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"0: 65 :0: 284=0 1574=0 ;N4A:0O A =0475<=KE AD5@, B0: 65 =C6=> C<5BL ?@8=OBL 2 A>7=0=85 <8@ 2KAH89. >AB <564C 42C<O <8@0<8 70:;NG05BAO 2 CAB@5<;5==>AB8 <KH;5=8O. @028;L=> A:070;0 #@CA20B8 > :@0A>B5 <KA;8, :>B>@0O >B:@K205B 2A5 <8@K. >=5G=>, <>AB <564C 42C<O <8@0<8 <>65B >ACI5AB28BLAO, :>340 459AB28O =0?>;=5=K :@0A>B>N. <5==> =5 A;>20, => 459AB28O 40NB 2A5 =0AKI5=8O. >AB <564C <8@0<8 1C45B >A=>20= =0 A30@<>=878@>20=88 B>:>2 A5@4F0 8 4CE0. 0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==><C O28< ?>=8<0=85 <>AB0 <564C <8@0<8. . ., III, 117. >AB <564C <8@0<8 >A=>20= =0 A30@<>=878@>20=88 2A5E B>=G09H8E M=5@389. >=5G=>, 1>;LH8=AB2> 4C<05B, GB> B@0=A<CB0F8O F5=B@>2 ?@>8AE>48B =0 D878G5A:>< ?;0=5  MB> 701;C645=85. C6=> >A25B8BL B0:>5 A>7=0=85. "@0=A<CB0F8O F5=B@>2 3=5< 5ABL A>548=5=85 2A5E F5=B@>2, :0: D878G5A:8E, B0: 8 4CE>2=KE. @>8AE>48B >4CE>B2>@5=85 2A53> ACI5AB20.  >3=5==>9 B@0=A<CB0F88 3=5==K9 8@ 2KO2;O5BAO >A>15==> <>I=>, 81> 2> 2A5< 5AB5AB25 ?@>8AE>48B >3=5==0O 30@<>=870F8O, ?@8>1@5B0O 2A5 2KAH85 =0?@O65=8O. >B><C <>6=> ?@8=OBL 70:>= A1;865=8O <8@>2 2 :064>< ?@>F5AA5 CB>=G5=8O 4CE>2=KE F5=B@>2. 0:>?;5=85 MB8E M=5@389 405B AB@5<8B5;L=>ABL 4CEC, :>B>@0O ?@>;>68B :@0BG09H89 ?CBL. "0: =C6=> ?@8=OBL ?>=OB85 <>AB0 <564C <8@0<8 8 =C6=> 70?><=8BL, GB> 157 A>7=0B5;L=>3> B@C40 F5=B@>2 =5 ACI5AB2C5B. !>7=0B5;L=0O A30@<>=878@>20==>ABL F5=B@>2 5ABL 25;8:>5 B08=AB2>. "0: =0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==><C O28< ?>=8<0=85 ?CB8 :@0BG09H53>. . ., III, 128. >6=> ?@54AB028BL A515 @04>ABL 4CE0, >A>7=02H53> A>7840=85 =>2>3> <8@0. A;8 CAB@5<;5=85 25;8:>, B> :0640O D>@<0 ?@8=5A5B C3;C1;5=85 2 CA>25@H5=AB2>20=88. 1J548=5=85 <8@>2 <>65B ?@>42830BL A>7=0B5;L=>5 CAB@5<;5=85. >7L<5< D>@<K ">=:>3> 8@0 8 ?@8<5=8< 8E : 75<=><C ?;0=C. @028;L=> C?>B@518;8 A@02=5=85 <564C ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@3859 8 <5E0=8G5A:8<8 2>A?@8OB8O<8. 54L B2>@G5AB2> <>65B ?@>O2;OBLAO 8<5==> 2KAH8<8 M=5@38O<8, => 4;O B0:>3> B>=:>3> 2>A?@8OB8O =5>1E>48<> O28BL B@0=A<CB0F8N F5=B@>2. ">;L:> :>340 4CE GC5B >1I5=85 A =52848<K< <8@><, <>6=> CB25@48BL ?@>AB@0=AB25==K9 B>:. 065 ?@>ABK5 >?KBK B@51CNB ?>;=>3> 4>25@8O. 0A:>;L:> 65 <>I=55 4>;65= 4CE CB25@48BLAO 2 ?>;=>< >1I5=88 A <8@>< =52848<K<! A5, GB> ?@8=OB> AG8B0BL D5=><5=0<8, 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: B@0=A<CB0F8O >4=>3> 87 F5=B@>2. 0: 65 <>I=> B2>@8B 4CE 3=8 9>30, F5=B@K :>B>@>3> 70665=K A>:@>25==K< >3=5<! "0: =0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==><C <>6=> ?@>=8:=CBL 2 <>I=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 3=8 9>30. >GB8< <0B5@L 3=8 >38. / A:070;. >A<8G5A:89 ;CG 5ABL A0<>5 2KAH55 ?@>O2;5=85 2>AB>@30 4CE0, ?@>O2;5=85 2A5E 2KAH8E M=5@389 ?@8 O2;5=88 2A5E F5=B@>2, =0AKI5==KE 2KA>:8< 3=5<. 3>=L F5=B@>2 ?5@5E>48B >B F5=B@0 : F5=B@C. K >G5=L >E@0=O5< F5=B@ ;53:8E. '0ABL 3=O ?@8=5A5=0 2 F5=B@ :>;>:>;0. 45B 25;8:>5 ?@83>B>2;5=85 : ?@8=OB8N :>A<8G5A:>3> ;CG0. "@0=A<CB0F8O : ?@8=OB8N :>A<8G5A:>3> ;CG0 2K@0605BAO 2> <=>38E B2>@G5A:8E ?@>O2;5=8OE. . ., III, 141. <5==> =0 5<;5 4>;6=> CB25@48BLAO >3=5==>5 >G8I5=85. >4>1=> B><C :0: 687=5==K5 M=5@388 4>;6=K =0?8B0BLAO 75<=K<8 M<0=0F8O<8, >3=5==K5 ?>B5=F80;K 4>;6=K O28BL A2>8 M=5@388 2 AD5@0E 75<=KE. CBL >3=5==KE >G8I5=89 4>;65= 4>AB830BL A2>53> <>I=>3> ?@545;0, 81> >@30=87<K, O2;OO A2>8 =0?@O65=8O 2>;8, <>3CB CAB0=>28BL A2OI5==CN A2O7L A 8@>< 3=5==K<. >B><C ;8HL =0AKI5==K5 4CE8 <>3CB ?@>4>;60BL A2>8 B@C4K =04 CB>=G5=85< F5=B@>2. 57 MB>3> =0AKI5=8O =52>7<>6=> >1J548=8BL @01>BC 4CE0 2 42CE <8@0E. 0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==><C =C6=> ?@8=OBL 70:>= >G8I5=8O >3=5<. . ., III, 173. !CI5AB2C5B <=>3> @07;8G=KE A?>A>1>2 @07@548BL ?;>B=>5 B5;>. >=5G=>, :064CN B>=:CN <KA;L =C6=> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: O2;5=85 >3=5==>5, ?>B><C =C6=> ?@8CG8BLAO 4C<0BL >3=5==>. 07@565=85 ?;>B=>3> D878G5A:>3> B5;0 =C6=> ?>=8<0BL B>65 A 4CE>2=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, 81>, ?@51K20O 2 ?;>B=>< B5;5, 2A5 65 <>6=> =5 CO2;OBL ?;>B=>AB8. 3=8 9>3, :>B>@K9 ?@>H5; G5@57 >3=5==>5 :@5I5=85 8 >3=5==CN B@0=A<CB0F8N, =5 ?@51K205B 1>;LH5 2 ?;>B=>< B5;5. 1> :>340 B5;> ?@>?CA:05B >3=5==K5 B>:8, 2AO 53> ACI=>ABL <5=O5BAO. A=>20=85 MB>3> >?KB0 >3=5==>9 B@0=A<CB0F88 F5=B@>2 5ABL MB> @07@565=85. >=5G=>, B>;L:> B>=:><C 4>ABC?=> B>=:>5, 8 =0C:0 1C4CI53> 1C45B 87CG0BL B5;> B>=:>5. A5 2>7@0AB0NI85 >3=5==K5 O2;5=8O, CAB@5<;OO 4CE 2 2KAH85 <8@K, 45;0NB AD5@K 75<=K5 BO6:8<8. 0?><=8<, GB> B>=:>5 4>ABC?=> ;8HL B>=:><C, 8 ?>GB8< 25;8:CN <0B5@L 3=8 >38. . ., III, 174. ">: >3=5==K9 <>65B 0AA8<8;8@>20BLAO ;8HL A @07@565==K< >@30=87<><. 8HL >3=5==>5 A5@4F5 <>65B ?@8>1I8BLAO : A5@4FC >A<>A0. "& K A?@0H8205B5  :0: ?>=OBL 2 ". !. ." A;>20: "1> 4520 <8@0 >:>=G8;0 ?>:@>2 4CE0". >=5G=>, <>6=> ?>=OBL 8 B0:, :0: K ?>=8<05B5 MB>, 81> 459AB28B5;L=> 2 =0ABC?0NI59 H5AB>9 @0A5 B:0=8 1C4CB CB>=G0BLAO, 8 @07@56820BLAO, 8 1;878BLAO : CB>=G5=8N 0AB@0;0. =B5@5A=>, GB> MB>B ?@>F5AA @07@565=8O B:0=59 8 @07C?;>B=5=8O D878G5A:>3> B5;0 C:070= 2 4@52=59H59 8B09A:>9 <548F8=5. "0: =07K205<K9 0A:5B87< 4;O MB>3> 8<5; 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85. >, :>=5G=>, :0: 2A5 =0A8;LAB25==>5, =5 4020; 65;05<KE @57C;LB0B>2" [2, A. 144]. . ., III, 221. @8 701>;520=88 D878G5A:><, :>=5G=>, MD8@=>5 B5;> >G5=L >A;01;O5BAO, 8 B>;L:> ?@8 >3=5==KE F5=B@0E >=> >AB05BAO <>I=K<. -B> >1JOA=O5B, ?>G5<C ;N48, O2;ONI85 687=L ;8HL =87H8E F5=B@>2, B0: AB@0H0BAO A<5@B8. CE >3=5==K9 O2;O5B @04>ABL, >B@060O >3=5< B5<=K5 O2;5=8O. CE8 =87H85 GCNB A2>5 @07>1I5=85 A 0AB@0;>< 87-70 ?>2@5645=8O MD8@=>3> B5;0. . ., III, 297. !2O7L <564C D878G5A:8<8 8 0AB@0;L=K<8 F5=B@0<8 =0AKI05BAO =0?@O65==>9 B@0=A<CB0F859 ?@8 687=8. $C=:F88 =0 >1>8E ?;0=0E O2;ONB 548=AB2>, @07=8F0 A>AB>8B ;8HL 2 B>9 A0<>45OB5;L=>AB8, :>B>@0O ?@>O2;O5BAO F5=B@0<8 =0 :064>< ?;0=5. &5=B@K B@0=A<CB8@>20==K5 =0?@O30NB F5=B@K B>=:>3> B5;0. > 2 B> 65 2@5<O, :>340 F5=B@K @01>B0NB 2 >3=5==>< =0?@O65=88 =0 75<=>< ?;0=5, 0AB@0;L=K5 F5=B@K 8<5NB 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>AK;0BL B>=:>5 B5;> 2 3=5==K9 8@. ICI5=85 1>;59 O2;O5BAO =0 0AB@0;L=>< ?;0=5 8 =0 <5=B0;L=><, => ;8HL 2 =0G0;5 2>AE>645=8O. >B>< :064K9 F5=B@, A>E@0=OO A2O7L A D878G5A:8< B5;><, <>65B DC=:F8>=8@>20BL, =0?@O30OAL 2 4@C38E AD5@0E,  =0ABC?05B @0745;5=85 B5;, >A2>1>640O B>=:>5 B5;> >B 1>;59; D878G5A:85 65 1>;8 A>>B25BAB2CNB B2>@G5A:><C =0?@O65=8N 0AB@0;L=KE F5=B@>2. "0: <8@K 459AB2CNB 2> 2708<=>< =03=5B5=88. 0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==><C CB25@48<AO 2 >3=5==>9 B@0=A<CB0F88. . ., III, 299. 1<5= M=5@389 <>65B 1KBL O2;5= G5;>25G5A:>9 2>;59. 01;N45=8O =04 >@30=87<>< <>3CB 40BL @57C;LB0BK 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88. @8 MB>< =C6=> 7=0BL A>AB>O=85 8 A>72CG85 F5=B@>2 4;O 4>AB865=8O @57C;LB0B>2. C6=> ?@5645 2A53> 87CG8BL =0?@O65=85 F5=B@>2, 81> =0?@O65=85 MB8E F5=B@>2 5ABL <>I=K9 0::C<C;OB>@. 1<5= M=5@389 4>;65= ?@8=5AB8 >B:@KB85 :064>3> CAB@5<;5=8O. /2;5=85 >3=5==KE M=5@389 A>>B25BAB2C5B :>A<8G5A:8< ?5@52>@>B0<.  :0640O M?>E0 8<55B A2>8 O2;5==K5 7=0:8 A>72CG89 <564C <0:@>:>A<>< 8 <8:@>:>A<><. >=5G=>, B>=:>5 2>A?@8OB85 M=5@389 >B7K205BAO =0 A>7=0=88 8 =0 2A5< >@30=87<5. >=5G=>, MB>B >1<5= M=5@389 8<55B 2 >A=>20=88 >3=5==>5 A>7=0=85, O2;ONI55AO 725=>< 8 <03=8B><. . ., III, 300. -B>B >1<5= M=5@389 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =0 2A5 DC=:F88 >@30=87<0. -B>B @53C;OB>@ =0AKI05B 8 @0A?@545;O5B :>A<8G5A:85 M=5@388. ICI5=8O 2> 2@5<O 75<;5B@OA5=89 =5 5ABL B>;L:> >B72C: >A<8G5A:>3> 3=O, => 8<5==> >1<5= M=5@389. "2>@G5AB2> >3=5==KE F5=B@>2 CB25@6405B A>B@C4=8G5AB2> A0<>5 <>I=>5. >B><C =03=5B5=85, B>A:0 8 B0:65 GC2AB2> >BACBAB28O C:07K20NB =0 >1<5= B2>@G5A:8E M=5@389. @>AB@0=AB2> =0?>;=5=> A59G0A @07;8G=K<8 O2;5=8O<8 AB@>8B5;LAB20. 065 B@C4=> ?@54AB028BL A515, :0: >3=5==0O <KA;L 3=8 9>30 ?@>=8:05B 2 A;>8 ?@>AB@0=AB25==K5. AB8==>, >3=5==>5 A5@4F5 AB@>8B A0<K<8 >3=5==K<8 A?>A>10<8. "0: =0AKI5==>5 A5@4F5 405B >3=5==>5 AB@>8B5;LAB2>. . ., III, 301. 0A?@545;5=85 M=5@389 2 >@30=87<5 ?@8=>A8B @02=>25A85 ?@8 7=0=88, :0: @07<5I0BL A>7=0B5;L=> ?@8;82K A8;. ">:8 <>3CB =0?@O30BL B>B 8;8 8=>9 F5=B@, >1;040NI89 =0?;K2>< M=5@389, :>B>@K5 <>3CB CAB@5<8BL >3=5==K9 28E@L : >1;0AB8 F5=B@0, =C640NI53>AO 2 =0AKI5=88. KE0=85 A;C68B B0:8< @53C;OB>@>< ?@8 C<5=88 B>=:> >1@0I0BLAO A D;N840<8 ?@0=K. /2;5=85 @53C;OF88 2 >@30=87<5 =C6=> AG8B0BL >4=8< 87 3;02=KE CA;>289 @02=>25A8O. "0: ?@8 >1<5=5 M=5@389 CB25@6405BAO =C6=0O @53C;OF8O D;N84>2 8 281@0F89. . ., III, 355. "5;0 B@0=A<CB8@CNBAO :064>5 ?> A2>59 ACI=>AB8. "0: 65 :0: D878G5A:>5 B5;> B@0=A<CB8@C5B 8 CB>=G05B :@>2L =0 ?@>BO65=88 M2>;NF88, B0: 8 B>=:>5 B5;> B@0=A<CB8@C5B A2>N A>>B25BAB2CNICN ACI=>ABL. !2O7L <564C MB8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8 >A>15==> 206=> >B<5B8BL, 81> 2 ?@>F5AA5 B@0=A<CB0F88 B5; 4>AB8305BAO A>>B=>H5=85, :>B>@>5 B0: >3=5==> :>>?5@8@C5B A ?@>AB@0=AB2><. A;8 2 =0G0;5 ?@>F5AA0 B@0=A<CB0F88 D878G5A:>5 B5;> =0?@O305B F5=B@K B>=:>3> B5;0, B> ?>A;5 =0AKI5=8O F5=B@>2 >3=5< B>=:>5 B5;> 8<55B 2;0ABL =04 D878G5A:8<. -B>B >3=5==K9 ?@>F5AA ?5@5;8205B ?A8E8G5A:CN M=5@38N 87 B5;0 2 B5;>. >IL B>=:>3> B5;0 ?@54AB02;O5B ?0=0F5N =0 D878G5A:>< ?;0=5. >=5G=>, GC2AB2> B@0=A<CB0F88 @07=8BAO =0 ?;0=0E D878G5A:>< 8 B>=:><, 81> GC2AB20 7028AOB >B =0?@O65=8O AD5@. G8I5=85 <0B5@88 8 4CE0 B0:65 ?@>8AE>48B ;8HL >3=5==K<8 M=5@38O<8 8 F5=B@0<8, =0?@O65==K<8 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>< 8A:C?;5=88. 8@ 3=5==K9 B0: 4>ABC?5= A>7=0=8N, 7=0NI5<C A2O7L A ?@>AB@0=AB25==K< 3=5<. . ., III, 359. #:@5?;5=85 B>=:>3> B5;0 B0: A>>B25BAB2C5B :064><C 2>72KH5==><C ?>@K2C. ">=:>5 B5;> 70:;NG05B 2 A515 2A5 4CE>2=K5 F5=B@K, A>7=0B5;L=>5 ?8B0=85 53> <>65B 40BL 1>;LH85 2>7<>6=>AB8. !CI=>ABL B>=:>3> B5;0 7028A8B >B MB8E 4CE>2=KE =0AKI5=89. >;L70 >B MB8E ?8B0=89 <>65B 1KBL 25;8:0O 4;O D878G5A:>3> B5;0. 064K9 ?>@K2 4CE0 C:@5?;O5B F5=B@K B>=:>3> B5;0, =0>1>@>B, :064K9 F5=B@ D878G5A:>3> B5;0, :>B>@K9 =0AKI05BAO =87H8<8 M=5@38O<8, @07@CH05B >3=5==K5 F5=B@K. ">=:>5 B5;> =C6405BAO 2 4CE>2=>< ?8B0=88. >AB>O==0O A2O7L <564C B5;0<8 <>65B, B0:8< >1@07><, CB25@48BL A>7=0B5;L=K9 >1<5= M=5@38O<8. 0 ?CB8 : 8@C 3=5==><C >A>7=05< =0ACI=>ABL A2O78 <564C B5;0<8. . ., III, 405. A8E8G5A:0O M=5@38O =0?@O305B F5=B@K ?@8 8E B@0=A<CB0F88. !>AB>O=85 =0?@O65=8O 2 >4=>< F5=B@5, :>=5G=>, C<5=LH05B ?@8;82 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388 : 4@C38< F5=B@0<, ?>B><C 8 >ICI5=85 =5C@02=>25A8O. > ?>A;5 :064>9 B@0=A<CB0F88 =0?;K2 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388 <>I=55. /2;5=85 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388 ?@8>1@5B05B >A>1>5 :0G5AB2> ?>A;5 B@0=A<CB0F88. @8:>A=>25=85 : :>A<8G5A:8< >3=O< 8<55B <>I=>5 2>7459AB285, 8 ?A8E8G5A:0O M=5@38O ?>425@305BAO 1>;LH5<C =0?@O65=8N. -B> :0G5AB2> ?>72>;O5B 4CEC ?>;L7>20BLAO ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@3859 A>7=0B5;L=> ?@8 ?>AK;:0E. "0: =0?@O65=85 F5=B@>2 O2;O5BAO 25;8:>9 B@0=A<CB0F859 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388. . ., III, 406. 0AKI5=85 F5=B@>2 3=5< 2KAH8< =0?@O305B ?A8E8G5A:CN M=5@38N. >340 3>=L F5=B@>2 1CHC5B, ?A8E8G5A:0O M=5@38O B>65 =0E>48BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 2KAH53> =0?@O65=8O. #@02=>25A85 MB8E >3=5==KE A8; ?>A;5 B@0=A<CB0F88 405B =>2>5 2>7665=85 F5=B@>2. @>F5AA =03=5B5=8O ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388 845B A>>B25BAB25==> A B@0=A<CB0F859. &5=B@K A>18@0NB 2 A515 :@8AB0;;K ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388, :>B>@K5 CB25@640NB <>IL B@0=A<CB0F88. 3=8 9>3 O2;O5B <>I=>5 =03=5B5=85 M=5@388, :>B>@0O B2>@8B A>>B25BAB25==> A O2;5==K< ?@>AB@0=AB25==K< 3=5<. !>:@>28I5 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388 <>65B A>740BL ?0=0F5N <>I=CN. !>7=0=85, ?><>30NI55 CAB@5<;OBL 4CE : B@0=A<CB0F88 F5=B@>2, O2;O5B >3=5==>5 459AB2>. . ., III, 415. 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"0: :0: 87;CG5=8O A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O ?@>E>4OB G5@57 2A5 F5=B@K, B>, 2@0I0OAL, ;CG8 A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O ?@>=70NB 2A5 F5=B@K, O2;OO ?8B0=85 8 >1J548=5=85 ?@>G8E F5=B@>2 >4=>9 >3=5==>9 M=5@3859. @0I5=85 F5=B@0 A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O <>65B B0:65 :>>@48=8@>20BL @07;8G=K5 M=5@388, =03=5B0O :0: 1K >48= F5=B@, :>B>@K9 >A>15==> =C6405BAO 2 =0AKI5=88 8;8 C:@5?;5=88. 7;CG5=8O A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O ?@8 MB>< :0: 1K :0A0NBAO 2=5H=59 >:@C6=>AB8 703@048B5;L=>9 A5B8. @8 ?>AK;:0E M=5@388 2 >?@545;5==>5 <5AB> 2A5 87;CG5=8O A>18@0NBAO :0: 1K 2 :>=8G5A:CN A?8@0;L, 8 2A5 A=0@O4K 84CB 2 ?@>AB@0=AB2> A?8@0;L=>. "0: DC=:F88 A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O B0: 65 <=>3>G8A;5==K, :0: 8 53> 87;CG5=8O, O2;OOAL B0:65 <>I=K< @53C;OB>@>< M=5@389, 8AE>4OI8E >B 2A5E F5=B@>2. ?8BK20O :>A<8G5A:85 >3=5==K5 M=5@388, F5=B@ A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O @0A?@545;O5B ?> B5< =03=5B5=8O<, :>B>@K5 ?@8ACI8 F5=B@0<. . ., III, 611. /2;5=85 3;07 <>65B 1KBL >B;8G=K< 7=0:>< 3=5==>3> 8@0. 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"0: 65 :0: 459AB2C5B 703@048B5;L=0O A5BL 2>:@C3 B5;0, B0: 65 459AB2C5B 8 D>E0B8G5A:0O A5BL. !2O7L <564C 703@048B5;L=>9 A5BLN 8 D>E0B8G5A:>9 A>AB>8B 87 B5E 65 >3=5==KE A?8@0;59, :>B>@K5 8AE>4OB >B =54@ F5=B@>2. $>E0B8G5A:0O A5BL 8<5==> O2;O5BAO B5< <03=8B=K< B5;><, :>B>@>5 4CE ?@8 <>I=>< CAB@5<;5=88 8 =0?@O65=88 A?;5B05B 2>:@C3 2A5E O2;5=89, :>B>@K5 4CE 65;05B >3@048BL. "0: F5<5=B8@C5BAO ?@>AB@0=AB2> 8 :064>5 =0?@O65==>5 459AB285, 84CI55 A :>A<8G5A:8< <03=8B><. . ., III, 274. >B><C A5@4F5 ?;0<5==>5 <>65B CB25@640BL :064>5 O2;5=85. 1> O2;5==K9 <03=8B A5@4F0 ?@8BO38205B D>E0B8G5A:85 8A:@K. >B><C A5@4F5, :>B>@>5 B2>@8B 2> 8<O :>A<8G5A:>3> ?@020, 8<55B BC <>I=CN A8;C, A>18@05B D>E0B8G5A:85 8A:@K 8 >1;5:05B 8<8 B5 O2;5=8O, :>B>@K5 =0?@O30NBAO 4;O B2>@G5AB20. -B>B <03=8B A;8B>3> A5@4F0 B2>@8B =0 2A5E ?;0=0E. >B><C 0H5 !5@4F5 B2>@8B B0: >3=5==>. ABL A5@4F5, :>B>@>5 <>65B 2<5AB8BL :064CN CB25@645==CN AB5?5=L 3=O. "0:>5 A5@4F5 <>65B CB25@640BLAO ;8HL :>A<8G5A:8< ?@02><. !5@4F5, ?>7=02H55 :>A<8G5A:>5 ?@02>, 8<55B 2A5 >3=8. . ., III, 276. 7 D>E0B8G5A:8E 8A:@ BO=CBAO @07;8G=K5 =8B8 8 :0=0;K ?5@540G8, ?> :>B>@K< B>=:85 M=5@388 <>3CB CAB@5<;OBLAO 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25. $>E0B8G5A:85 8A:@K, ?@8<5=5==K5 >3=5==K< A>7=0=85<, ?@8=8<0NB 8 A>18@0NB, 81> >=8 =0AKI5=K >3=5==K<8 M<0=0F8O<8 4CE0 8 A5@4F0. -B8 B>:8 <>3CB ?@>B82>AB0BL 2A5< ?@>AB@0=AB25==K< CA8;8O<, 81> =0?@O30NBAO >3=5==>9 2>;59. !:070=>: ">4=O2H89 <5G >B <5G0 ?>381=5B". <5==> =5 >B <5G0 4CE0, => >B @07@CH0NI53> <5G0, 8<O :>B>@><C  7;>AB=>5 CAB@5<;5=85 A0<>AB8. >B><C 4CE, =0AKI5==K9 >3=5< G8AB>3> A5@4F0, 7=05B, :0: ?5@5?;5B0NBAO D>E0B8G5A:85 8A:@K 2 >A<>78A5. >=5G=>, ?@8 B0:>< A;8O=88 B>:8 4CE0 =0?@O30NBAO A0<8<8 B>=:8<8 M=5@38O<8, :>B>@K5 B0: B>=:> 459AB2CNB =0 F5=B@K, GB> D878G5A:>5 =0?@O65=85 4065 =5 >ICB8<> 4;O 2>A?@8OB8O >3=5==>3> ;CG0. <5==> MB8 B>=G09H85 M=5@388 B2>@OB A0<CN >3=5==CN 2>A?@88<G82>ABL, 81> :064K9 F5=B@ >1J548=5= A A5@4F5< B>=G09H8<8 D;N840<8 8 2AO >3=5==0O <>IL F5=B@>2 ?@>8AE>48B >B A8;K ?5@5?;5B5=8O >A<>78A><. "0: :064K9 87 F5=B@>2 2 =0H8E B5;0E >1<5=8205BAO B2>@G5A:8< >A<>78A><. -B>B >1<5= 8<55B A0<>5 <>I=>5 B2>@G5AB2>. 3=5==K9 ;CG CB25@6405B 2A5 2>7459AB28O. 0: A2OBK5 <K 2A5 548=K D>E0B8G5A:8<8 8A:@0<8. <5==> D>E0B8G5A:85 8A:@K <>3CB ?@>B82>AB0BL @07@CH0NI5<C <5GC. "0<, 345 3@C1K9 D878G5A:89 <5G, B0< 8 3815;L. > 2KA>: 8 =5CO728< <5G 4CE0, 81> A =8< A8;K =515A=K5. 9. I5 @07 > ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388 C< 2 A2>5< A>72CG88 =0?><8=05B > B>9 65 M=5@388, :>B>@0O 2 A>:@>25==>AB8, 2 >3=5 <KA;8 ?@5B2>@O5B A0<K5 25;8:85 2>7<>6=>AB8. "C<" "B;>65=85 15AA>7=0B5;L=>3> >3=O 5ABL >?@545;5=85 B>3> 65 25I5AB20 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388, ?>B><C 8 <CA:CA <>65B 1KBL =0720= MB8< >3=5<. $>AD>@ 4CE0  B>65 >4=> 87 =08<5=>20=89 2A5 B>9 65 ?A8E8G5A:>9 M=5@388.  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