=0=85, 8<5NB A2>N ?@54KAB>@8N, ?@54H5AB2>202HCN 0=B@>?>35=57C. !B04=K9 >1@07 687=8 =0:;04K20; =0 ?>2545=85 682>B=KE A2>5>1@07=K5 >B?5G0B:8. @>AB59H8< 745AL 1 . 0@:A 8 $. -=35;LA. !>G., B. 23, AB@. 337 338. 101 O2;O5BAO 8=AB8=:B82=>5 «@0745;5=85 B@C40». -B>B B5@<8= 27OB 2 :02KG:8, B0: :0: 682>B=K5 =5 B@C4OBAO 8 ?@028;L=55 1K;> 1K 3>2>@8BL > @0745;5=88 @>;59. 50:F88 AB04=>3> 682>B=>3>, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 =0;8G88 8 ?@8 >BACBAB288 4@C3>3> 682>B=>3> A>25@H5==> @07;8G=K. !;54C5B ?><=8BL B0:65 > @5D;5:A5 ?>4@060=8O, A2>9AB25==>< 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 2A5< 2KAH8< 682>B=K< 8 83@0NI5< =5<0;CN @>;L 8 ?@8 >1I5=88 ;N459. > >A>1> =5>1E>48<> >B<5B8BL B>, GB> D0:B>@>< M2>;NF88 O2;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> 1>@L10 70 ACI5AB2>20=85, => 8 ?>;O@=>5 59 O2;5=85  2708<>?><>IL '. >4@060=85 8 2708<>?><>IL, 2:;NG5==K5 2 >1I5=85 8 B@C4, A?>A>1AB2>20;8 ?@52@0I5=8N AB040 A=0G0;0 2 ?5@2>1KB=CN >@4C, 0 70B5< 2 ?;5<O. 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MB>< >?@545;5=88 B0:65 =5B C?><8=0=8O A?>A>1=>AB8 AC1J5:B0 : 8A:CAAB2C, 0 C6 : ;8@8:5 8 ?>402=>.  B0:>< >?@545;5=88 <>6=> A:070BL A;>20<8 C<8;520: > GB> =0< 45;0BL A @>7>2>9 70@59 04 E>;>45NI8<8 =515A0<8, 45 B8H8=0 8 =575<=>9 ?>:>9? 'B> 45;0BL =0< A 15AA<5@B=K<8 AB8E0<8? 8 AJ5ABL, =8 2K?8BL, ?8 ?>F5;>20BL... 1 . $. $545=:>. G5@:8 ?> ?A8E>;>388 ;8G=>AB8 A>25BA:>3> 2>8=0. ., 1966, AB@. 9. 2 $8;>A>DA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, B. 3. ., 1964, AB@. 196. 3 >;LH0O !>25BA:0O -=F8:;>?548O, B. 25. ., 1964, AB@. 304. 112 '5;>25:C :0: >@30=87<C AB8E8 =5 =C6=K. > G5;>-. 25:C :0: ;8G=>AB8 =C6=K.  MB0 ?>B@51=>ABL :0:-B> 4>;6=0 1KBL >B@065=0 2 55 >?@545;5=88. 54L ;8G=>ABL =5 B>;L:> ?>7=05B 8 ?@5>1@07C5B <8@, :0: <K C65 2845;8, >=0 53> 5I5 8 ?5@568205B. =>340 >?@545;ONB ;8G=>ABL (?@8B>< A> AAK;:>9 =0 0@:A0!) :0: A>2>:C?=>ABL >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89'. ! MB8< >?@545;5=85< =5;L7O A>3;0A8BLAO. 45AL 4>?CA:0NBAO ?> :@09=59 <5@5 B@8 =5B>G=>AB82. >-?5@2KE, 0@:A B0: =8345 =5 3>2>@8;.  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"@0:B>20BL MB8 A;>20 ?> A8;;>387<C: ACI=>ABL G5;>25:0 5ABL A>2>:C?=>ABL >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89, ACI=>ABL G5;>25:0 5ABL ;8G=>ABL, 7=0G8B, ;8G=>ABL 5ABL A>2>:C?=>ABL >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89  =5;L7O, 81> >1J5< ?>=OB8O «ACI=>ABL G5;>25:0» 2 42CE ?>AK;:0E =5 B>645AB25=.  =0:>=5F, ;8G=>ABL, 8 B5< 1>;55 :0640O :>=:@5B=0O ;8G=>ABL  MB> =5 B>;L:> A>2>:C?=>ABL >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89. 45AL <>6=> A>A;0BLAO 8 =0 <=5=85 A>F8>;>30 . !. >=0. ««!CI=>ABL G5;>25:0» 8 «:>=:@5B=0O ;8G=>ABL»  =5 >4=> 8 B> 65. >3C ;8 O, =5 ?>3@5H82 ?@>B82 8AB8=K, =0720BL A51O A>2>:C?=>ABLN 2A5E! >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89, :>340._AD5@0 <>59 (8 20H59, 8 ;N1>3> :>=:@5B=>3> 8=482840) 45OB5;L=>AB8 70254><> 2:;NG05B ;8HL =57=0G8B5;L=CN G0ABL MB8E >B=>H5=89?» 4. 1 . - >=G0@>2. 5:>B>@K5 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@54?>AK;:8 A8AB5<K 2>A?8B0B5;L=>9 @01>BK 2 H:>;5.  «!>25BA:0O ?5403>38:0», 1965, ! 5, AB@. 31. 2 !<. «8G=>ABL 8 B@C4», AB@. 17. 3 . 0@:A 8 $. -=35;LA. !>G., B. 3, AB@. 3. 4 . !. >=. !>F8>;>38O ;8G=>AB8. ., 1967, AB@. 9. 113 K;8 A45;0=K ?>?KB:8 >?@545;8BL ;8G=>ABL G5@57 45OB5;L=>ABL, C:0702, GB> >=0 5ABL AC1J5:B 45OB5;L=>AB8. !B>@>==8:8 B0:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O 3>2>@8;8 4065 > 15A?5@A?5:B82=>AB8 8=KE ?>?KB>:. @8 MB>< >=8 8AE>4OB 87 >B>645AB2;5=8O ?>=OB89 «;8G=>ABL» 8 «G5;>25:». . . =0=L52, A?@0254;82> 2>7@060O ?@>B82 845=B8D8:0F88 1>;55 >1I53> ?>=OB8O «G5;>25:» A 1>;55 G0ABK< ?>=OB85< «;8G=>ABL», AC1J5:B>< 45OB5;L=>AB8 AG8B05B G5;>25:0 '.  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O AB028BAO 2>?@>A > A>740=88 :><?;5:A=>9 =0C:8 «G5;>25:>7=0=8O», 2 :>B>@CN CG5=85 > ;8G=>AB8 4>;6=> 1KBL 2:;NG5=> 2 :0G5AB25 @0745;0. G5=L 8=B5@5A=CN A8AB5<C :><?>=5=B>2 MB>9 =0C:8 ?@54;>68; . . =0=L52 2 :=835 «'5;>25: :0: ?@54<5B ?>7=0=8O», E>BO =5;L7O =5 2>7@078BL ?@>B82 B0:>3> B>;:>20=8O G5;>25:>7=0=8O, :>B>@>5 2:;NG05B 2 =53> 8 =0C:8 > G5;>25G5AB252. > G5;>25: :0: 8=48284CC<, =0AB>;L:> ACI5AB25==>5 O2;5=85 '=0 75<;5, GB> >= 2?>;=5 70A;C68205B :><?;5:A=>3>, 2A5AB>@>==53> 87CG5=8O. 45AL, 1>;55 G5< 345 1K B> =8 1K;>, 0:BC0;5= A0@:07< QB5, 2;>65==K9 8< 2 CAB0 5D8AB>D5;O, :>B>@K9 2?>;=5 <>6=> 04@5A>20BL AB>@>==8:0< DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388 8 <=>38< 02B>@0< A>2@5<5==KE A8AB5< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> >B1>@0: > 2A5< ?>4A;CH0BL 687=L AB@5<OAL, !?5H0B O2;5=LO >1574CH8BL, 01K2, GB> 5A;8 2 =8E =0@CH8BL 4CH52;ONICN A2O7L, "> 1>;LH5 =5G53> 8 A;CH0BL. '5;>25: :0: F5;>AB=>ABL 8 :0: 8=48284CC<, B. 5. :0: 548=8G=>ABL, A0<>AB>OB5;L=> 27OB0O 87 <=>65AB25==>AB8, 8<55B B>;L:> 425 ?>4AB@C:BC@K. = <>65B 1 !<. . . =0=L52. '5;>25: :0: ?@54<5B ?>7=0=8O. ., 1968, AB@. 276, 319, 322 8 4@. 2 !<. . . ;0B>=>2.  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"0:, > ?>B5=F80;L=KE ;5B=KE A?>A>1=>ABOE, =0?@8<5@, <>6=> AC48BL =0 >A=>20=88 CG5B0 A?>@B82=KE A?>A>1=>AB59. <5AB5 A B5< 8 ?>B5=F80;L=K5, 8 0:BC0;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 MB> B5 65 A2>9AB20 ;8G=>AB8, ?@8G5< >4=> 8 B> 65 A2>9AB2> 55 <>65B 1KBL A?>A>1=>ABLN : >4=><C 8 =5A?>A>1=>ABLN : 4@C3><C 284C 45OB5;L=>AB8. 54;8B5;L=>ABL O2;O5BAO ?>:070B5;5< A?>A>1=>AB8 : 1CE30;B5@A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 M<>F8>=0;L=0O 2>71C48<>ABL  4;O 0:B5@A:>9. > MB8 65 :0G5AB20 A2845B5;LAB2CNB > =5A?>A>1=>AB8 >1;040B5;O 8<8 (8;8 > ?;>E8E A?>A>1=>ABOE) : ;5B=><C B@C4C (2 40==>< A;CG05 8E <>6=> =0720BL «<8=CA-A?>A>1=>ABO<8»). 07@K20BL A?>A>1=>AB8 8 =5A?>A>1=>AB8 =54>?CAB8<>. !B@C:BC@0 =5A?>A>1=>AB8 : 40==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 =5 5ABL B>;L:> «>BACBAB285 A?>A>1=>AB59 : =59». !?>A>1=>AB8 8 =5A?>A>1=>ABL (0 B>G=55, «?;NA-A?>A>1=>AB8» 8 «<8=CA-A?>A>1=>AB8») 2 :064>9 :>=:@5B=>9 ;8G=>AB8 =5@07@K2=> A2O70=K. ;O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8 8E 87CG5=85 (8 >F5=:8) O2;O5BAO 548=>9 ?@>1;5<>9, 4> A8E ?>@ =5@54:> @07@K205<>9, ?>B><C 8 @5H05<>9 >4=>AB>@>==5. 5A?>A>1=>ABL (8;8 «<8=CA-A?>A>1=>ABL»)  MB> B0:0O AB@C:BC@0 A2>9AB20 ;8G=>AB8, :>B>@0O =51;03>?@8OB=> A:07K205BAO =0 >A2>5=88 >?@545;5==>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8, 2K?>;=5=88 8 A>25@H5=AB2>20=88 2 =59. 5A?>A>1=>ABL  MB> AB5?5=L =5A>>B25BAB28O 40==>9 ;8G=>AB8 2 F5;>< B@51>20=8O< >?@545;5==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. =0 B0:65 @0A:@K205BAO G5@57 AB@C:BC@C 40==>9 ;8G=>AB8 8 AB@C:BC@C B@51>20=89 40==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 : ;8G=>AB8. >B><C =5A?>A>1=>ABL O2;O5BAO B0:8< 65 >1I8< :0G5AB2>< ;8G=>AB8, :0: 8 A?>A>1=>AB8, 137 ?>;O@=K< 8<. >;O@=>ABL  >4=0 87 D>@< ?@>B82>@5-G89; ?>;O@=K5 O2;5=8O, ?@>B82>@5G0 4@C3 4@C3C, 2<5AB5 A B5< =5<KA;8<K 4@C3 157 4@C30. 4=0:> MB> =5 1K;> CGB5=>, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 2 @01>B5 :>=D5@5=F88 ?> ?@>1;5<5 A?>A>1=>AB59', =0 :>B>@>9 =8 >4=0 87 =8E =5 1K;0 ?@>0=0;878@>20=0 2 55 480;5:B8G5A:>9 ?>;O@=>AB8.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O, ?>60;C9, 2A5 A>3;0A=K A B5<, GB> ACI5AB2CNB <C7K:0;L=K5, ;5B=K5, <0B5<0B8G5A:85, >@30=870B>@A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8, :>B>@K5 =04> ?@0:B8G5A:8 @0AA<0B@820BL 8 B5>@5B8G5A:8 87CG0BL 2 548=AB25 A A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 =5A?>A>1=>ABO<8, B. 5. GB> =5 2A5 ;N48 M:28?>B5=F80;L=K 2 MB8E ?;0=0E.  2>B :>340 @5GL 70E>48B > =@02AB25==KE A?>A>1=>ABOE 8 B5< 1>;55 > ?@02>2KE (2 A<KA;5 A?>A>1=>AB59 : ?@02>?@02-=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8), A><=5=8O 2>7=8:0NB 5I5 C <=>38E. >AB02;5==K9 =0<8 2>?@>A > =@02AB25==KE 8 ?@02>2KE A?>A>1=>ABOE 8 8E >F5=:52 C >4=8E 2K720; >4>1@5=85, 4@C38E =0AB>@>68;, 0 B@5BL8 C2845;8 2 MB>< 4065 «?@>?030=4C ;><1@0780=AB20», AG8B02H53> ?@5ABC?=>ABL 18>;>38G5A:8< 8 =0A;54AB25==K< O2;5=85<. !2>5>1@07=K9 2KE>4 =0H5; 8725AB=K9 A>25BA:89 :@8<8=0;8AB . . C4@O2F52, 70<5=82 B5@<8= «?@02>2K5 A?>A>1=>AB8» A;>20<8 «?>@>3», ?@5>4>;5205<K9 ?@8 A>25@H5=88 ?@5ABC?;5=8O, >?@545;O5<K9 A2>9AB20<8 ;8G=>AB83. 8A0;8 >1 MB><, 8A?>;L7CO 4@C385 B5@<8=K, . $. >=84 8 $. . ;520:>5 8 A>2A5< =5402=> 1 «0B5@80;K :>=D5@5=F88 ?> ?@>1;5<5 A?>A>1=>AB59». ., 1970. 2 !<. - - ;0B>=>2. >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388 B@C40, AB@. 238, 242. 3 !<. . . C4@O2F52. @8G8==>ABL 2 :@8<8=>;>388. ., 1968, AB@. 129 131 8 4@. 4 !<. . $. >=8. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. ., 1956, AB@. 19 8 4@. 5 !<. $. . ;520:>. 5G8. ., 1910, B. 1, AB@. 69 8 4@. 138 ?8A0; . . /:>2;52 !. 0< ?@54AB02;O5BAO, GB> ?>=OBL MB8 >A>15==>AB8 ;8G=>AB8 <>6=>, B>;L:> @0AA<0B@820O ?;NA 8 <8=CA A?>A>1=>AB8 2 8E 548=AB25. >;O@=>ABL A2>9AB25==0 =5 B>;L:> A?>A>1=>ABO<, => 8 A2>9AB20< (G5@B0<) E0@0:B5@0 8, 2848<>, 2A5< 4@C38< A2>9AB20< ;8G=>AB8 :0: M;5<5=B0< 55 >A=>2=KE 2>4AB@C:BC@. >MB><C 4;O 8E >F5=:8 ;>38G=> ?>;L7>20BLAO <5B>4>< ?>;O@=KE 10;;>2, B. 5. 42C<O B@5E10;;L=K<8 (0 ?>B><C 4>AB0B>G=> ;53:> 48DD5@5=F8@C5<K<8) A8AB5<0<8 >F5=>:, 2 :>B>@KE :@09=85 10;;K A>2?040NB, >1@07CO B@5B89 10;; ?OB810;;L=>9 >F5=:82. @>?030=48@CO «<5B>4 ?>;O@=KE 10;;>2», =0F5;5==K9 =0 87CG5=85 48=0<8G5A:>9 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 AB@C:BC@K ;8G=>AB8, =5>1E>48<> 2<5AB5 A B5< 2KA:070BL 2>7@065=85 ?@>B82 «<5B>40 ?>;O@=KE ?@>D8;59»3, 81> ?>A;54=89 =0F5;5= (:0: ?>:07K205B A0<> 53> =0720=85) =0 87CG5=85 ?@>D8;O, 0 =5 AB@C:BC@K. -B>B <5B>4 ?> ACI5AB2C O2;O5BAO 381@84>< «<5B>40 ?>;O@=KE 10;;>2» A 8725AB=K< «<5B>4>< ?@>D8;59» >AA>;8<>4, A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> >= ?KB0;AO @5H8BL 2>?@>A > B8?0E ?A8E8G5A:8E 8=48284C0;L=>AB59, >1 C<AB25==>9 >BAB0;>AB8 8 B. ?. 5B0D878G5A:0O, A;CG09=0O @O4>?>;>6=>ABL A2>9AB2 ;8G=>AB8 2 MB>< 8E G0AB>:>;5  «?@>D8;5» 157 ?>?KB>: 2KO2;5=8O 8E A2O78 C65 402=> ?>=OB0 8 >AC645=0.  E0@0:B5@5 =081>;55 >BG5B;82> 284=>, GB> ACBL 53> =5 2 >B45;L=KE 53> G5@B0E, 0 8<5==> 2 8E 2708<>A2O78. 1 . . /:>2;52. @5ABC?=>ABL 8 A>F80;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O. ., 1971, AB@. 32 38. 2 !<. - . ;0B>=>2. >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388 B@C40, AB@. 240 249. 3 .. . 0@?>2, . . >G5B>2, . . (C1=8=. @8<5=5=85 :>;8G5AB25==KE >F5=>: 2 8AA;54>20=88 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >B=>H5=89 :>;;5:B820 8 ;8G=>AB8.  «!>F8>;>38O 2 !!! », B. II.  1966, AB@. 410 426. 4 . . >AA>;8<>. A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>D8;8. , 1914. 139 54L :0640O G5@B0 E0@0:B5@0 O2;O5BAO G5@B>9 ;8G=>AB8, E>BO =5 :0640O G5@B0 ;8G=>AB8 O2;O5BAO G5@B>9 E0@0:B5@0. !>>B25BAB25==> :0640O G0AB=0O A?>A>1=>ABL :0: M;5<5=B AB@C:BC@K A?>A>1=>AB59 : 40==><C 284C 45OB5;L=>AB8 O2;O5BAO G5@B>9 ;8G=>AB8, E>BO =5 :0640O G5@B0 ;8G=>AB8 O2;O5BAO M;5<5=B>< A?>A>1=>AB59 : 40==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. >A;54=55 ?>;=>ABLN >B=>A8BAO 8 : =5A?>A>1=>AB8.  MB>< >1I=>ABL E0@0:B5@0 8 A?>A>1=>AB59 (8 =5A?>A>1=>AB8). 07;8G85 65 8E 2 B><, GB> E0@0:B5@ ?@>O2;O5BAO >1O70B5;L=> 2> <=>38E 2840E 45OB5;L=>AB8. !?>A>1=>AB8 65 (:0: 8 =5A?>A>1=>ABL) ACI5AB2CNB 2A5340 : AB@>3> >?@545;5==><C 284C 45OB5;L=>AB8. !?>A>1=>AB59 : «8:A-?@>D5AA88» =5B 8 1KBL =5 <>65B. «:A» 4>;65= ?>;CG8BL >?@545;5==>5 7=0G5=85 8 B5< @0A:@KBL A>45@60=85 A?>A>1=>AB8. 5403>38G5A:89 >?B8<87< 70:;NG05BAO =5 2 B578A5 «:064K9 A?>A>15= :> -2A5<C», 0 2 B578A5, 4>:070==>< 687=LN: «:064K9 A?>A>15= : «0 :><C-;81> 284C >1I5AB25==> ?>;57=>3> B@C40». %0@0:B5@ 8 A?>A>1=>AB8 ;8G=>AB8 =0E>4OBAO 2> 2708<>A2O78. -B0 .?@>1;5<0 1K;0 ?>AB02;5=0 . . =0=L52K< 5I5 2 1945 3.' 8 1>;55 45B0;L=> @0728B0 2 1956 3. =0 ?5@2>< D>@C<5 A>25BA:8E ?A8E>;>3>2, A?5F80;L=> ?>A2OI5==>< ?@>1;5<5 ;8G=>AB82. 4=0:> MB0, 15AA?>@=>, ?@028;L=0O 845O 2 40;L=59H5< 1K;0 ?>GB8 701KB0. KH54H85 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 MB>3> A>25I0=8O 420 B><0 :0?8B0;L=>9 <>=>3@0D88 . . >20;520 8 . . OA8I5200 @0AA<0B@820;8 E0@0:B5@ 8 A?>A>1=>AB8 2=5 8E 2708<>A2O78. 1 !<. . . =0=L52. G5@:8 ?A8E>;>388. ., 1945, AB@. 131. 2 !<. . . =0=L52.  2708<>A2O7OE 2 @0728B88 A?>A>1=>AB59 8 E0@0:B5@0.  «>:;04K =0 A>25I0=88 ?> 2>?@>A0< ?A8E>;>388 ;8G=>AB8», AB@. 93 97. 3 !<. . . >20;52, . . OAHF52. A8E8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 G5;>25:0, B. I. «%0@0:B5@». ., 1957; B. II. «!?>A>1=>AB8». ., 1960. 140 1I=>ABL A?>A>1=>AB59 8 E0@0:B5@0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B0;0=B5, :0:>2K< O2;ONBAO A?>A>1=>AB8, 2K@065==K5 2 B0:>9 <5@5, GB> >=8 AB0=>2OBAO E0@0:B5@><. K =5 ?@82K:;8 : =0CG=> B>G=K< D>@<C;8@>2:0< B8?0 «C =53> E0@0:B5@ <C7K:0=B0» 8;8 «>= <C7K:0=B ?> E0@0:B5@C», B>645AB25==KE =5 B>;L:> <564C A>1>9, => 8 A 2K@065=85< «>= B0;0=B;82K9 <C7K:0=B». -B> 254L 8 5ABL A2>9AB2> B0;0=B0, ?>4<5G5==>5 5I5 >F0@B><, :>B>@><C ?@8?8AK20NB A;>20: «">B, 2 :>< A848B 4CH0 :><?>78B>@0, ?8H5B ?>B><C, GB> =5 <>65B =5 ?8A0BL». "0;0=B;82K9 G5;>25: 2A5 A2>8 2708<>A2O78 A <8@>< ?@5;><;O5B G5@57 A2>9 B0;0=B. >6=> A:070BL 8 8=0G5  B>;L:> B>340, :>340 G5;>25: 2A5 2708<>A2O78 A <8@>< ?@5;><;O5B G5@57 A2>8 >A>15==K5 A?>A>1=>AB8, >= ?>-=0AB>OI5<C B0;0=B;82. K =5 1C45< 745AL C3;C1;OBLAO 2 MB>B 2>?@>A, ?>A:>;L:C >= B@51C5B A?5F80;L=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O.  A8AB5<C ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?>=OB89, >1>1I05<KE :0B53>@859 «;8G=>ABL», =5>1E>48<> 2:;NG8BL 38?5@A?>A>1=>AB8. -B> =5 B>;L:> @0==85 8 >A>1> O@:85 ?@>O2;5=8O >1KG=KE A?>A>1=>AB59 C B0: =07K205<KE 2C=45@:8=4>2 8 :><?5=A0B>@=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8, ?@8<5@>< :>B>@KE O2;O5BAO >ICI5=85 ?@5?OBAB28O A;5?K<8. > AN40 A;54C5B >B=5AB8 8 @O4 <0;> 87CG5==KE A?>A>1=>AB59, :0:, =0?@8<5@, : D5=><5=0;L=><C AG5BC 8 ?0<OB81, «:>6=><C 7@5=8N»2 8 A?>A>1=>AB59 <KA;5==KE 2>7459AB289, =5 @07 =01;N402H8EAO <=>9. "0:, <>9 >B5F . . ;0B>=>2 5I5 2 1924 3., 2 ?@8ACBAB288 . . 5EB5@520 =0 A5@>AA89A:>< AJ5745 ?A8E>=52@>;>3>2, ?A8E>;>3>2 8 ?5403>3>2 2 5=8=3@045, 45- 1 !<. . . C@8O. 0;5=L:0O :=86:0 > 1>;LH>9 ?0<OB8. ., 1968. 2 !<. . . >=30@4, . !. !<8@=>2.  «:>6=>< 7@5=88» . C;5H>2>9.  «8>D878:0», 1965, B. X, 2K?. I, AB@. 152 154; . - ;0B>=>2. $5=><5= >7K C;5H>2>9  =5 8A:;NG5=85. «0C:0 8 687=L», 1963, ! 12, AB@. 106. Ml <>=AB@8@>20; <KA;5==>5 CAK?;5=85 8 ?@>1C645=851. 45AL 65 4>;65= A:070BL, GB> B5@<8= ?0@0?A8E>;>38O O AG8B0N =5=0CG=K< 8 ?@8=04;560I8< : B><C 65 B8?C, GB> 8 ?A8E><>=040, 0;E8<8O, 0AB@>;>38O 8 E8@><0=B8O. 8?5@A?>A>1=>AB8 MB> >1J5:B 87CG5=8O ?A8E>;>388.  A?>A>1=>AB8, 8 E0@0:B5@, >1>1I0O A2>9AB20, 2E>4OI85 2 >A=>2=K5 ?>4AB@C:BC@K ;8G=>AB8, =5 <>3CB ?>MB><C @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: >1I85 ?>4AB@C:BC@K 55; >=8 O2;ONBAO >1I8<8 :0G5AB20<8 ;8G=>AB8.  CG5=88 > ;8G=>AB8 ?>=OB8O «A2>9AB2>», «>A>15==>ABL» 8 «:0G5AB2>» ?@8<5=ONBAO G0AB> ?@>872>;L=> 8 =5B>G=>, ?>@>9 8E AG8B0NB A8=>=8<0<8, =0 A0<>< 65 45;5 MB> =5 B0:. !2>9AB2>  MB> =081>;55 H8@>:>5 ?>=OB85, MB> =5GB> ?@8ACI55 ;8G=>AB8, 55 G5@B0 (B0: 254L 8 3>2>@OB!), >1CA;>2;820NI0O 55 AE>4AB2> 8;8 @07;8G85 A 4@C38<8 ;8G=>ABO<8. A>15==>ABL  MB> B0:>5 A2>9AB2>, :>B>@>5 >B;8G05B 40==CN ;8G=>ABL 8;8 40==K9 B8? ;8G=>AB59 >B 4@C38E. >6=> A:070BL 8 B0:: >A>15==>ABL ;8G=>AB8  MB> 55 8=48284C0;L=>5 A2>9AB2> 8;8 8E A>2>:C?=>ABL. 0G5AB2>  MB> =081>;55 ACI5AB25==>5 A2>9AB2>, 40NI55 ;8G=>AB8 >?@545;5==>ABL. 5=O5BAO :0G5AB2> ;8G=>AB8  <5=O5BAO 8 >=0 2 F5;><. «0G5AB2>, ?8A0; 535;L, 5ABL 2>>1I5 B>645AB25==0O A 1KB85<, =5?>A@54AB25==0O >?@545;5==>ABL... 5GB> 5ABL 1;03>40@O A2>5<C :0G5AB2C B>, GB> >=> 5ABL, 8, B5@OO A2>5 :0G5AB2>, >=> ?5@5AB05B 1KBL B5<, GB> >=> 5ABL»2. 8GB> 1>;55 E0@0:B5@0 =5 405B >?@545;5==>AB8 G5;>25:C :0: 8=48284C, 8 =8GB> 1>;55 A?>A>1=>AB59 =5 405B 5<C >?@545;5==>AB8 ?@8<5=8B5;L=> : 53> :>=:@5B=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 5:>B>@K5 >??>=5=BK 87;0305<>9 745AL :>=F5?F88 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 AB@C:BC@K ;8G=>AB8 3>2>@8;8, GB> 2 1 !<. . . 0A8;L52. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O <KA;5==>3> 2=CH5=8O. ., 1962, AB@. 187 192. 2 535;L. !>G8=5=8O, B. 1. . ., 1929, AB@. 157. 142 =59 O:>1K «=5 >:070;>AL <5AB0 4;O B2>@G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO 206=59H59 >A>15==>ABLN G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8»1. "2>@G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL, 15AA?>@=>, 206=59H55 A2>9AB2> 8 A?>A>1=>ABL ;8G=>AB8, >4=0:> >=0 B0:65 =5 <>65B @0AA<0B@820BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 >A>1>9 ?>4AB@C:BC@K, :0: 4C<0; . . 545=>2. :B82=>ABL  MB> >1I55 A2>9AB2> A>7=0=8O, ?@>O2;ONI55AO 2 >B=>H5=88. 8G=>ABL  MB> G5;>25: :0: =>A8B5;L A>7=0=8O, 8 0:B82=>ABL, :0: 8 2A5 A2>9AB20 A>7=0=8O, ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 =5 B>;L:> 2 :064>9 87 G5BK@5E ?>4AB@C:BC@, => 8 2 1>;LH8=AB25 G5@B ;8G=>AB8. 'B> :0A05BAO B2>@G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8, B> >=0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 8 2 C15645=8OE, 8 2 C<5=8OE, 8 2 2>;5, 8 D0=B0788, 8 2 ?0@0<5B@5 A8;K B5<?5@0<5=B0. 0AA<>B@5=85 55 2 A>>B=>H5=88 A @07;8G=K<8 ?>4AB@C:BC@0<8 >1>30I05B 55 ?>7=0=85. 0: ?G5;0 =5 <>65B ACI5AB2>20BL 2=5 @>O, B0: 8 ;8G=>ABL =5 ACI5AB2C5B 2=5 >1I5AB20.  ;8G=>ABL, @0AA<0B@8205<0O =5 :0: 8=48284CC<, 0 :0: G;5= >1I5AB20, ?>;CG05B 5I5 >4=> :0G5AB2>, 40205<>5 59 >1I5AB2><, 0 8<5==> A>F80;L=K9 AB0BCA. 515=>:, AB02 H:>;L=8:><, 70<5AB8B5;L  =0G0;L=8:><, :0?8B0=  <09>@>< 8 B. 4. 2A5 >=8 2 A2O78 A MB8<8 87<5=5=8O<8 ?>;CG0NB =>2K9 A2>9 AB0BCA. A;8 ?>A;54=89 @0AA<0B@8205BAO 2 48=0<8:5, >= =07K205BAO A>F80;L=>9 @>;LN. !>F80;L=0O @>;L  :0B53>@8O A>F8>;>388 8 >1I5AB25==>9 ?A8E>;>388.  AB0BCA, 8 @>;L 40NBAO ;8G=>AB8 >1I5AB2>< 8 2=0G0;5 O2;ONBAO 4;O =55 2=5H=8<8. =>340 3>2>@OB > «@>;8, 27OB>9 =0 A51O», => MB> =5B>G=>, B0: :0: 2 MB>< A;CG05 @5GL 845B > =0?@02;5==>AB8 8;8 ?@8BO70=8OE ;8G=>AB8, :>B>@K5 C65 1K;8 >?@545;5=K. > @>;L, 40205<0O ;8G=>AB8 >1I5AB2>< (8;8 3@C??>9), <>65B 1KBL 59 40=0 ;81> 1 . . 545=>2. "@C4 8 ;8G=>ABL.  > «!>25BA:0O ?5403>38:0», 1966, ! 9, AB@. 144. 143 ?> 8=8F80B825 >1I5AB20 (3@C??K), ;81> ?> 8=8F80B825 A0<>9 ;8G=>AB8. 7<5=5==K9 AB0BCA G5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O 1C45B CA2>5= ;8G=>ABLN 8 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 87<5=8B 55. '5< 1>;55 2K@065= E0@0:B5@ ;8G=>AB8, B5< >=0 1>;55 CAB>9G820 ?@8 87<5=5=88 55 A>F80;L=>3> AB0BCA0.  :>=F5 ?@54K4CI53> ?0@03@0D0 1K;8 @07>1@0=K G5BK@5 >4=>AB>@>==8E 273;O40 =0 ;8G=>ABL, @0AA<0B@820NI8E A>>B25BAB2CNI85 55 ?>4AB@C:BC@K :0: ;8G=>ABL 2 F5;><. 45AL C<5AB=> A:070BL 5I5 >1 >4=><  >4=>AB>@>==5< 273;O45, >B>645AB2;ONI5< 2AN ;8G=>ABL A 55 @>;LN :0: A>F8>;>38G5A:8< >1I8< :0G5AB2>< (0 =5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<). A;8 1>;LH8=AB2> A>F8>;>3>2 B>;L:> ?>4G5@:820NB 7=0G5=85 @>;8 2 CG5=88 > ;8G=>AB8', 0 ?A8E>;>38 AG8B0NB, GB> «@>;O< A;54C5B ?@8?8AK20BL >3@0=8G5==>5 7=0G5=85»2, B> A@548 =5:>B>@>9 G0AB8 A>F80;L=KE ?A8E>;>3>2 @0A?@>AB@0=5=> >H81>G=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B>645AB25==>AB8 ?>=OB89 ;8G=>AB8 8 @>;8, 708<AB2>20==>5 C 1C@6C07=KE CG5=KE. "0:, 5@B 8 8;;A ?8HCB: «8G=>ABL A>AB>8B 87 @>;59, :>B>@K5 >=0 2K?>;=O5B» 3, 0 =0=85F:89 4065 CB>G=O5B: «>B @>645=8O 4> A<5@B8»4. >=8<0=85 548=AB20 ;8G=>AB8 8 55 @>;8 CE>48B 2 40;5:>5 ?@>H;>5. 54L :>340-B> C @8<;O= «persona» >7=0G0;0 <0A:C, :>B>@CN =04520; 0:B5@; ?>B>< ?5@A>=>9 AB0;0 =07K20BLAO A0<0 @>;L, :>B>@CN >= 83@0;: 25;L<>68, :C?F0, 2>8=0 8 B. 4. !> 2@5<5=5< 5N 1 . !. >=. !>F8>;>38O ;8G=>AB8; 53> 65. N48 8 @>;8.  «>2K9 <8@», 1970, ! 12, AB@. 168 191. 2 . . 528B>2. «"5>@8O @>;59» 2 ?A8E>;>388.  «>?@>AK ?A8E>;>388», 1969, ! 6, AB@. 157. 3 . Gerth, !. W. Mills. Character and Social Structure. New York, 1953, p. 80. 4 F. Znanjecki. The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge. New York, 1940, p. 14. 144 AB0; A0< 25;L<>60, :C?5F, 2>8= 8 B>;L:> ?>B>< ;N1>9 G5;>25:. =B5@5A=>, GB> ?@8<5@=> B0:0O 65 M2>;NF8O B5@<8=0 8 ?>=OB8O ?@>8AE>48;0 8 A> A;>20<8 «;8G8=0»  «;8G=>ABL». @52=53@5G5A:89 D8;>A>D "5>D@0AB 2 B@0:B0B5 «-B8G5A:85 E0@0:B5@K» (318 4> =. M.) >?8A0; 31 ;8G=>ABL  ;LAB5F0, 1>;BC=0, E20ABC=0 8 B. 4.; >= 225; B5@<8= «E0@0:B5@», ?>4 :>B>@K< ?>=8<0; >B@065=85 2 G5;>25:5 =@02AB25==>9 687=8 >1I5AB20. 5;8:89 4@0<0BC@3 . (5:A?8@ ?8A0;: 5AL <8@  B50B@.  =5< 65=I8=K, <C6G8=K  2A5 0:B5@K. # =8E A2>8 5ABL 2KE>4K, CE>4K,  :064K9 =5 >4=C 83@05B @>;L... -BC ;8=8N <>@0;870F88 ;8G=>AB8 ?@>4>;60; 0= 45 01@N5@ (1645 1696), >?8A02H89 A2KH5 BKAOG8 B0:8E E0@0:B5@8AB8:-@>;59.  B0:><C ?>=8<0=8N ;8G=>AB8 :0: A>2>:C?=>AB8 @>;59 8 ?KB05BAO 25@=CBL B5>@8N ;8G=>AB8 «B5>@8O @>;59». %0@0:B5@ 8 A?>A>1=>AB8 :0: >1I85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 :0G5AB20 ;8G=>AB8 2<5AB5 A B5< O2;ONBAO 55 ?>4AB@C:BC@0<8; >=8 :0: 1K =0;030NBAO =0 @0AA<>B@5==K5 2KH5 >A=>2=K5 55 ?>4AB@C:BC@K. >;L <K >B=>A8< : >1I8< A>F8>;>38G5A:8< :0G5AB20< ;8G=>AB8, >=0 B>;L:> :>A25==> A2O70=0 A 55 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<8 ?>4AB@C:BC@0<8. "0:8< >1@07><, >A=>2=K5 8 =0;>65==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?>4AB@C:BC@K, 2848<>, =5>1E>48<K 8 4>AB0B>G=K, GB>1K >1>1I8BL 2A5 2>7<>6=K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 A2>9AB20 8 >A>15==>AB8 ;N1>9 ;8G=>AB8. K C65 C:07K20;8 =0 A2O7L :0B53>@88 ;8G=>AB8 A :0B53>@859 45OB5;L=>AB8, GB> A2845B5;LAB2C5B > B><, GB> ACI=>ABL ;8G=>AB8 =5 <>65B 1KBL 4>AB0B>G=> ?>;=> @0A:@KB0, ?>:0 =5 @0AA<>B@5=0 ACI=>ABL :0B53>@88 «45OB5;L=>ABL» 8 =5 ?@>0=0;878@>20=0 8E 2708<>A2O7L. ;020 5. /",!", 1. !#)!", /",!" «=0G0;5 1K;> A;>2>»  B0: <=>3> 25:>2 2A;54 70 81;859 8 8450;8AB8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D859 AG8B0;8 ;N48. QB5 ?>?@028; MB>B >H81>G=K9 B578A, A:0702: «=0G0;5 1K;> 45;>». 0@:A87< A>740; AB@>9=CN B5>@8N, CB25@640NICN =5 B>;L:> ?@8<0B 1KB8O (MB> ?>=8<0; 8 QB5), => 8 =5?>A@54AB25==CN 7028A8<>ABL A>7=0=8O >B ?@54<5B=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. >;>65=85 -=35;LA0 > B><, GB> B@C4 A>740; G5;>25:0, AB0;> >A=>2>9 ?>=8<0=8O 0=B@>?>35=570', 8 A>25BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O >?8@05BAO =0 ?@8=F8? 548=AB20 A>7=0=8O 8 45OB5;L=>AB82. 4=0:>, :0: MB> =8 AB@0==>, 2 A>25BA:>9 ?A8E>;>388 5I5 =5B >1I5?@8=OB>3> >?@545;5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8. "0:, =0?@8<5@, !. . C18=HB59= 5I5 2 1935 3. ?8A0; > 548=AB25 A>7=0=8O 8 45OB5;L=>AB8: «5OB5;L=>ABL 8 A>7=0=85  =5 420 2 @07=K5 AB>@>=K >1@0I5==KE 0A?5:B0. =8 >1@07CNB >@30=8G5A:>5 F5;>5  =5 B>6- 1 !<. . . !?8@:8=. @>8AE>645=85 A>7=0=8O. ., 1960. 2 . . =FKD5@>20. @8=F8? A2O78 ?A8E8:8 8 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 <5B>4>;>38O ?A8E>;>388.  " «5B>4>;>38G5A:85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>388», AB@. 57 117. 14R 45AB2>, => 548=AB2>»'. > 2 A2>8E CG51=8:0E G5B:>3> >?@545;5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 >= =5 40;.  40;L=59H5< >= >B<5G0;, GB> 45OB5;L=>ABL  MB> «?@>F5AA, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> @50;87C5BAO B> 8;8 8=>5 >B=>H5=85 G5;>25:0 : >:@C60NI5<C 53> <8@C, 4@C38< ;N4O<, : 7040G0<, :>B>@K5 AB028B ?5@54 =8< 687=L»2. > MB8 53> A;>20 =5;L7O @0AA<0B@820BL :0: >?@545;5=85.  CG51=>< ?>A>188 ?> ?A8E>;>388 ;5=8=3@04A:8E 02B>@>2 45OB5;L=>ABL >?@545;O5BAO G5@57 459AB285: «!>2>:C?=>ABL 459AB289, :>B>@K5 >1J548=5=K >1I59 F5;LN 8 2K?>;=ONB >?@545;5==CN >1I5AB25==CN DC=:F8N, A>AB02;O5B 45OB5;L=>ABL»3.  A2>N >G5@54L 459AB285 >=8 >?@545;ONB G5@57 42865=8O: «2865=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 ?@54<5B 8 ?@5A;54CNI85 >?@545;5==CN F5;L, =07K20NBAO 459AB28O<8»4. "0: 65 G5@57 459AB28O >?@545;O5B 45OB5;L=>ABL 8 . . C48:: «5OB5;L=>ABLN =07K205BAO A>2>:C?=>ABL 459AB289 G5;>25:0, =0?@02;5==KE =0 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 53> ?>B@51=>AB59 8 8=B5@5A>2»5. "0:>5 ?>=8<0=85 MB>9 :0B53>@88 =5 CG8BK205B A?5F8D8:8 C<AB25==KE 459AB289 8 45OB5;L=>AB8. . . 5>=BL52 ?>=8<05B 45OB5;L=>ABL 8=0G5: «K =07K205< 45OB5;L=>ABLN =5 2AO:89 ?@>F5AA, " ?8H5B >=. -B8< B5@<8=>< <K >1>7=0G05< B>;L:> B0:85 ?@>F5AAK, :>B>@K5, >ACI5AB2;OO B> 8;8 8=>5 >B=>H5=85 G5;>25:0 : <8@C, >B25G0NB >A>1>9, A>>B25BAB2CNI59 8< ?>B@51=>AB8»6. 1 !. . C18=HB59=. A=>2K ?A8E>;>388. ., 1935, AB@. 51. 2 !. . C18=HB59=. KB85 8 A>7=0=85, AB@. 256 257. 3 «A8E>;>38O». >4 @54. . . >20;520 8 4@. ., 1966, AB@. 426. 4 "0< 65, AB@. 425. 5 . . @C48:. A8E>;>38O. ., 1964, AB@. 409. 6 . . 5>=BL52. @>1;5<K @0728B8O ?A8E8:8. .. 1959, .AB@. 415. 147 . !. >ABN: ?8H5B, GB> 45OB5;L=>ABL MB> «206=59H0O D>@<0 ?@>O2;5=8O 0:B82=>3> >B=>H5=8O G5;>25:0 : >:@C60NI59 459AB28B5;L=>AB8» '. 0: 284=>, ?>?KB>: >?@545;8BL MB> ?>=OB85 A45;0=> =5<0;>, => 2A5 >=8 =5 A>3;0ACNBAO 4@C3 A 4@C3><. >A;54=55 ?>=8<0=85 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?@81;8605BAO : B><C, :>B>@>5 40=> 2 «$8;>A>DA:>< A;>20@5» ?>4 @540:F859 . . >75=B0;O 8 . $. .48=0. 5OB5;L=>ABL «2 D8;>A>D88  A?5F8D8G5A:8-G5;>25G5A:89 A?>A>1 >B=>H5=8O : <8@C  «?@54<5B=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL» (0@:A) ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>F5AA, 2 E>45 :>B>@>3> G5;>25: 2>A?@>872>48B 8 B2>@G5A:8 ?@5>1@07C5B ?@8@>4C, 45;0O B5< A0<K< A51O 45OB5;L=K< AC1J5:B><, 0 >A208205<K5 8< O2;5=8O ?@8@>4K  >1J5:B>< A2>59 45OB5;L=>AB8». -B> D8;>A>DA:>5 >?@545;5=85 =5A:>;L:> =865 CB>G=O5BAO.  ?A8E>;>388 45OB5;L=>ABL  MB> «?>=OB85, E0@0:B5@87CNI55 DC=:F8N 8=482840 2 ?@>F5AA5 53> 2708<>459AB28O A >:@C60NI8< <8@><»2. >A;54=55 >?@545;5=85 1;87:> : B><C, GB> 1C45B 40=> =865. > A=0G0;0 =5>1E>48<> 2KOA=8BL A>>B=>H5=85 ?>=OB89 «45OB5;L=>ABL» 8 «A>7=0B5;L=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL». 5OB5;L=>ABL  2 55 =081>;55 >1I5< ?>=8<0=88  O2;O5BAO :0B53>@859 2A5E =0C: > 682>9 ?@8@>45 8 >1I5AB25.  18>;>388 «687=L» 8 «687=545OB5;L=>ABL»  B>645AB25==K5 ?>=OB8O, 8 2A5 ?>?KB:8 :0:-B> 8E @073@0=8G8BL =587156=> ?@82>4OB : 28B0;87<C, : ?@87=0=8N >A>1>9 687=5==>9 A8;K.  18>;>388 ?>4 687=545OB5;L=>ABLN ?>=8<05BAO 2708<>459AB285 >@30=87<0 8 A@54K, 2 ?@>F5AA5 :>B>@>3> >@30=87< ?>445@68205B A2>N 687=L 8 687=L @>40. =5H=85 CA;>28O A@54K, >?>A@54COAL 2=CB@5==8<8 CA;>28O<8 >@30=87<0, =0 >A=>25 @074@068<>AB8 1 5403>38G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O, B. 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«157>?0A=>ABL 42865=8O»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«@>D5AA8>=0;L=0O >@85=B0F8O 8 :>=AC;LB0F8O <>;>4568». 852, 1966, AB@. 8 9; 53> 65. 5:>B>@K5 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?@>D>@85=B0F88 2 A@54=59 H:>;5. «(:>;0 8 ?@>872>4AB2>», 1969, ! 11, AB@. 19 22. 197 B05B A59G0A >A>1>5 7=0G5=85, ?>A:>;L:C A>2@5<5==0O ?5403>38:0 (?094>A ?>-3@5G5A:8  48BO) CB@0B8;0 A2>N A2O7L B>;L:> A 45BL<8 (:0: 8 35><5B@8O A 75<;5<5@85<) ; >=0 AB0;0 =0C:>9 > <5B>40E 8 ?CBOE D>@<8@>20=8O ;8G=>AB8. "@5BLO >B@0A;L ?A8E>;>388 B@C40 2E>48B :0: 206=59H89 :><?>=5=B 2 :><?;5:A=CN =0C:C  =0CG=CN >@30=870F8N B@C40 ("). 5 >1KG=> B5?5@L =07K20NB ?A8E>;>38O ". !2O7L ?>A;54=59 A 4@C38<8 =0C:0<8, =0 :>B>@K5 >?8@05BAO ", ;8H05B 55 2>7<>6=>AB8 2K45;8BLAO 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=CN ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN =0C:C. O4 55 ?@>1;5<, :0:, =0?@8<5@, ?@>1;5<0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :;8<0B0 =0 ?@>872>4AB25, >1I8 A A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 >B@0A;O<8 A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388 '. >A;54=59 >B@0A;LN ?A8E>;>388 B@C40 O2;O5BAO 8=65=5@=0O ?A8E>;>38O. 5 8=>340 ?>=8<0NB AB>;L @0AH8@8B5;L=>, GB> >=0 AB0=>28BAO A8=>=8<>< ?A8E>;>388 B@C40. "0:>5 55 ?>=8<0=85 <=5 ?@54AB02;O5BAO >H81>G=K<, >=> O2;O5BAO A;54AB285< >BACBAB28O =0CG=> >1>A=>20==>9 :;0AA8D8:0F88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:. =65=5@=0O ?A8E>;>38O 8<55B 1>;55 C7:>5, => 8 1>;55 ?>G5B=>5 =07=0G5=85  A>459AB2>20BL «3C<0=870F88 B5E=8:8», B. 5. >15A?5G820BL A>>B25BAB285 =>2>9 :>=AB@C8@C5<>9 B5E=8:8 B@51>20=8O< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8. <5AB5 A B5< >=0 O2;O5BAO =0@O4C A D878>;>3859 8 38385=>9 B@C40, 0=B@>?><5B@859 8 B5E=8G5A:>9 MAB5B8:>9 :><?>=5=B>< :><?;5:A=>9 =0C:8 M@3>=><8:8, ?5@54 :>B>@>9 AB>8B 7040G0 ?@82>48BL =>2CN B5E=8:C 2 A>>B25BAB285 A B@51>20=8O<8 G5;>25:0 2 F5;><. !8AB5<C «:>;;5:B82  G5;>25:  B5E=8:0 A@540» 8=65=5@=0O ?A8E>;>38O @0AA<0B@8205B G5@57 ?@87<C B@51>20=89 ?A8E8:8. 1 !<. . - ;0B>=>2. A8E>;>38O B@C40 =0 A>2@5<5==>< MB0?5 ".  «$878>;>38G5A:85 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 >A=>2K "». ., 1970. 198 >?@>A > :><?;5:A=>9 =0C:5 > B@C45  M@3>;>388 1K; ?>AB02;5= 5I5 2 1921 3. =0 ?5@2>9 «8=8F80B82=>9», :0: >=0 B>340 =07K20;0AL, :>=D5@5=F88 ?> " <>;>4K< CG5=8:>< . . 5EB5@520 . . OA8I5-2K< '. > @0728B85 " 2 20-E 3>40E 27O;> >B MB>9 8458 A>45@60=85, 0 =5 =0720=85. 4=0:> >=> 1K;> ?>4E20G5=> 8 =5A:>;L:> ?5@58=0G5=> 70 @C156><, >BBC40 8 B5@<8=  M@3>=><8:02. "0:, <>40 =0 @CAA:85 A0?>6:8 25@=C;0AL : =0< G5@57 0@86. -B> 1K;> 1K =5 B0: C6 ?;>E>, 5A;8 1K A M@3>=><8:>9 : =0< =5 ?@8H;0 845O A8AB5<K «G5;>25:  <0H8=0». AA;54>20=85 2708<>>B=>H5=89 G5;>25:0 8 <0H8=K  206=0O ?@>1;5<0 2 CA;>28OE :0?8B0;87<0, >AB02;ONI53> G5;>25:0 =0548=5 A <0H8=>9. > 2 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>< >1I5AB25 55 =5>1E>48<> ?>=8<0BL H8@5, :0: 2708<>A2O7L :>;;5:B820, G5;>25:0 8 <0H8=K. / 4C<0N, GB> MB0 A8AB5<0 8 4>;6=0 1KBL ?@54<5B>< M@3>-" =><8:83, 0 87CG5=85 55 A F5;LN ?@82545=8O <0H8=K (0 B>G=55, =>2>9 B5E=8:8) 2 A>>B25BAB285 A B@51>20=8O<8 ?A8E>;>388 ;8G=>AB8 8 :>;;5:B820  MB> ?@54<5B 8=65=5@=>9 ?A8E>;>388. A;8 425 ?5@2KE >B@0A;8 ?A8E>;>388 B@C40  ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O B@C4>20O M:A?5@B870 8 ?A8E>;>38O B@C4>2>3> >1CG5=8O ?@8A?>A01;820NB G5;>25:0 : ACI5AB2CNI8< CA;>28O< ?@>872>4AB20, 0 B@5BLO 845B 40;LH5, ?@8A?>A01;820O >@30=870F8N B@C40 8 ACI5AB2CNICN B5E=8:C : G5;>25:C, B> 8=65=5@=0O ?A8E>- 1 . . OA8I52. @8=F8? >@30=870F88 =0CG=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O B@C40.  «!1>@=8: B578A>2 : 4>:;040<, ?@54AB02;5==K< =0 :>=D5@5=F8N ?> =0CG=>9 >@30=870F88 B@C40 =0 ?@>872>4AB25». ., 1921, AB@. 66 68. 2 . $. ><>2. -@3>=><8:0 8 ".  «!>F80;8AB8G5A:89 B@C4», 1969, ! 8, AB@. 113 119. 3 ,. . ;0B>=>2. >;;5:B82  G5;>25:   % <0H8=0.  «!>F80;8AB8G5A:89 B@C4», 1970, ! 3, AB@. 72 76; - ;0B>=>2, . 0=8;O:.  A>F80;L=>< 0A?5:B5 M@3>=><8:8.  «"5E=8G5A:0O MAB5B8:0», 1971, ! 4, AB@. 18 19. ( ;>38O @5H05B =081>;55 @048:0;L=CN 7040GC  ?@8A?>A01;8205B =>2CN B5E=8:C : G5;>25:C 8 :>;;5:B82C =0 >A=>25 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E (2 B>< G8A;5 8 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8E) 70:>=><5@=>AB59. >B><C @0AH8@OBL :@C3 7040G 8=65=5@=>9 ?A8E>;>388 MB> 7=0G8B ?> ACI5AB2C «;8:2848@>20BL» ?A8E>;>38N B@C40 2 F5;><, 81> 2 B0:>< A;CG05 8E A>45@60=85 1C45B >48=0:>2K<. >MB><C =5;L7O =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A . $. ><>2K<, :>340 >= 3>2>@8B >1 8=65=5@=>9 ?A8E>;>388 :0: > =0C:5, «2>7=8:H59 2 A2O78 A B5E=8G5A:8< ?@>3@5AA>< 8 ?@8720==>9 @5H0BL 206=59HCN ?@0:B8G5A:CN 7040GC «3C<0=870F88 B5E=8:8» (?@8A?>A>1;5=8O <0H8=K : G5;>25:C)» '.  A8AB5<5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: 206=>5 <5AB> 70=8<05B <548F8=A:0O ?A8E>;>38O. =0 ;568B =0 ?5@5A5G5=88 ?A8E>;>388 A @07;8G=K<8 <548F8=A:8<8 =0C:0<8. A=>2=0O 55 >B@0A;L  ?0B>?A8E>;>38O, 55 8=>340 >H81>G=> =07K20NB ?A8E>?0B>;>3859. A8E>?0B>;>38O MB> B5 ?0B>;>38G5A:85 87<5=5=8O ?A8E8:8, :>B>@K5 87CG05B ?0B>?A8E>;>38O. B@0A;LN <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 O2;O5BAO 8 =59@>?A8E>;>38O, ?@54<5B :>B>@>9 CAB0=>2;5=85 48=0<8G5A:>9 ;>:0;870F88 ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89, 0 >1J5:B 8AA;54>20=8O  87<5=5=8O ?A8E8:8 ?@8 ;>:0;L=KE ?>@065=8OE <>730. =0 ;568B =0 ABK:5 ?A8E>;>388 8 =52@>;>388, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 1;87:0O : =59 ?> 7040G0< ?A8E>D0@<0:>;>38O ;568B =0 ?5@5A5G5=88 ?A8E>;>388 8 D0@<0:>;>388.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K 2 @CA;5 0280F8>==>9 8 :>A<8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 =0 8E ABK:0E A <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>3859 1KAB@> @0728205BAO M:AB@5<0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O, B. 5, ?A8E>;>38O, 8<5NI0O A2>8< ?@54<5B>< 87CG5=85 ?A8E8:8 2 >A>1> A;>6=KE 8 :@09=5 =51;03>?@8OB=KE (M:AB@5<  :@09) CA;>28OE. > A2>59 ACB8 >=0 1>;L- 1 . $. ><>2.  @>;8 ?@0:B8:8 2 @0728B88 B5>@88 >1I59 ?A8E>;>388.  «>?@>AK ?A8E>;>388», 1971, ! 1, AB@. 26 35. m H5 >B=>A8BAO : <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>388. &5=B@0;L=>9 ?@>1;5<>9 <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 O2;O5BAO 2708<>>B=>H5=85 <564C 2@0G>< 8 1>;L=K<. -B> ?@54<5B :;8=8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388. @0:B8G5A:8 206=K<8 >B@0A;O<8 <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 O2;ONBAO >;83>D@5=>?A8E>;>38O, B. 5. ?A8E>;>38O C<AB25==> =5@0728BKE, B8D;>?A8E>;>38O, B. 5. ?A8E>;>38O A;5?KE, 8 AC@4>?A8E>;>38O  ?A8E>;>38O 3;CE8E. =8 2 A2>N >G5@54L B5A=> A2O70=K A A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 ?5403>38G5A:8<8 =0C:0<8: >;83>D@5=>?5403>38:>9, B8D;>?5403>38:>9 8 AC@4>?5403>38:>9. >A;54=85 B@8 >B@0A;8 ?A8E>;>388, >1J548=OO 8E B5@<8=>< 45D5:B>?A8E>;>38O, . . 5B@>2A:89 2:;NG05B 2 ?A8E>;>38N @0728B8O :0: ?A8E>;>38N 0=><0;L=>3> @0728B8O. > ?@0:B8:0 ?>:07K205B 8E >@30=870F8>==CN 8 B5>@5B8G5A:CN 1;87>ABL A >;83>D@5=>-, B8D;>- 8 AC@4>?5403>38:>9. >B><C 8E G0AB> @0AA<0B@820NB :0: @0745;K ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8, >A=>2=>9 @0745; :>B>@>9 ?A8E>;>38O >1CG5=8O 8 2>A?8B0=8O. -B> 45<>=AB@8@C5B B0: =07K205<K5 <5648AF8?;8=0@=K5 A2O78. 4=0:> A2O78 45D5:B>?A8E>;>388 A ?0B>?A8E>;>3859 8 <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>3859, 15AA?>@=>, 1>;55 ACI5AB25==K. O4 >B@0A;59 <548F8=A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 >1I8 A ?A8E>;>3859 B@C40: ?0B>?A8E>;>38G5A:0O B@C4>20O M:A?5@B870 2 >B=>H5=88 87CG5=8O B@C4>A?>A>1=>AB8 1>;L=KE; ?A8E>38385=0, AB02H0O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 =0C:>9, ;560I59 =0 ABK:5 =5 B>;L:> A ", => 8 A 38385=>9 :0: <548F8=A:>9 =0C:>91; B@C4>B5@0?8O, ;560I0O =0 ABK:5 8 A ?A8E>;>3859 B@C40, 8 A ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>3859, 8 A B5@0?859. 1 >4@>1=55 A<. . . ;0B>=>2. @>1;5<K ?A8E>38385=K, ?A8E>;>388 B@C40 8 ;8G=>ABL.  «@>1;5<K ?A8E>38385=K», ., 1971, AB@. 36 45. 201 !;>6=CN 25B2L ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: ?@54AB02;ONB >B@0A;8 >1I5AB25==>9 8;8 A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388  =0C:8 > 3@C??>2>< A>7=0=88 8 >A>15==>ABOE ?A8E8:8 2 3@C??5, 2 G0AB=>AB8 2 :>;;5:B825. 7CG0O 45OB5;L=>ABL G5;>25:0 :0: G;5=0 >1I5AB20, >=0 ;568B =0 ABK:5 A A>F8>;>3859. 5 8=>340 ?@>B82>?>AB02;ONB 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388 :0: ?A8E>;>388 ;8G=>AB8, O2;ONI59AO @0745;>< >1I59 ?A8E>;>388.  >1I5AB25==CN ?A8E>;>38N' 2E>4OB: ?0;5>?A8E>-;>38O, @0AA<0B@820NI0O ?@>1;5<K, ?>3@0=8G=K5 A 0@E5>;>3859, 8AB>@8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O  A 8AB>@859 8 8A:CAAB2>2545=85<, MB=>?A8E>;>38O =0E>48BAO =0 ABK:5 A MB=>3@0D859. !2>5>1@07=>9 >B@0A;LN >1I5AB25==>9 ?A8E>;>388 (:>B>@0O, >4=0:>, =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>=OB0 2=5 A2O78 55 8 A 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?A8E>;>3859) O2;O5BAO ?A8E>;>38O @5;8388. !59G0A C65 4>AB0B>G=> G5B:> =0<5B8;8AL 8 >B@0A;8 ?A8E>;>388 @5;8388: ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 :>@=8 @5;8388, ?A8E>;>38O 25@K, ?A8E>;>38O <>;8B2K 8 @5;838>7=KE @8BC0;>2, ?A8E>;>38O AC525@8O. A8E>;>38O @5;8388, O2;OOAL ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:>9, =0E>48BAO =0 55 ABK:5 A @5;838>2545=85<, 0 G5@57 =53> A2O70=0 A A>F8>;>3859, 8AB>@859 8 MB=>3@0D8592. 1I5AB25==0O ?A8E>;>38O 2:;NG05B 2 :0G5AB25 >A>1>9 >B@0A;8 =0F8>=0;L=CN ?A8E>;>38N*, B0:65 =0E>4OICNAO =0 ?5@5A5G5=88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:8 A A>F8>;>3859 =0F89. 0: 8 2AO >1I5AB25==0O ?A8E>- 1 !<. . . (>@>E>20, . !. 0=AC@>2, . . ;0B>=>2. @>1;5<K >1I5AB25==>9 ?A8E>;>388.  «>?@>AK ?A8E>;>388», 1963, ! 5, AB@. 73 82; «@>1;5<K >1I5AB25==>9 ?A8E>;>388». ., 1961; . . 0@K38=, A=>2K A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B5>@88. 2 !<. «>?@>AK =0CG=>3> 0B587<0», 2K?. 8. 3 !<. . . >@OG520. 5:>B>@K5 <><5=BK A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 =0F89. '«#G5=K5 70?8A:8 "0@BCA:>3> >AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0», 2K?. 241. "0@BC, 1969, AB@. 49--84. " 202 ;>38O, 2> <=>3>< >=0 >?8@05BAO =0 :>=:@5B=>-A>F8-;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O. 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