ࡱ>    `wbjbjss80 ("""8ZV4{$)h5222j2222 p(0""j2R<K0{2ApjA2A2 Z@2F4z"X{D  >15@B (5@<0=, >@<0= $@54<0= !" #"#  + "% ! " . #!". 2B>@878@>20==K9 ?5@52>4 A 0=3;89A:>3> :0=4840B0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: ..(0?8@>  !  E>45 @07;8G=>3> @>40 ?@0:B8G5A:8E :>=D5@5=F89 8 B@5=8=3>2, <K AB0;:8205<AO A 1>;LH8< G8A;>< 70?@>A>2 =0 8=D>@<0F8N B8?0 "0: MB> A45;0BL", A2O70==>9 A 4803=>AB8:>9 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 8=B5@25=F859. C40 2K 1C45B5 42830BLAO 40;LH5 ?>A;5 >:>=G0=8O C=8:0;L=>9 8 =0?>;=5==>9 4@0<0B8G5A:8<8 45<>=AB@0F8O<8 <0AB5@A:>9 0AB5@0? 0: 4>1820BLAO B>3>, GB>1K C :;85=B>2 2>7=8:0;8 ?>78B82=K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 87<5=5=8O - MB> 25AL<0 =5?@>AB>, 5A;8 A5@L57=> ?>4E>48BL : B0:>9 @01>B5. ;O ;N1>9 40==>9 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL <=>3> @07=KE <5B>4>2. >=5G=> E>@>H> >B:@K20BL =>2K5 <5B>4K, => A>2A5< =5 >1O70B5;L=> ?5@5>B:@K20BL C65 ACI5AB2CNI85, C4>1=K5 8 >?@02402H85 A51O B5E=8:8. C@=>5 @0728B85 A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88, 0 B0:65 A8AB5<K >1@07>20=8O 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 AB8<C;8@C5B 8=B5@5A : ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8< B5E=8:0< - : 8E =0CG=K< >1>A=>20=8O<, : @07@01>B:5 =>2KE B5E=8: 8 : M:A?5@8<5=B8@>20=8N A =8<8. 5:>B>@K5 =>2K5 40==K5 ?> B5E=8:0< C65 >?C1;8:>20=K, 8=K5 - ?> @07=K< ?@8G8=0< - 5I5 =5B. @>8AE>4OI89 A59G0A =0AB>OI89 27@K2 8=B5@5A0 : @07@01>B:5 8=AB@C<5=B0@852 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 A2O70= A> A;54CNI8<8 D0:B>@0<8: 1. ;O >1I5AB20 2 F5;>< >G5=L 206=> ?@5?OBAB2>20BL @0720;C AC?@C65A:8E 8 2=CB@8A5<59=KE >B=>H5=89, A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?@5>4>;5=8N B@C4=>AB59 <56;8G=>AB=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 2 A5<L5. 2. >7@>A;> G8A;> ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2, 8<5NI8E 45;> A ?@>D8;0:B8:>9 8 :>@@5:F859 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E ?@>1;5<, B0: 8;8 8=0G5 A2O70==KE A @0728B85< G5;>25:0 2 A5<L5. 3. !?5F80;8ABK 2 >1;0AB8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 ?KB0NBAO ?>;CG8BL ?@87=0=85 8 ?>4B25@48BL A2>N :><?5B5=B=>ABL A> AB>@>=K 3>AC40@AB25==KE AB@C:BC@ 8 >1I5AB20, 2K42830O AB0=40@BK 4;O >1CG5=8O, A5@B8D8:0F88 ?@0:B8G5A:8E @01>B=8:>2, 0 B0:65 AB@>3>3> >?@545;5=8O B5E CA;>289, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@KE ?@>8AE>48B ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA. 4. =>385 ?A8E>;>38-8AA;54>20B5;8 A5<L8 AB@5<OBAO : B><C, GB>1K ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL MDD5:B82=>ABL 8 20;84=>ABL A2>8E A>1AB25==KE B5>@89, 0 B5E=8:8 8A?>;L7CNB 745AL 2 :0G5AB25 A@54AB20 4;O ?>4B25@645=8O ?@0:B8G5A:>9 F5==>AB8 2K428305<KE :>=F5?F89. A5 1>;55 2>7@0AB05B G8A;> A?5F80;8AB>2, ?>;CG82H8E ?>43>B>2:C 2 >1;0AB8 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, => 2:;NG0NI8E 2 A2>N ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL @01>BC A A5<LO<8 8 AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8, 0 ?>B><C 8ICI8E ?@0:B8G5A:85 <5B>4K 8 8=AB@C<5=BK, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K 8< ?><>GL 2 @01>B5. &5;L 40==>9 :=838 - >15A?5G8BL 548=K9 C4>1=K9 8AB>G=8:, : :>B>@><C A<>3;8 1K >1@0B8BLAO ?@0:B8:8, 8AA;54>20B5;8 8 ABC45=BK 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL 2A5>1J5<;NICN 8=D>@<0F8N, >B25G0NICN 8E 0:BC0;L=K< ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K< ?>B@51=>ABO< ?> B5E=8:0< 8 8=AB@C<5=B0< A5<59=>9 B5@0?88.  1-9 3;025 @0AA<0B@8205BAO ?@>F5AA A>740=8O B5E=8:, ?@>F54C@K 2K1>@0 8E, 405BAO >17>@ @0728B8O MB>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=8O, 0=0;878@C5BAO ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?>;57=>ABL 4>ABC?=KE 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 8AB>G=8:>2 ?> A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88. !> 2-9 ?> 7-N 3;02C 2=8<0=8N G8B0B5;59 ?@54;030NBAO A?5F80;L=K5 B5E=8:8 4;O 4803=>AB8:8 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:8E 8=B5@25=F89. 05BAO >1>A=>20=85 8 >?8A0=85 MB8E B5E=8: 8 2E>4OI8E 2 =8E ?@>F54C@, 0 B0:65 ?@8<5@K 8E 8A?>;L7>20=8O. 1AC640NBAO B0:65 =5:>B>@K5 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@8<5=5=8O :>=:@5B=>9 ?@54;0305<>9 <5B>48:8, 40NBAO 181;8>3@0D8G5A:85 8AB>G=8:8, 87 :>B>@KE <>6=> ?>;CG8BL 1>;55 3;C1>:CN 8=D>@<0F8N > =8E.  MB8E 3;020E G8B0B5;L =0945B AB>;L @07;8G=K5 <5B>48:8 :0: "A5<59=0O A:C;L?BC@0", "35=>3@0<<0", "2>A?><8=0=8O", "AC?@C65A:0O :>=D5@5=F8O 8 A5<59=K9 A>25B", "@5D@59<8=3", "?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 :>=B@?0@04>:A", 8 B.4. A5 ?A8E>B5E=8:8, ?@54AB02;5==K5 2 40==>9 :=835, @0745;5=K =0 H5ABL 1>;LH8E :0B53>@89. 0640O 3;020 ?>A2OI5=0 >4=>9 87 MB8E :0B53>@89 - =0?@8<5@, "$0=B078O 8 >>1@065=85", "!B@C:BC@=K5 %>4K"8 B.4.. K E>@>H> >B405< A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> ?@54AB02;5==K5 ?A8E>B5E=8:8 O2;ONBAO 25AL<0 A8;L=K< >@C485< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8 A5<LO< 8 AC?@C65A:8< ?0@0<, =>, 2<5AB5 A B5<, :0: 2AO:0O "H:0BC;:0 D>:CA=8:0", >=8 =C640NBAO 2 045:20B=>< 8A?>;L7>20=88. 0640O ?A8E>B5E=8:0 1K;0 A>740=0 2 :>=B5:AB5 >?@545;5==>9 B5>@88, A 55 ?><>ILN 02B>@K ?KB0;8AL 4>AB8GL A?5F8D8G5A:8E F5;59 ?> >B=>H5=8N : :0:>9-B> :>=:@5B=>9 :C;LBC@=>9 A@545. >;L7>20B5;L <5B>48:8 4>;65= G5B:> >B4020BL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, ?>G5<C >=0 / A F5;LN C?@>I5=8O, 2 MB>9 :=835 <K 8A?>;L7C5< <5AB>8<5=85 ">=0" 3;02=K< >1@07>< ?@8 >1@0I5=88 : ?>=OB8N "B5@0?52B" 8 <5AB>8<5=85 ">=" ?@8 >1@0I5=88 : ?>=OB8N ":;85=B"/ ?@8<5=O5B 8<5==> 40==K9 8=AB@C<5=B0@89 4;O @5H5=8O >?@545;5==>9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 7040G8, CG8BK20BL A?5F8D8G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 :;85=B>2 8 ?@542845BL 2>7<>6=K5 A;54AB28O 55 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 :064>< :>=:@5B=>< A;CG05. 0640O :0B53>@8O ?A8E>B5E=8: >1AC6405BAO 2 :@0B:>< B5>@5B8G5A:>< 22545=88, :>B>@>5 B0:65 405B =5:>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O > A?5:B@5 2>7<>6=KE >1;0AB59 8E 8A?>;L7>20=8O. @54AB02;5==K5 >?8A0=8O B5E=8: O2;ONB A>1>9 >B=N4L =5 >:>=G0B5;L=K5, 0 =5:85 @01>G85 25@A88 8 ?@8=F8?80;L=> =5 <>3CB 2:;NG0BL 2 A51O 2A5 B>=:>AB8 ?>4 C3;>< 7@5=8O ;N1KE 2>7<>6=KE :>=:@5B=KE A;CG052. ">, :0: 25AB8 A51O 2 :064>9 :>=:@5B=>9 A8BC0F88 A>AB02;O5B >B25BAB25==>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. @><5 B>3>, ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 ;N1>9 40==>9 ?A8E>B5E=8:8 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B 2@5<5==>9 0A?5:B 8 B>, :0:8< >1@07>< >=0 405BAO :;85=B0<. !;54C5B B0:65 8<5BL 2284C, GB> ?A8E>B5E=8:0 O2;O5BAO 2A53> ;8HL >@C485<, A@54AB2>< 8 55 MDD5:B82=>ABL 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 7028A8B >B B>3> <0AB5@0, :>B>@K9 55 8A?>;L7C5B.  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O ?@>87>H;8 >3@><=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 40==>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=8O - 2>7@>A;> :0: :>;8G5AB2> B5E=8:, B0: 8 8E :0G5AB2>, GB> O2;O5BAO @57C;LB0B>< 8=B5=A82=>3> >1<5=0 845O<8 2 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE ?5@8>48G5A:8E 8740=8OE, =0 :>=D5@5=F8OE, 2 @07=>3> @>40 F5=B@0E 87CG5=8O 8 ?><>I8 A5<L5, 2 C=825@A8B5B0E. >;LH8=AB2> <5B>48:, :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;5=K 2 MB>9 :=835, >B=N4L =5 O2;ONBAO AB0=40@B878@>20==K<8. >MB><C ?@8 8E 8A?>;L7>20=88 >AB05BAO >G5=L <=>3> 2>7<>6=>AB59 4;O B2>@G5AB20. 40?B0F8O 8 <>48D8:0F8O ?A8E>B5E=8: =5>1E>48<K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >=8 >B25G0;8 20H8< A>1AB25==K< ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K< ?>B@51=>ABO< 8 B5< @57C;LB0B0<, :>B>@K5 2K =0455B5AL ?>;CG8BL ?@8 8E C?>B@51;5=88. A;8 G8B0B5;8 A<>3CB A>>B=5AB8 A>45@60=85 MB>3> @C:>2>4AB20 A 8E A>1AB25==K<8 B5>@5B8G5A:8<8 ?@54?>GB5=8O<8 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:>9, 0 B0:65 CG8BK20BL >A>15==>AB8 A2>8E 0:BC0;L=KE 8;8 ?>B5=F80;L=KE :;85=B>2, B> @01>B0 A :=83>9 1C45B ?@54AB02;OBL A>1>9 459AB28B5;L=> B2>@G5A:89 ?@>F5AA.  8-9 3;025 40==>9 :=838 >1AC640NBAO ?CB8 40;L=59H53> @0728B8O B5E=8: A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88. 4=>9 87 206=KE B5=45=F89, :>B>@0O >B<5G05BAO 2 MB>9 3;025 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> 2A5 B5E=8:8, 2>>1I5 3>2>@O, A>740=K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A=OBL A>?@>B82;5=85 :;85=B>2 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 87<5=5=8O<. -B> ?@5645 2A53> :0A05BAO B5E=8:, >B=>AOI8EAO : :0B53>@88 ?0@04>:A0;L=KE 8=B5@25=F89. 0:>2K MB8G5A:85 @53C;OB82K 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 MB8E 8=AB@C<5=B0@852? !59G0A 2A5 H8@5 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 8A?>;L7CNBAO D0=B0788, <5B0D>@8G5A:85 B5E=8:8 8 38?=>7, 0 B0:65 2A5, GB> A2O70=> A ?@02K< ?>;CH0@85< <>730. -B8 B5=45=F88 >B@060NB :0@48=0;L=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 A0<>< ACI5AB25 A>2@5<5==>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88. 0H5 2@5<O - ?>-B2>@G5A:8 >A>15==>5 4;O B0:>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=8O :0: A5<59=0O B5@0?8O. K =0455<AO, GB> MB0 :=830 >B@0605B E>BO 1K =5:>B>@K5 3@0=8 MB>9 >A>15==>AB8. .(. .$.  1:!" #   !, "% 6>@46 - B5@0?52B, @01>B0NI89 A <8AB5@>< 8 <8AA8A $., :>B>@K5 =0E>4OBAO 2 ?>AB>O==>9 1>@L15 70 2;0ABL A @07=>>1@07=K<8 :>=D;8:B0<8 8 >65AB>G5=85< 2>7=8:0NI8E ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C. 6>@46 E>B5; 1K C<5=LH8BL =0?@O65==>ABL 2 MB>< ?@>B82>1>@AB25. = <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BL <=>65AB2> B5E=8:, 2 B>< G8A;5 "AC?@C65A:0O :>=D5@5=F8O", "AC?@C65A:0O E>@5>3@0D8O", "?>78B82=K9 >1<5=". ;0=0 - B5@0?52B, @01>B0NI89 A A5<L59 !. C4CG8 65=0BK C65 10 ;5B, AC?@C38 !. 8<5NB 42>8E 45B59-?>4@>AB:>2 >B ?@54K4CI8E 1@0:>2, :>B>@K5, :0: >=8 AG8B0NB, ">B18;8AL >B @C:". A8E>B5@0?52BC E>B5;>AL 1K =09B8 MDD5:B82=K5 ?CB8 C:@5?;5=8O ?>78F88 @>48B5;59 8 4>18BLAO :>>?5@0F88 A =8<8 A> AB>@>=K 45B59. ;O MB>3> >=0 <>65B 27OBL =0 2>>@C65=85 B0:85 ?A8E>B5E=8:8 :0: "A5<59=K9 !>25B", "A>;><5==0O 10H=O", 8;8 65 ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8. 0=8<0OAL AC?5@287>@A:>9 ?@0:B8:>9, <K 70<5B8;8, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52BK >1KG=> 1K20NB 2 A>AB>O=88 >?@545;8BL 045:20B=K5 F5;8 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0, => 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE =5 7=0NB :0:8< >1@07>< 4>AB8GL 8E. =D>@<0F8O, ?>;CG05<0O ?@8 @071>@5 :>=:@5B=KE A;CG052 =0 AC?5@287>@A:8E A5AA8OE, >B=N4L =5 70<5=O5B 4;O B5@0?52B>2 =5>1E>48<>AB8 >1@0I5=8O : 1>30BK< 70;560< B5E=8:, 87>1@5B5==KE 8E :>;;530<8. >;LH5 B>3>, A0<8 AC?5@287>@K =5 <>3CB 2K9B8 70 ?@545;K >3@0=8G5==>3> G8A;0 ?>=@0282H8EAO 8< B5E=8:, >A>15==> =0E>4OAL 2 >3@0=8G5==KE 2@5<5==KE @0<:0E. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 8<5BL 045:20B=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, :0: ?@>428305BAO 53> @01>B0, ;N1>9 @01>G89 =C6405BAO 2 7=0=88 >?@545;5==>3> :>;8G5AB20 0;LB5@=0B82=KE 8=AB@C<5=B0@852, A2O70==KE A E0@0:B5@>< 53> B@C4>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8.  @01>B5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, ?KB0NI53>AO ?@>8725AB8 B5 8;8 8=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 ?>2545=88 :;85=B0, MB> ?@8>1@5B05B 5I5 1>;55 206=K9 E0@0:B5@. %>BO 1>;LH8=AB2> B5:AB>2 ?> ?A8E>;>388 A5<L8, A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 8 A5<59=><C :>=AC;LB8@>20=8N 8;;NAB@8@C5BAO A;CG0O<8 87 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:8, 2A5 MB> >:07K205BAO A>2A5< =5 ?>E>68< =0 B>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 @50;L=>9 @01>B5 40==>3> :>=:@5B=>3> ?@>D5AA8>=0;0.  @57C;LB0B5, @01>B0NI5<C 2 :;8=8:5 =5>1E>48<> 87>1@5B0BL A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 ?>4E>4K 8 A?>A>1=>ABL : ?;0=8@>20=8N ?>4>1=>9 @01>BK >B;8G05B ?@>D5AA8>=0;0 >B @5<5A;5==8:0. =>385 :;8=8F8ABK >?8A0;8 B5 <5B>4K 8 8=AB@C<5=BK, :>B>@K5 8< C40;>AL 87>1@5AB8, ?@8G5< 1>;LH8=AB2> >?8A0=89 B5E=8: =8:>340 =5 1K;8 >?C1;8:>20=K. "0: MB> A45;0BL" - B5E=8:8 =5 B>645AB25==K A>45@68<><C AC=4CG:0 2>;H51=8:0 5I5 8 ?>B><C, GB> >=8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 BI0B5;L=> @07@01>B0==K5 ?;0=K 459AB289, >A=>20==K5 :0: =0 B5>@88, B0: 8 =0 =01;N45=8OE. 0640O B5E=8:0 8<55B >?@545;5==CN F5;L, 8 :0640O 4>;6=0 ?@8<5=OBLAO 2 >A>1KE, ?>4E>4OI8E 4;O =55 >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. "5>@5B8G5A:85 A>>1@065=8O 40==>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 8 :>=:@5B=K5 :;8=8G5A:85 >1AB>OB5;LAB20, 2 :>B>@KE >= @01>B05B, >?@545;ONB B>, :0:CN 8<5==> B5E=8:C =5>1E>48<> A59G0A 8A?>;L7>20BL, :>340 8 :0:8< >1@07><. "5E=8:8 ?> ACB8 45;0 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A@54AB20 ?5@52>40 8459 2 8E ?@0:B8G5A:>5 >ACI5AB2;5=85, A@54AB2>< >?5@0F8>=0;870F88 B5>@88. ;O B>3>, GB>1K ?><>GL G8B0B5;N 2 2K1>@5 B>9 8;8 8=>9 B5E=8:8, :0640O 3;020 A>45@68B B5>@5B8G5A:>5 22545=85 2 B>B @0745; B5E=8:, :>B>@K5 87;030BLAO 1C4CB =865 2 40==>9 3;025. ;8=8G5A:85 B5E=8:8 2:;NG0NB 2 A51O :0: AC1J5:B82=>ABL, B0: 8 =0CG=CN >1J5:B82=>ABL, A2O70==CN A> AB@>3>9 AB0B8AB8G5A:>9 AB0=40@B878@>20==>ABLN. @8G5< :064CN :>=:@5B=CN B5E=8:C <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL >4=>2@5<5==> 8 :0: ?A8E>4803=>AB8G5A:89 B5AB. 0?@8<5@, GB> 5ABL A>F8>3@0<<0 - B5AB 8;8 ?A8E>B5E=8:0? /2;O5BAO ;8 AB@C:BC@=K9 >?@>A=8:, :>B>@K9 =5 ?@>25@5= ?> :@8B5@8O< 20;84=>AB8 (>1>A=>20==>AB8) 8 =0456=>AB8, >4=0:> 8<55B :;8=8G5A:CN F5==>ABL, - O2;O5BAO ;8 >= B5E=8:>9 8;8 B5AB><? 0 MB8 2>?@>AK =5 ACI5AB2C5B C=825@A0;L=KE >B25B>2, ?>MB><C =865 <K ?@82>48< =0H5 A>1AB25==>5 >?@545;5=85 B>3>, GB> B0:>5 B5E=8:0. 'B> B0:>5 B5E=8:0? "5E=8:0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 "A8AB5<0B8G5A:CN ?@>F54C@C, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>9 @5H05BAO B0 8;8 8=0O :><?;5:A=0O 8;8 =0CG=0O 7040G0"().  40==>9 :=835 B5E=8:8 @0AA<0B@820NBAO :0: :><?;5:A=K5 E>4K, >?8A0=8O 8 ?@54;>65=8O, :>B>@K5 >ACI5AB2;ONBAO =5?>A@54AB25==> ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. E ?@8<5=5=85 ?@54?>;0305B, GB> :;85=B >ACI5AB2;O5B A5@8N 459AB289, MDD5:B>< :>B>@KE <>65B AB0BL 1>;LH55 ?>=8<0=85 53> 0:BC0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O, 0 B0:65 87<5=5=85 ?>A;54=53> 2 ?>78B82=CN AB>@>=C. @8G5< 2 MB>9 :=835 <K =5 @0AA<0B@8205< 2 :0G5AB25 B5E=8: B0:85 :@0B:85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 ?@>F54C@K :0: 87<5=5=85 ?>@O4:0, 2 :>B>@>< G;5=K A5<L8 A84OB, 548=8G=K9 2>?@>A, :>B>@K9 =5>1E>48<> 7040BL 2 =C6=K9 <><5=B A5AA88, 8;8 65 M<?0B8G5A:>5, ?>445@6820NI55 :;85=B0 70<5G0=85.  ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 >?8A0=> <=>65AB2> B5E=8:. !CI5AB2CNB 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> :=83 ?> A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, 2 =0720=88 :>B>@KE A>45@68BAO A;>2> "B5E=8:0". 064K9 B5>@5B8G5A:89 ?>4E>4 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 :0: ?@028;> 2:;NG05B 2 A51O =01>@ 87 6-12 3;02=KE B5E=8:, 8A?>;L7C5<KE ?@8 ?@8<5=5=88 MB>9 B5>@88. 0?@8<5@, 8=CE8=(1974,1981) >?8AK205B 2 45B0;OE ?@>F5AA "?@8A>548=5=8O", ?A8E>B5@0?52BK 04;5@80=A:>3> =0?@02;5=8O() - "2>A?><8=0=8O" 8 "A5<59=K9 A>25B", 0 ?@54AB028B5;8 "AB@0B538G5A:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88"() - @07;8G=K5 B8?K ?0@04>:A0;L=KE 8=B5@25=F89. ">, :0:8< >1@07>< 2 40==>< ?>A>188 87;0305BAO <0B5@80;, 53> :0B53>@80;L=>5 @0A?@545;5=85 ?> 3;020<, 4>;6=>, :0: <K =0455<AO, >15A?5G8BL 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O 2708<>>1>30I5=8O 8459 <564C ?@825@65=F0<8 @07;8G=KE A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:8E B5>@89. 0: 1K;8 87>1@5B5=K B5E=8:8? =B5@5A=> ?>@0AAC640BL > B><, :0:8< >1@07>< A>740NBAO 0=5:4>BK =0 7;>1C 4=O, 2 15AAG8A;5==KE 20@80=B0E @0A?@>AB@0=ONI85AO 2 A0<K5 @07;8G=K5 35>3@0D8G5A:85 B>G:8. 065BAO, B5E=8:8 2>7=8:0NB 8 @0A?@>AB@0=ONBAO B>G=> B0:65, ?@8 G5< 4>2>;L=> G0AB> 8E A>740B5;L >AB05BAO 2 =58725AB=>AB8, 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 :B>-B> =5 >?C1;8:C5B >4=C 8;8 =5A:>;L:> 25@A89 >@838=0;L=>9 8458. 4=0:>, ?>A:>;L:C B5E=8:8 =0E>4OBAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A >?@545;5==K<8 =0CG=K<8 7040G0<8, <>6=> 2KA:07K20BL, :>=5G=> A B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=LN 25@>OB=>AB8, ?@54?>;>65=8O > B><, 345 8 :5< >=8 1K;8 87>1@5B5=K. !>740B5;8 B5E=8: >1KG=> >BB0;:820NBAO >B >?@545;5==>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > G5;>25G5A:>< ?>2545=88: 5A;8 8<55B <5AB>  8 22>48BAO ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL A>1KB89  (B5E=8:0 ), B> 2 @57C;LB0B5 =0 2KE>45 ?>;CG05BAO !.  ?@>F5AA 40==>3> 2708<>459AB28O 2:;NG5=K <=>385 ?5@5<5==K5, :>B>@K<8 <>6=> >@30=87>20==> 8 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8 <0=8?C;8@>20BL - B0: A>740NBAO =>2K5 B5E=8:8 8 87<5=ONBAO C65 ACI5AB2CNI85. 0640O ?5@5<5==0O O2;O5BAO ?>B5=F80;L=> =5>1E>48<>9 A>AB02;ONI59 2 :>=AB@C8@>20=88 B5E=8:8. 7>1@5B5=85 B0:8E =>2KE B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 2>7<>6=>AB59 :0: 0C48>- 8 2845>A8AB5<K, >4=>AB>@>==55 75@:0;>, :><?NB5@K, B5;5D>==K5 A8AB5<K, A:>@>AB=K5 B@0=A?>@B=K5 A@54AB20 8 :>?8@>20;L=K5 <0H8=K 405B 4>?>;=8B5;L=K9 ?>B5=F80; 4;O @0728B8O =>2KE B5E=8:. A5 1>30BAB2> ;8B5@0BC@K, <C7K:8, B0=F0, 87>1@078B5;L=>3> 8 ?@8:;04=>3> 8A:CAAB20, B0:65 A>7405B 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 C2;5:0B5;L=K5 ?5@A?5:B82K. 865 ?@82545=K =5:>B>@K5 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 H8@>:> @0A?@>AB@0=5==K5 ?5@5<5==K5, 8A?>;L7C5<K5 4;O A>740=8O B5E=8:. 1. 0AH8@5=85 8;8 A>:@0I5=85 G8A;0 G;5=>2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K. -B> 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL A>740=8O B0:8E =>2KE 2>7<>6=>AB59 :0: :>-B5@0?8O, @0AH8@5==K5 A5<59=K5 3@C??K, 2AB@5G8 A @07;8G=K<8 A5<59=K<8 AC1A8AB5<0<, 2AB@5G8 A5<L8 A :><0=4>9 A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2, :>B>@0O A =59 @01>B05B. 2.7<5=5=85 2@5<5==KE @0<>: 2AB@5G 8;8 2@5<5==KE @0<>: @5H5=8O B5E 8;8 8=KE B5@0?52B8G5A:8E 7040G. C5AA88 <>3CB ?@>2>48BAO 2 ;N1>5 70D8:A8@>20==>5 2@5<O,?@>E>48BL A >B:@KBK< :>=F><, ?@>2>48BAO @07 2 =545;N 8;8 65 @07 2 <5AOF, <>3CB B0:65 70=8<0BL 25AL :>=5F =545;8. '8A;> A5AA89 <>65B 1KBL >3@0=8G5=> A?5F80;L=K< A>3;0H5=85< 8;8 65 1KBL >B:@KBK<. 3. 7<5=5=85 <5AB0, 2 :>B>@>< ?@>8AE>48B ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:0O 2AB@5G0. DD8A ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 4>< :;85=B0, H:>;0, >1I5AB25==K9 F5=B@, :C@>@B, F5@:>2L - 2A5 MB> ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 2>7<>6=K5 <5AB0 2AB@5G. 4. =5A5=85 87<5=5=89 2 A>2<5AB=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL A :;85=B0<8 8;8 22545=85 =>2>9 D>@<K 45OB5;L=>AB8. ;85=BK <>3CB 1KBL ?@83;0H5=K =0 >154, 8< <>65B 1KBL ?@54;>65=> ?>83@0BL 2 :0:CN-B> 83@C, =0@8A>20BL :0@B8=C, =0?8A0BL AC?@C65A:89 :>=B@0:B, @07K3@0BL ?L5AC, 8;8 ?>?KB0BLAO 87>1@078BL A5<LN 2 A:C;L?BC@5. 3@0=8G5=8O 2 0;LB5@=0B820E <>3CB 1KBL A2O70=K B>;L:> A ?@545;0<8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2>>1@065=8O. 5. 0459AB2>20=85 @07;8G=KE C@>2=59 A>7=0=8O 8 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BL @07;8G=K5 <KA;8B5;L=K5 DC=:F88, 1@0BL =0 2>>@C65=85 A=K, D0=B0788, 2>>1@065=85, <5B0D>@K. 548B0F8O 8 38?=>7 B0:65 =0E>4OBAO A@548 53> 2>7<>6=KE 2K1>@>2. 6. !B@C:BC@8@>20=85 >1@07F>2 :><<C=8:0F88. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?@54;>68BL 8;8 ?@54?8A0BL >?@545;5==K5 ?@028;0 >1I5=8O. >B =5:>B>@K5 ?@8<5@K: :B> 1C45B 3>2>@8BL A :5<, :>340, > G5<, 8 2 :0:>< ?>@O4:5.  :0G5AB25 ?@028; <>65B A;C68BL, =0?@8<5@, 8 ?@54;>65=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 :;85=BC 3>2>@8BL B>;L:> ?@> A0<>3> A51O, 8;8 65 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 704020BL 2>?@>AK ?> :@C3C B0:8< >1@07>< (F8@:C;O@=>5 8=B5@2LN ), GB>1K :064K9 3>2>@8; =5 > A515, 0 > 4@C38E. = B0:65 <>65B A:>=AB@C8@>20BL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:CN <>45;L >1I5=8O =0 >A=>25 "42>9=>9 A2O78". 7. 7<5=5=85 <5AB0 G;5=>2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K 8;8 8E @>;59. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B AB@5<8BLAO : B><C, GB>1K @515=>: ?5@5AB0; 83@0BL @>;L 27@>A;>3>, 8A:CAAB25==> D>@<8@>20BL @07;8G=K5 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 0;LO=AK, ?>445@6820BL @>48B5;59 2 8E @>;8, ?>445@6820BL AB@5<;5=85 ?>4@>AB:0 : 1>;LH59 =57028A8<>AB8 8 >B25BAB25==>AB8. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?@54;>68BL A5<L5 B0:>5 >1@0I5=85 @>;59 :0: =07=0G5=85 A25@E>B25BAB25==>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 @C:>2>48B5;5< 4><0H=8E @072;5G5=89 8;8 >1CG8BL ?0AA82=>3> 8=482840 1>;55 =0AB>9G82><C ?>2545=8N. 8. 7<5=5=85 AB8;O ?>2545=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 A :;85=B0<8. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B A;CH0BL, 704020BL 2>?@>AK, @5038@>20BL AB@>3> >?@545;5==K< >1@07><, 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL, ?>4K3@K20BL, 25AB8 70 A>1>9, A;54>20BL 70 :;85=B0<8, 2>72KA8BL, 8;8, =0>1>@>B, C=878BL :>3>-B>, ?>AB028BL =0 @02=5 A A>1>9, ?@87K20BL : A45@60==>AB8. =0 <>65B 1KBL M<?0B8G=>9, A>GC2AB2CNI59, <>65B ?>40BL A51O :0: 4>1@CN 8;8 :@CBCN, ?>445@6820NICN 8;8 B@51>20B5;L=CN. !;>6=K5 B5E=8:8 A>45@60B 2 A515 1>;LH55 G8A;> ?5@5<5==KE 8 B0:B8:. !B@C:BC@0 B5E=8:, 8 B>, :0:8< >1@07>< >=8 22>4OBAO, 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL =0< >?@545;5==K< >1@07>< A3@C??8@>20BL 8E. 0?@8<5@, B5E=8:8, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@KE ;568B 87<5=5=85 <5AB0 8;8 @>;8 G;5=0 A5<L8, <>6=> >B=5AB8 : :0B53>@88 "AB@C:BC@=KE H03>2". "5E=8:8, F5=B@8@>20==K5 2>:@C3 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 AB@C:BC@8@>20==KE 45OB5;L=>AB59 <>6=> >?@545;8BL :0: "?>2545=G5A:85". 5A><=5==> 2 B0:8E 3@C??8@>2:0E 5ABL 1>;LH>9 M;5<5=B ?@>872>;L=>AB8, >4=0:> <K ?>;0305<, GB> >=8 ?@8=>AOB >?@545;5==CN ?>;L7C. K1>@ 8 8A?>;L7>20=85 B5E=8: A;8 <KA;8BL F5;>AB=>, B> <>6=> A:070BL, GB> B5E=8:8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 G0ABL H8@>:> ?;0=8@C5<>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 08;CGH89 A?>A>1 8A?>;L7>20=8O B5E=8: - >ACI5AB28BL AB@0B538N, :>B>@0O >?@545;O;0AL 1K B5>@5B8G5A:8< 8 ?@0:B8G5A:8< ?>=8<0=85< A8BC0F88, 0 B0:65 B>9 F5;LN, : :>B>@>9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B AB@5<8BAO. "5E=8:8 >B18@0NBAO =0 >A=>25 :;8=8G5A:>9 8=BCF88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, :>B>@K9 ?>;0305B, GB> 8A?>;L7>20=85 8<5==> 40==>3> ?@85<0 C<5AB=> =0 MB>< MB0?5 @01>BK. ;8=8G5A:0O 8=BC8F8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 D>@<8@C5BAO =0 >A=>25 :0: ;>38G5A:8E, A>1AB25==>-=0CG=KE 70:;NG5=89, B0: 8 8=BC8B82=>3>, 2=5;>38G5A:>3> ?>=8<0=8O. K1>@ B5E=8: B0:8< >1@07>< ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =0C:C 8 8A:CAAB2> >4=>2@5<5==>. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> A>740B5;8 8 8740B5;8 B5E=8: >1KG=> @5:><5=4CNB :0: 8 ?@8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E 8E ?@8<5=OBL, 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 1KBL CA?5H=K< 2 @01>B5 A A5<LO<8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B =C6405BAO 2 B><, GB>1K GC2AB2>20BL A51O A2>1>4=> 2 B5>@5B8G5A:8E >1>A=>20=8OE B5E=8:, 0 B0:65 2 8E A>>B=5A5=88 A A>1AB25==K<8 ;8G=>AB=K<8 ?@54?>GB5=8O<8. 0?@8<5@, 5A;8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?> E0@0:B5@C <O3>:, 5<C 1C45B B@C4=> @01>B0BL =0 >A=>25 65AB:8E ?@54?8A0=89, 0 65AB:><C ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 2>7<>6=> ?@845BAO BC3> ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 ?@>65:B82=KE <5B>4>2. 0AA82=K5 ;N48 <>3CB 8A?KBK20BL B@C4=>AB8 A B5<8 8=AB@C<5=B0@8O<8, :>B>@K5 >@85=B8@>20=K =0 0:B82=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 8 =0>1>@>B. K G0AB> >G0@>2K205<AO, =01;N40O 2>>G8N @01>BC :>;;53, 8A?>;L7CNI8E :0:CN-B> >?@545;5==CN B5E=8:C 8 4>AB830NI8E ?@8 MB>< 87C<8B5;L=KE @57C;LB0B>2, ?@>A<0B@820O 70?8A8 C40G=KE A5AA89 =0 2845><03=8B>D>=5, 8;8 G8B0O 8E >?8A0=85 2 A?5F80;L=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. "5E=8:8 >1KG=> E>@>H> 2?8AK20NBAO :0: 2 ;8G=>ABL <0AB5@0, B0: 8 2 BC :>=:@5B=CN A8BC0F8N, 2 :>B>@>9 >= 55 ?@8<5=O5B. 4=0:> A;54C5B 2?>;=5 >B4020BL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> =5 2A5 <>3CB >ACI5AB2;OBL A B5E=8:0<8, B>, GB> =0 8E >A=>25 ?@>45;K20;8 8=CE8=, 0?? 8;8 !0B8@ 8 ?@8 MB>< 4>AB830BL B0:8E 65 1;5ABOI8E @57C;LB0B>2. 8G=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 2KABC?05B >?@545;ONI8< D0:B>@>< 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 B>9 8;8 8=>9 B5E=8:8. @><5 B>3>, A>740B5;8 B5E=8: @54:> A>>1I0NB > B5E A;CG0OE, 2 :>B>@KE 40==0O B5E=8:0 =5 A?>A>1AB2C5B 8;8 4065 ?@5?OBAB2C5B CA?5H=>AB8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. "5E=8:8 A>740NBAO 2 :0G5AB25 >@C489 4;O 4>AB865=8O >?@545;5==KE ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E F5;59.  >B;8G85 >B >1J5:B82=KE 8 AB0=40@B878@>20==KE 4803=>AB8G5A:8E B5AB>2, B5E=8:8 <>3CB ?@8<5=OBLAO B>;L:> A 4>AB0B>G=>9 381:>ABLN ?@8 045:20B=>9, 2A5>1J5<;NI59 8 B2>@G5A:>9 >F5=:5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< :>=:@5B=>9 :;8=8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88. <5AB5 A B5< :0:0O-B> >?@545;5==0O B5E=8:0, :>B>@0O ?>O28;0AL 2 @CA;5 :0:>9-B> :>=:@5B=>9 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 >@85=B0F88, 2?>;=5 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 A>2A5< 4@C3>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40. B:C40 <K ?>;CG05< 8=D>@<0F8N > B><, GB> B5E=8:0 459AB28B5;L=> @01>B05B? 81:>ABL B5E=8: A >4=>9 AB>@>=K ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 G@572KG09=> F5==>5 8E :0G5AB2>, A 4@C3>9 - O2;O5BAO ACI5AB25==K< =54>AB0B:><: B0: :0: 157 AB0=40@B870F88 =52>7<>6=> A 4>AB0B>G=>9 >?@545;5==>ABLN A:070BL, =0A:>;L:> E>@>H> B5E=8:0 @01>B05B. 2830OAL >B >4=>3> :;8=8G5A:>3> A;CG0O : 4@C3><C, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL BI0B5;L=> A;548BL 70 B5<, 4>AB830NBAO ;8 ?>AB02;5==K5 8< A?5F8D8G5A:85 F5;8 ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 B>9 8;8 8=>9 B5E=8:8. 0?@8<5@, 5A;8 ?>A;5 ?@8<5=5=8O <5B>48:8 "A5<59=0O A:C;L?BC@0", 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 2 A5<L5 ?5@5AB@0820NBAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB> C25;8G8205BAO @07=>>1@0785 <=5=89 8 CAB0=>2>: G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 2K@010BK20NBAO :0:85-B> =>2K5 A?>A>1K 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 :><<C=8:0F88, <>6=> CB25@640BL ( =5 AG8B0O, >4=0:> MB> 2?>;=5 4>:070==K< ), GB> 20O=85 A:C;L?BC@K A5<L8 >:070;> 2;8O=85 =0 40==K9 ?@>F5AA 8 A?>A>1AB2>20;> ?>78B82=K< 87<5=5=8O< 2 A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@5. >;CG0BL 8=D>@<0F8N > B><, GB> 40==0O B5E=8:0 459AB28B5;L=> @01>B05B <K <>65< 5I5 8 G5@57 =01;N45=85 A?5F8D8G5A:8E 87<5=5=89 2 ?>2545=88. 0?@8<5@, =0A:>;L:> G0AB> ?>O2;O5BAO :>=:@5B=K9 A8<?B>< 2 >?@545;5==K9 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8? 0A:>;L:> G0AB> =>2K9 ?>2545=G5A:89 >1@075F ?@>O2;O5BAO C 40==>3> G;5=0 A5<L8? 5038@C5B ;8 G;5= A5<L8 :0:-B> >A>15==> =0 A8BC0F8N, :>B>@0O >1KG=> ?@82>48;0 : ?@>O2;5=8N A8<?B><0? ABL ;8 :0:85-;81> A2845B5;LAB20 B><C, GB> A>?@>B82;5=85 C<5=LH8;>AL, =0?@8<5@, ?>445@6820NB ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 @5:><5=4>20==K9 B5@0?52B>< ?>2545=G5A:89 >1@075F? >3CB ;8 G;5=K A5<L8, @0=55 >1I02H85AO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< B>;L:> G5@57 ?>A@54=8:>2, B5?5@L 2708<>459AB2>20BL =5?>A@54AB25==>? N1K< ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< <>3CB 1KBL 22545=K AE>4=K5 :@8B5@88 4;O >?@545;5=8O B>3>, 4>AB8305B ;8 40==0O B5E=8:0 A2>8E F5;59 2 ?>445@6:5 :>=:@5B=>3> ?>2545=G5A:>3> 87<5=5=8O 8;8 =5B. >;LH8=AB2> 87 =0A AB@5<OBAO =09B8 B0:85 87<5=5=8O 2 ?@>F5AA5 @01>BK A A5<LO<8, => @54:> 87<5@ONB 8E :>;8G5AB25==>. 564C B5< G8A;> 8=AB@C<5=B>2 >1J5:B82=>3> 87<5@5=8O 2 =0H59 >1;0AB8 2A5 1>;55 2>7@0AB05B 8 =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E <>3;8 1K 1KBL CA?5H=> ?@8<5=5=K 4;O >?@545;5=8O >B=>A8B5;L=>9 MDD5:B82=>AB8 :>=:@5B=>3> :><?;5:A0 B5E=8:. "5E=8:8 8A?>;L7CNBAO B0:65 8 2 4803=>AB8G5A:8E F5;OE, >15A?5G820O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 F5==>9 >1@0B=>9 A2O7LN ?> ?>2>4C A>AB>O=8O :;85=B>2. 4=0:> 745AL ACI5AB25==> >B4020BL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, :0:85 8<5NBAO A2845B5;LAB20 B>3> =0A:>;L:> ?>;CG5==0O 8=D>@<0F8O B>G=0 8 =0?@02;5=0 =0 @5H5=85 8<5==> 0:BC0;L=KE 4;O 40==>3> :>=:@5B=>3> A;CG0O 7040G. >;57=> B0:65 704020BL A515 A;54CNI89 2>?@>A: :0:>20 25@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> =01;N405<>5 ?>2545=85 O2;O5BAO ?@>AB> 0@B5D0:B>< A0<>9 B5E=8:8 8 2>2A5 =5 >B@0605B ?0BB5@=K :;85=B>2? ">;L:> 8A?>;L7CO 045:20B=K5 :>=:@5B=><C A;CG0N B5E=8:8, <K <>65< ?>;CG8BL B5@0?52B8G5A:8 206=CN 8=D>@<0F8N > =0H8E :;85=B0E. @8G5< :@8B5@85< 745AL O2;O5BAO =5 >1I89 >1J5< D0:B>2, 0 CA?5H=>ABL 2 ?>8A:5 B5E 40==KE, :>B>@K5 A<>3;8 1K 40BL ACI5AB25==CN 8=D>@<0F8N 4;O >1JOA=5=8O 8 ?>=8<0=8O A8<?B><>2. "0:65 =5>1E>48<K 40==K5 4;O 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 B>G=>3> >?8A0=8O B>3>, GB> 1K;> A45;0=> :064K< G;5=>< A5<L8 8 :0:>5 2;8O=85 53> 45OB5;L=>ABL >:070;0 =0 4@C38E. 5>1E>48<> 5I5 >B<5B8BL A;54CNI55: <K 8A?>;L7C5< B5E=8:8 2 4803=>AB8G5A:8E F5;OE =5 B>;L:> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL =5?>A@54AB25==> 206=CN 4;O =0H59 @01>BK 8=D>@<0F8N > :;85=B0E, => 8=D>@<0F8N, >B@060NICN A0<CN ACI5AB25==CN G0ABL ?@>F5AA0 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 0?@8<5@ >G5=L ?>;57=K<8 745AL <>3CB >:070BLAO A5<59=K5 <8DK, ?@028;0, <5B0D>@K 8 @8BC0;K. >6=> ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> A@54=5AB0B8AB8G5A:89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 15@5B =0 2>>@C65=85 8<5==> B5 B5E=8:8, :>B>@K5 ?>4E>4OB 59 ;8G=>AB=> 8 =0E>4OBAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 55 A?>A>1=>ABO<8, B5 B5E=8:8, ?@8<5=OO :>B>@K5 >=0 GC2AB2C5B A51O C4>1=>. !@54=5AB0B8AB8G5A:89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8<55B B5=45=F8N 8A?>;L7>20BL >3@0=8G5==K9 @5?5@BC0@ B5E=8:, ?@8<5=5=85 :>B>@KE 5N 65 2 ?@>H;>< 4>:070;> A2>N ?@>4C:B82=>ABL - <>65B 1KBL >=0 ?@>AB> 25@8B 2 MB8 B5E=8:8. @8B5@89 745AL 2>>1I5 3>2>@O C=825@A0;5= - ?>;57=>ABL :>=:@5B=KE B5E=8: 2 :;8=8G5A:>9 @01>B5 40==>3> A?5F80;8AB0. >7<>6=> =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E 59 C40;>AL BI0B5;L=> 87CG8BL ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< AC?5@287>@0. @C385 87>1@5B5=K ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< A0<>AB>OB5;L=> - B>;L:> =5<=>385 87 =8E BI0B5;L=> ?@>@01>B0=K, 1>;LH8=AB2> 65 ?@8<5=ONBAO 157 >A>1>9 ?>43>B>2:8 ?>4 2;8O=85< 24>E=>25=8O. 0: 8A?>;L7>20BL 40==>5 @C:>2>4AB2>? KBL <>65B 3;02=>5, GB> 2=5A;0 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 7=0=85 A5<59=0O 8 AC?@C65A:0O B5@0?8O - MB> ?@54AB02;5=8O > AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 8;8 A5<L5 :0: >1 >@30=87>20==KE 548=8F0E, :0: 1K > 548=>< :;85=B5, 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O :0: A>AB>OI59 87 A0<>F5==KE 8 A0<>4>AB0B>G=KE 8=48284>2 - G;5=>2 A5<L8. -B>B ?@8=F8?80;L=> =>2K9 M;5<5=B 2 B5>@5B8G5A:8E >@85=B0F8OE 2 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?>B@51>20; A>740=85 =>2KE 8=AB@C<5=B>2 4;O ?>=8<0=8O A5<L8 :0: F5;>AB=>9 548=8FK 8 >4=>2@5<5==> >= A?>A>1AB2>20; >1;53G5=8N B5E ?>78B82=KE 87<5=5=89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?@>87>9B8 2 55 AB@C:BC@5. >;LH5 B>3>, >@85=B0F8O =0 ?>8A: ?0B>;>388 2 >@30=870F88 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, C2>48B =0A >B CAB0=>2:8 =0 87CG5=85 ?@>8AE>645=8O, :>@@5:F88 8 ;5G5=8O 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?A8E>?0B>;>388. <5AB> MB>3> <K A>A@54>B0G8205< =0H5 2=8<0=85 =0 B0:8E A8AB5<=KE ?>=OB8OE :0: 3@0=8FK, @>;8, ?@028;0, <8DK, 0;LO=AK, @0A?@545;5=85 2;0AB8, 48DD5@5=F80F8O, "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:", :>=B@0:BK, @07@5H5=85 :>=D;8:B>2 8 B.4. "I0B5;L=>5 >?@545;5=85 MB8E ?>=OB89 8 ?>8A: >@C489 4;O MDD5:B82=>3> 2708<>459AB28O A @50;8O<8, ;560I8<8 70 =8<8 AB0;8 C=825@A0;L=K<8 8<?5@0B820<8 2 =0H59 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 @01>B5. &5;L 40==>3> @C:>2>4AB20 - A>1@0BL ?>4 >4=>9 >1;>6:>9 ?@8<5@K A>2@5<5==>3> A>AB>O=8O >1;0AB8, :>B>@CN CA;>2=> <>6=> >1>7=0G8BL :0: 8A:CAAB2> 87>1@5B5=8O 8 C?>B@51;5=8O B5E=8: A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 - B> 5ABL B>3> =0?@02;5=8O, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> @07;8G=K5 B5>@88 =5?>A@54AB25==> A>?@8:0A0NBAO A ?@0:B8:>9. @><5 B>3> MB8 B5E=8:8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 MDD5:B82=K5 A@54AB20 >F5=:8 =0456=>AB8 8 F5==>AB8 =0H8E B5>@5B8:>-?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E ?>AB@>5=89. 8B5@0BC@=K5 8AB>G=8:8, 2 :>B>@KE <>6=> =09B8 4>?>;=8B5;L=CN 8=D>@<0F8O > B5E=8:0E, 0 B0:65 > ;560I8E 2 8E >A=>25 B5>@5B8G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=8OE, ?@82>4OBAO 2 :>=F5 :064>9 22>4=>9 3;02K 8 2 :>=F5 :064>3> @0745;0 A >?8A0=85< :>=:@5B=KE B5E=8:. 5:>B>@K5 87 =8E A>45@60B 8=D>@<0F8N > B5E=8:0E, AE>4=KE A >?8AK205<K<8, :>B>@K5 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 270<5= ?>A;54=8E. 0H0 A>1AB25==0O B5>@8O O2;O5BAO 2 A2>59 >A=>25 E>;8AB8G5A:>9 8 2 A25B5 MB>3> 40==>5 @C:>2>4AB2> 4>;6=> @0AA<0B@820BLAO :0: G0ABL :0:>3>-B> 1>;55 H8@>:>3> F5;>3>, >15A?5G820NI53> ?>445@6:C B>9 G0AB8 =0H8E ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE 70?@>A>2, :>B>@K5 <>6=> >1>7=0G8BL D@07>9 ":0: MB> A45;0BL" (how-to-do-it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inger and McCraven,1961), 2>B ?>G5<C >1@07K B0: ?>?C;O@=K A@548 ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2, 70=8<0NI8EAO G5;>25G5A:8< ?>2545=85<. !@548 2A53> <=>3>>1@078O B5E=8:, A>740==KE A?5F80;L=> 4;O @01>BK A A5<LO<8 8 AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8, 0 B0:65 040?B8@>20==KE 4;O MB8E F5;59, =081>;55 O@:8<8 O2;ONBAO "A5<59=K5 D>B>3@0D88", "A5<59=>5 :C:>;L=>5 8=B5@2LN", "?>M8O 8 ?5A5==0O ;8@8:0 2 AC?@C65A:8E 3@C??0E", "A>740=85 0=0;>38G=KE A8BC0F89". 0640O 87 =8E ?>O28;0AL =0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 AF5=5 2> <=>65AB25 20@80F89 8 A;C68B @07;8G=>3> @>40 F5;O<. !8;0, 70:;NG5==0O 2 2>>1@065=88, ?>@060;0 G5;>25G5AB2> =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 53> 8AB>@88, GB> 1K;> 70D8:A8@>20=> 2 10A=OE, A:07:0E, <8D0E, M?8G5A:8E ?>25AB2>20=8OE, B0=F0E ?;5<5= 8 :C;LBC@=KE @8BC0;0E (Bettelheim,1976). (0<0=K, F5;8B5;8, ?8A0B5;8, >@0B>@K H8@>:> 8A?>;L7>20;8 2>>1@065=85 2 A2>59 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. >A@54AB2>< >1@0I5=8O : A8<2>;8G5A:><C <8@C 2 ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8 A>74020;8AL <5B>4K 2>7459AB28O =0 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 8 87<5=5=8O 53> 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88.  >1J5:B82=>< A<KA;5 A0< >1@07 =5 O2;O5BAO @50;L=>ABLN, 0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ;8HL A8<2>; G53>-B> @50;L=>3>, B> 5ABL, 8=K<8 A;>20<8, >= >B=>A8BAO : AD5@5 D0=B0AB8G5A:>3>. 02=> :0: 8 A;>25A=K5 A8<2>;K, >1@07K B5A=> 2?;5B5=K 2 AB@C:BC@5C G5;>25G5A:>3> >1I5=8O 8 8<5NB A:@KBK5 AC1J5:B82=K5 A<KA;>2K5 >BB5=:8.  =0H5< 2>>1@065=88 ?@54AB02;5= A8<2>;8G5A:89 >?KB, 8<5NI89 >B=>H5=85 :> 2A5< ?OB8 =0H8< >@30=0< GC2AB2 - 7@5=8N, >1>=O=8N, A;CEC, 2:CAC 8 >AO70=8N. @8G5< 2>>1@065=85 :064>3> :>=:@5B=>3> G5;>25:0 AB@>8BAO =0 B>9 <>40;L=>AB8, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO 4;O =53> 254CI59. !>3;0A=> @0>7C (Araoz,1982,p.xx) A>740=85 >1@07>2 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 :>3=8B82=K9 ?@>F5AA, AE>4=K9 A 38?=>7><. -B> ";N10O ?A8E8G5A:0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, :>B>@0O >A=>2K205BAO A:>@55 =0 ;8G=>AB=>< >?KB5, G5< =0 :@8B8G5A:>< @07<KH;5=88, 1>;LH5 >@85=B8@>20=0 =0 2=CB@5==NN AC1J5:B82=CN @50;L=>ABL, G5< =0 2=5H=NN >1J5:B82=CN @50;L=>ABL, A:>@55 ?@02>?>;CH0@=0O, G5< ;52>?>;CH0@=0O". 8@ 8459 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 AC1J5:B82=K9 ?@>4C:B G5;>25G5A:>9 ?A8E8:8, >A=>20==K9 =0 A>1AB25==>< ;8G=>AB=>< ?@54AB02;5=88 > @50;8OE >:@C60NI59 AC1J5:B0 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, =0 ;8G=>AB=>9 <8D>;>388. "0:8< >1@07><, <8DK 8A?>;L7CNBAO G5;>25:>< :0: 4;O >1JOA=5=8O >1J5:B82=>9 @50;L=>AB8, B0: 8 4;O 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 @50;L=>< <8@5 8, :@><5 B>3>, 4;O >1A;C6820=8O B5E 65 A0<KE <8D>2, 2E>4OI8E 2 :0G5AB25 =5>BJ5<;5<>9 A>AB02=>9 G0AB8 2 ;8G=>AB=K9 >?KB AC1J5:B0. 8DK 2;8ONB B0:65 8 =0 687=L 1>;LH8E A>F80;L=KE A>>1I5AB2 8 4065 3>AC40@AB2: "?CABL <8@ 1C45B 45<>:@0B8G=K<", "70I8B0 @>48=K - ?@5645 2A53>" - ?@8<5@K B0:>2KE. N48 8 A5<L8 8<5NB >1K:=>25=85 A>74020BL >1@07K A0<8E A51O 2 <8@5 8 459AB2>20BL =0 >A=>25 MB8E >1@07>2. 1@07K =5 B>;L:> >B@060NB :0:>9-B> ?@>H;K9 >?KB, => 8 A0<8 D>@<8@CNB, AB@>OB 1C4CI55. 0?@8<5@, A5<59=K9 <8D "<K 154=K 8 A M:>=><8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O O2;O5<AO 65@B20<8 1>30BKE" <>65B ?@825AB8 : G@572KG09=> 15@56;82><C, A:@><=><C ?>2545=8N, : =54>25@8N : >1I5AB25==K< 8=AB8BCB0< 8 : ?@54AB02;5=85< > A515 :0: > "<0;5=L:8E ;N4OE" 4065 A?CABO 4>AB0B>G=> 1>;LH>9 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: A5<LO 4>AB83;0 25AL<0 2KA>:>3> A>F80;L=>-M:>=><8G5A:>3> AB0BCA0. ';5=K A5<L8 ?@>4>;60NB 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL <8@ 8 25AB8 A51O B0:, :0: 1C4B> >=8 O2;ONBAO A>F8>M:>=><8G5A:8<8 65@B20<8. =>385 87 MB8E <8D>2 ?@8=8<0NB D>@<C 15AA?>@=KE F5==>AB59 8 >6840=89, :>B>@K5 =5 <>3CB 1KBL @50;87>20=K A :0:8<-B> :>=:@5B=K< ?0@B=5@>< 8;8 A5<L59. 8DK <>3CB AB0BL ?@8G8=>9 B>3>, GB> 2 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>9 A5<L5 @57:> A=878BAO A?5:B@ 2>7<>6=>AB59 8 55 381:>ABL 2 @5038@>20=88 =0 =>2K5 A>1KB8O 687=8. 8HL C:070=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 =0 MBC @8384=>ABL 8 2KO2;5=85 8< =>2KE 2>7<>6=>AB59 <>65B >:070BLAO A>25@H5==> =54>AB0B>G=K< 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL A8;C, A>45@60ICNAO 2 <8D0E, :>B>@K5 G0AB> >:07K20NBAO A8;L=55, G5< <0B5<0B8G5A:0O ;>38:0, G0AB> =5>B@078<K 8 =5?@5>4>;8<K 4;O A5<L8. @0>7 =0720; MB>B ?@>F5AA "=530B82=K< A0<>38?=>7><". '5@57 =530B82=K5 >1@07K :;85=BK A:0BK20NBAO 2 D@CAB@0F8N, ?5AA8<87<, 03@5AA8N 8 B0:8< >1@07>< ?>402;ONB 2>7<>6=>ABL :>=AB@C:B82=KE 87<5=5=89. A8E>B5@0?52BK G0AB> AB0;:820NBAO A A>?@>B82;5=85<, :>B>@>5 8<55B 2 :0G5AB25 A2>53> 8AB>G=8:0 =530B82=K5 >1@07K 8 2K@0605BAO 2 @07=>>1@07=KE D>@<0E AB5@5>B8?=>3> ?>2545=8O. 2865=85 >B >?KB0 : >1@070< 8 >B >1@07>2 : ?>2545=8N A>AB02;O5B 42CEAB>@>==89 ?@>F5AA ?5@52>40: ?@8G5< 2 ?@>F5AA5 B0:>3> ?5@52>40 8<5NB <5AB> >?@545;5==K5 B@0=AD>@<0F88 @50;L=>AB8, GB> =0?><8=05B 45BA:CN 83@C 2 8A?>@G5==K9 B5;5D>=, :>340 ?@54;>65=85 H5?G5BAO =0 CE> A>A54C 8 70B5< ?5@5405BAO ?> :@C3C, 2A5 1>;55 8A:060OAL. 5=4;5@ 8 @8=45@ (Bandler,Grinder,1975) 87CG0;8 A?5F8D8:C B0:>3> ?5@52>40 ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?A8E>B5@0?88. =8 2K45;8;8 B@8 ?@>F5AA0, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE >?KB B@0=AD>@<8@C5BAO 2 =5GB> >B;8G=>5 >B 8AE>4=>9 @50;L=>AB8: >1>1I5=85, AB8@0=85 8 8A:065=85. 1.1>1I5=85 - ?@>F5AA 2K45;5=8O :0:>9-B> >4=>9 G0AB8 >?KB0 8 8A?>;L7>20=85 53> 2 :0G5AB25 2A53> >?KB0. 0?@8<5@, 2K?CA:=8: H:>;K, 8<52H89 B@C4=>AB8 ?> 0;351@5 2 452OB>< :;0AA5, ?@8E>48B : 2K2>4C > B><, GB> C =53> ?;>E85 <0B5<0B8G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 157 ?>AB>@>==59 ?><>I8 >= =5 A<>65B 4065 70?>;=8BL =5>1E>48<K5 4>:C<5=BK ?> AB@0E>20=8N. @C3>9 ?@8<5@ - AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0, C :>B>@>9 @>48;AO @515=>: A B@C4=>ABO<8 2 >1CG5=88, @5H05B 1>;LH5 =5 8<5BL 45B59, B0: :0: >=8 ?>;030NB, GB> 2A5 8E 45B8 1C4CB 8<5BL ?>4>1=K5 B@C4=>AB8. 2.!B8@0=85 - "?@>F5AA, 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>B>@>3> <K 8718@0B5;L=K< >1@07>< >1@0I05< 2=8<0=85 =0 >?@545;5==K5 AB>@>=K =0H53> >?KB0 8 8A:;NG05< 87 @0AA<>B@5=8O 4@C385". '5;>25:, =0E>4OI89AO 2 45?@5AA88 2>>1@0605B, GB> 2AO 53> 687=L ?>B5@?5;0 :@0E 8 >= 1>;LH5 =5 A45;05B =8G53> F5==>3> - 2 ?>4B25@645=88 MB>3> A2>53> >ICI5=8O, >= <>65B ?@825AB8 =5C40GC =0 ?>A;54=5< 8=B5@2LN ?> CAB@>9AB2C =0 @01>BC, 83=>@8@CO B>, GB> >= <=>3> 8 ?;>4>B2>@=> ?>B@C48;AO 2 A2>59 >1;0AB8 2 ?@>H;><. !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 60;C5BAO =0 B>, GB> C =8E 1>;55 =5B =8:0:8E >1I8E 8=B5@5A>2. @8 MB>< >=8 =5 ?@8=8<0NB 2 @0AG5B, GB> ;N1OB 4@C3 4@C30, GB> @0745;ONB 4@C3 A 4@C3>< =04564K 8 >?0A5=8O > 1C4CI5< 45B59, @5;838>7=K5 F5==>AB8, GB> C =8E 5ABL, :@><5 2A53> ?@>G53>, >1I85 4@C7LO 8 :>;;5:F8O AB0@8==KE 25I59. 3.A:065=85 - "?@>F5AA, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;O5B =0< 48AB0=F8@>20BLAO >B =0H53> =5?>A@54AB25==>3> A5=A>@=>3> >?KB0".  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 745AL <>6=> ?@825AB8 2>>1@065=85 EC4>6=8:0 8;8 C15645=85 @>48B5;59 2 B><, GB> 8E <;045=5F - 1C4CI89 35=89 8 ?@>@>:. !@548 F5;59 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O :>B>@KE 8A?>;L7CNBAO B5E=8:8 2>>1@065=8O <>6=> =0720BL ?><>IL ?A8E>B5@0?52B0< 8 8E :;85=B0< >A>7=0BL B5 >1@07K, :>B>@K5 ;560B 2 >A=>25 8E 0:BC0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O, 0 B0:65 A>740=85 =>2KE ?>78B82=KE >1@07>2, :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?@825AB8 : 1>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=K< ?>2545=G5A:8< 87<5=5=8O<. "5E=8:8, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@KE ;560B >1@07K, D0=B078O 8 <5B0D>@K B5A=K< >1@07>< A2O70=K A ?@>65:B82=>-M:A?@5AA82=>9 AB>@>=>9 G5;>25G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O. A8E>B5@0?52B A>7405B A8BC0F8N, 8<5NICN 2>7<>6=>ABL 4;O 40==KE :;85=B>2 >:070BLAO ?@>65:B82=>9 - MB> 405B 59 A@54AB20 4;O ?>;CG5=8O 1>;55 4803=>AB8G5A:8-045:20B=>9 :0@B8=K A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. !E>4=K< >1@07><, AB8<C;8@CO :;85=B>2 : B><C, GB>1K 84B8 2?5@54 8 ?@8<5=8BL 2=>2L >B:@KBK5 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O 8E :>=:@5B=>9 687=5==>9 A8BC0F88 , <K <>65< A45;0BL 65;0B5;L=K5 87<5=5=8O @50;L=K<8. > 018=C (Rabin,1960) ACI5AB2C5B G5BK@5 D>@<K ?@>5:F89. 1. AA>F80B82=0O. ;85=B>2 ?@>AOB ?@>@5038@>20BL O2=> 8;8 A:@KB> =0 A;>2>, >1@07, 845N 8;8 @0AA:070==CN 8AB>@8N.  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 O2=>9 @50:F88 <>6=> ?@825AB8 =5?>A@54AB25==K9 >B25B 2 0AA>F80B82=>< B5AB5. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B @0AA:070BL :;85=B0< <5B0D>@8G5A:CN 8AB>@8N 8;8 0=5:4>B, :0: MB> G0AB> 8<55B <5AB> 2 ?@0:B8:5 ?>A;54>20B5;59 8;LB>=0 -@8:A>=0 (Zeig,1980) - 745AL ?@54?>;0305BAO, GB> :;85=BK 2 A>AB>O=88 >B@5038@>20BL =0 =5:>B>@>< ?>4A>7=0B5;L=><, "?@02>AB>@>==5<" C@>2=5, 8 GB> MB> ?@82545B : ?>78B82=K< ?>2545=G5A:8< 87<5=5=8O<. 2. >=AB@C:B82=0O. ;85=B>2 ?@>AOB A>740BL A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 8AB>@88, D0=B0788, A5<59=CN A:C;L?BC@C, AB8E>B2>@5=8O, @8AC=:8 >A>1>3> @>40 (=0?@8<5@, "0H0 A5<LO" 8;8 "0H 4><"). =8 <>3CB B0:65 =0?8A0BL AF5=0@89 A2>8E A>1AB25==KE A:0=40;>2. "2>@G5A:0O 45OB5;L=>ABL >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 8<8 ?>;=>ABLN A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, E>BO 8 ?> ?@>AL15 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. 3. 025@H5=85. ;85=B>2 ?@>AOB 7025@H8BL =5GB> =57025@H5==>5, =0?@8<5@, 70:>=G8BL ?@54;>65=85("0: <C6G8=0 / 4>;65=..., 0: 65=I8=0 / <>3C...), 7025@H8BL 8AB>@8N, 2=5AB8 =5GB> A2>5 2 D0=B078N, ?@54;>65==CN ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, 3@C??>9 8;8 65 4@C38< G;5=>< A5<L8. 4. -:A?@5AA82=0O. ;85=BK A2>1>4=> 2K@060NB A51O 2 83@5, 2 8A:CAAB25, 2 =0?8A0=88 8AB>@89, 2 4@0<0B870F88, :C:>;L=>< ?@54AB02;5=88 - 87>1@060NB A2>9 A>1AB25==K9 ;8G=>AB=K9 >?KB B0:, :0: 8< E>G5BAO. ;85=BK <>3CB 2K@060BL A51O 2> 2A5E 2>7<>6=KE D>@<0E M:A?@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O - ?>7>9, >4564>9, B5< :0: >=8 @0AA06820NBAO ?5@54 ?5@2>9 A5AA859. @8G5< A;>25A=K5 <5B0D>@K G0AB> >G5=L :@0A=>@5G82K: "A5 GB> 1K O =5 A45;0; - >B2@0B8B5;L=>", "/ =5AC A2>9 :@5AB", "K 70AB@O;8". "5>@5B8:8 A8AB5<=>3> ?>4E>40 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 C15645=K 2 B><, GB> A8<?B><, ?@54JO2;O5<K9 A5<L59, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =8 GB> 8=>5, :0: <5B0D>@C ?>B@51=>AB59 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K (Papp, 1984). 040G0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 - ?5@525AB8 <5B0D>@C, >B@065==CN 2 A8<?B><5 =0 O7K: DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. "5 ?A8E>B5@0?52BK, :>B>@K5 ?@8<5=ONB B5E=8:8 =0 >A=>25 D0=B0788, <5B0D>@ 8 >1@07>2, ?>;CG0NB A;54CNI85 ?@58<CI5AB20: 1. 1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K =5 A2O70=K ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==K<8 70:>=><5@=>ABO<8. K <>65< =0E>48BAO 2 ;N1>9 B>G:5 2@5<5=8 8 ?@>AB@0=AB20, 45;0BL 2A5 GB> C3>4=>, 2 ;N1KE <KA;8<KE 8 =5<KA;8<KE :><18=0F8OE. K <>65< >:070BLAO 2 >B:@KB>< :>A<>A5, 8;8 ?CB5H5AB2>20BL ?> C:@><=K< C3>;:0< A>1AB25==>3> B5;0, >4=>2@5<5==> ACI5AB2>20BL 2 42CE 8?>AB0AOE: @515=:0 8 83@0NI53> A =8< 27@>A;>3>, C4>1=> CAB@>8BLAO 2 CB@>15 <0B5@8 8;8 15A54>20BL A> A2>8< C<5@H8< @>48B5;5<. 2. 1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K =5 A2O70=K ?@028;0<8 D>@<0;L=>9 ;>38:8. 0H0 <KA;L <>65B 42830BLAO 2 ;N1>< =0?@02;5=88, ?5@5?@K3820O >B >4=>9 8458 : 4@C3>9, C?>@O4>G5==>ABL <KA;8 745AL =5 8<55B @>2=> =8:0:>3> 7=0G5=8O. 3. 1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K ?>@>640NB B2>@G5A:CN <KA;L. >2K5 8458, 2>7<>6=>AB8 8 459AB28O <>3CB 1KBL 87>1@5B5=K :;85=B0<8, 0 B0:65, ?@O<> 8;8 :>A25==>, ?>4A:070=K ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. 0?@8<5@, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL G;5=>2 A5<L8 2>>G8N ?@54AB028BL A515 B0:85 ?>=OB8O, :0: "8450;L=K9 1@0:", "A>25@H5==0O A5<LO", "8450;L=K9 <8@". A5 45B0;8 :0@B8=K >?8AK205B A0<0 A5<LO, :>B>@CN 70B5< ?@>AOB ?@>83@0BL AF5=C B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K >=0 2:;NG0;0 2 A51O =>2K5 :>=AB@C:B82=K5 <5E0=87<K 2708<>>B=>H5=89. ;85=BK <>3CB B0:65 ?@>@010BK20BL B5 ?@>1;5<K, :>B>@K5 ACI5AB2>20;8 2 A5<LOE, 87 :>B>@KE >=8 2KH;8, ?@54AB02;OO A51O 2 :0G5AB25 45B59 2 MB8E A5<LOE 8 >682;OO 7=0G8<K5 4;O =8E A8BC0F88 A2>53> A>1AB25==>3> 45BAB20, DC=:F8>=8@CO 2 =8E 3>@074> 1>;55 MDD5:B82=>, G5< MB> 1K;> =0 A0<>< 45;5. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?><>GL ?@52@0B8BL =530B82=K5 >1@07K 8 AF5=0@88 2 ?>78B82=K5, >?B8<8AB8G5A:85. 4. 1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K >@85=B8@>20=K =0 ;8G=>AB=K9 >?KB. ;85=BK 2 2>>1@065=88 <>3CB M:A?5@8<5=B8@>20BL A ;N1K<8 845O<8, 2>7<>6=>ABO<8 8 >1@07F0<8 ?>2545=8O. =8 <>3CB @8A:>20BL, 2708<>459AB2CO A ;N1K<, 4065 A0<K< AB@0==K<, G5;>25:>< 8;8 CG0AB2CO 2 ;N1>9 A8BC0F88 157 >?0A5=8O 70 2=5H=85 ?>A;54AB28O. =8 <>3CB >F5=8BL, 2K?@028BL, CA>25@H5=AB2>20BL ?>2545=G5A:89 AF5=0@89 5I5 4> B>3>, :0: >= 1C45B >ACI5AB2;5= 2 8E ?>2545=88 2 @50;L=>< <8@5. 5. 1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K 254CB : 1>;LH5<C A0<>:>=B@>;N. 1@07K A>740NBAO :;85=B0<8 =0 >A=>25 8E A>1AB25==KE 2=CB@5==8E @5AC@A>2, 8 2 ?@>F5AA5 MB>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 >=8 =0CG0NBAO :>=B@>;8@>20BL A2>N ?A8E8G5A:CN 45OB5;L=>ABL. !0<>:>=B@>;L 405B >ICI5=85 1>;LH59 A8;K 8 A?>428305B AC1J5:B0 : 1>;LH5<C M:A?5@8<5=B8@>20=8N A> A2>8< A>1AB25==K< 2=CB@5==8< <8@><, GB> 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2K7K205B >ICI5=85 045:20B=>AB8 A2>53> <5AB0 2> 2=5H=5< <8@5. 6. 1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K C482;ONB. @87K2 : :;85=B0< ?@>O28BL A2>8 B2>@G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 40BL 2>;N 2>>1@065=8N =5>6840==> <>65B A=OBL A0<K5 3;C1>:85 70I8BK. A5340 ?@8OB=55 CA;KH0BL, GB> BK G5;>25: >G5=L B2>@G5A:89, G5<, GB> BK 1>;5= 8 2K18B 87 :>;58. 0: 8 2A5 284K B5E=8:, B5 B5E=8:8, :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;5=K 2 40==>9 3;025 >B=N4L =5 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 G5<>40=G8: D>:CA=8:0. =8 ?@54=07=0G5=K 4;O ?@8<5=5=8O 2 @0<:0E >?@545;5==>9 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 >@85=B0F88 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI5< 2@5<5=8 8 <5AB5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. ?8A0==>5 2 40==>9 3;025 ?@8>B:@K205B H8@>:89 A?5:B@ 2>7<>6=>AB59 8 <>65B AB8<C;8@>20BL 2>>1@065=85 A0<8E G8B0B5;59-?@>D5AA8>=0;>2 4;O 87>1@5B5=8O =>2KE B5E=8: 8 B2>@G5A:>9 040?B0F88 C65 8<5NI8EAO. 2-1."!/" 1>A=>20=85 ">A?><8=0=8O" ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 ?@>65:B82=K9 <5B>4, :>B>@K9 ?@54;>68; ;LD@54 4;5@ (Manaster,Corsini,1982) 4;O >F5=:8 687=5==>3> AB8;O :;85=B0 8 53> A>F80;L=>3> >:@C65=8O. >A:>;L:C G5;>25G5A:>5 2>A?@8OB85 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 AC1J5:B82=K9 8 A5;5:B82=K9 D5=><5= 8 ?>A:>;L:C :064K9 G5;>25: >1;0405B 1>;LH8< :>;8G5AB2>< 2>A?><8=0=89, ;N1>5 A?5F8D8G5A:>5 2>A?><8=0=85 <>65B >:070BLAO 206=K< 8 7=0G8<K< 4;O :;85=B0 2 40==K9 <><5=B 2@5<5=8. !?>A>1, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> :;85=B >?8AK205B B> 8;8 8=>5 A>1KB85 ?@>H;>3>, <>65B 2KA25B8BL ACI5AB25==K5 AB>@>=K 53> ;8G=>AB8, 687=5==K5 F5;8, 25@>20=8O, CAB0=>2:8, 0 B0:65 ?@54?>G8B05<K5 A5=A>@=K5 <>40;L=>AB8, =5>1E>48<K5 4;O A>2;040=8O A B@C4=K<8 687=5==K<8 A8BC0F8O<8. @>F54C@0 >?@>A8B5 :;85=B0, AC?@C65A:CN ?0@C 8;8 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 =57028A8<> 4@C3 >B 4@C30 2A?><=8BL ?5@2>5 ?@8H54H55 2 3>;>2C 2>7<>6=> 1>;55 @0==55 A>1KB85 8 >?8A0BL 53> B0:, :0: 1C4B> >=> ?@>8AE>48B A59G0A. 1@07FK 2>?@>A>2 ?@8 MB>< <>3CB 1KBL B0:85: "5 <>3;8 1K 2K 2A?><=8BL A0<K9 @0==89 A;CG09 87 20H59 687=8, :>340 2K 5I5 1K;8 @515=:><, :>B>@K9 ?@8E>48B 20< 2 3>;>2C?". "5 <>3;8 1K 2K 2A?><=8BL ?5@2K9 A;CG09 87 20H53> 45BAB20, ?@8H54H89 20< 2 3>;>2C, A2O70==K9 A 20H59 <0<>9 (?0?>9, 1@0B><, H:>;>9 8 B.4.)?". "5 <>3;8 1K 2K 2A?><=8BL, ?@8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E 2K 2?5@2K5 2AB@5B8;8 A2>53> AC?@C30? 'B> B>340 ?@>8AE>48;>? 'B> 87 ?@>87>H54H53> 20A >A>15==> ?>@078;>? 'B> ?@82;5:;>?" 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B A?@0H8205B: "'B> 70?><=8;>AL 1>;55 682> 8 O@:>? 0: 2A5 MB> 2>A?@8=8<05BAO 20<8 A59G0A, :>340 2K 2A?><8=05B5 >1 MB>< A;CG05? !G0AB;82K ;8 2K? @CAB=> ;8 20<? AB@52>65=K ;8 2K 8 B.4." >A?><8=0=8O AB5=>3@0D8@CNBAO 8;8 70?8AK20NBAO =0 <03=8B>D>==CN ?;5=:C, 0 70B5< :064>5 0=0;878@C5BAO =0 ?@54<5B A?5F8D8:8 B>3> A>45@60=8O, :>B>@>5 2 =5< ?@>O2;O5BAO. @8G5< :064>5 A;>2> 2 A>>1I5=88 :;85=B0 15@5BAO 2 53> 1C:20;L=>< 7=0G5=88, 8E 2>7<>6=K5 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=K5 A8<2>;8G5A:85 A<KA;K 83=>@8@CNBAO. @>25@O5BAO B5<0B8G5A:>5 A>45@60=85 :064>3> 2>A?><8=0=8O 4;O >?@545;5=8O B>3>, GB> 8<5==> 15A?>:>8B 2 40==K9 <><5=B G5;>25:0. @8G5< >1J5:BK, =0 :>B>@K5 =0?@02;5=> 459AB285, A:>@55 2A53> A2O70=K A 3;02=K<8 F5;O<8 8 A<KA;0<8 ?>2545=8O G5;>25:0, 0 ?@8;030B5;L=K5 8 =0@5G8O >?8AK20NB 53> C15645=8O. 0;55 2KOA=O5BAO :0:85 87 ?OB8 A5=A>@=KE <>40;L=>AB59 ?@54?>G8B05B 40==K9 G5;>25: - MB> AB0=>28BAO OA=K< ?> B><C :0: >= A<>B@8B, A;CH05B 8 B0: 40;55. @><5 B>3> B0:85 687=5==K5 CAB0=>2:8 :0: >?B8<87<, ?5AA8<87< 8 B.4. B0:65 ?@>O2;ONBAO 745AL 25AL<0 >G5284=>. @8<5@ >A?><8=0=8O AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K >1 8E ?5@2>9 2AB@5G5. >A?><8=0=8O M@8. M@8: / 286C "><0 2 >:@C65=88 4@C38E ;N459 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>< :>=F5 :><=0BK. = >45B :@0A82>, =0@O4=> 8 0::C@0B=>, A>2A5< =5 B0:, :0: >AB0;L=K5. = ?>4E>48B 8 ?@54AB02;O5BAO. K 4>;3> @073>20@8205<. <C 8=B5@5A=> B>, > G5< O 3>2>@N. = 2=8<0B5;5= :> <=5. = ?><>305B <=5 @5H8BL 206=K5 ?@>1;5<K, :>B>@K5 =5 40NB <=5 ?>:>O. <C E>G5BAO 2AB@5G0BLAO A> <=>9. A8E>B5@0?52B: 0:85 87 2>A?><8=0=89 A0<K5 682K5? M@8: ">, GB> >= >1@0I05B =0 <5=O 2=8<0=85 4065 2 ?@8ACBAB288 4@C38E ;N459. A8E>B5@0?52B: 'B> K GC2AB2C5B5, :>340 A59G0A 2A?><8=05B5 >1 MB><? M@8: 5G0;L. !59G0A >= MB>3> =5 45;05B. >A?><8=0=8O M@8 ?@8>B:@K20NB A@07C =5A:>;L:> B5<: 1/>=0 >B=>A8B5;L=> ?0AA82=0 8 E>G5B, GB>1K 4@C385 ?@>O28;8 8=8F80B82C, 2/>=0 >68405B, GB> 4@C385 1C4CB 5N 8=B5@5A>20BLAO, 3/>=0 645B >B 4@C38E ?><>I8, 4/ 4;O =55 8<55B 7=0G5=85 2=5H=89 284 G5;>25:0, 5/>=0 >1@0I05B 4>AB0B>G=> 1>;LH>5 2=8<0=85 =0 0::C@0B=>ABL, 6/ C =55 A:>@55 ?5AA8<8AB8G5A:89, G5< >?B8<8AB8G5A:89 273;O4 =0 687=L 8 =0 4@C38E ;N459, 55 15A?>:>OB A5@L57=K5 687=5==K5 ?@>1;5<K, 7/ >=0 8<55B B5=45=F8N A<>B@5BL =0 <C6G8= A25@EC 2=87, 8/ 55 ?@8>@8B5B=K5 A5=A>@=K5 <>40;L=>AB8 - 7@8B5;L=0O 8 A;CE>20O. >A?><8=0=8O "><0: "><: / 70<5B8; 452CH:C, :>B>@0O A<>B@8B =0 <5=O. / 4C<0N, GB> >=0 >G5=L 4065 =8G53>, ?>MB><C O ?>4E>6C : =59 8 7=0:><;NAL. ! =59 ;53:> @073>20@820BL 8 >=0 =5 8<55B >1K:=>25=8O 25AB8 A51O 03@5AA82=> 2 @073>2>@5, A?>@8BL A A>15A54=8:><. !:>@55 2A53> >=0 C2068B5;L=> >B=>A8BAO :> <=5 8 59 =C6=> ?>;CG8BL <>9 A>25B ?> =5:>B>@K< 2>?@>A0<. / ?@83;0H0N 55 =0 B0=5F 8 >=0 A>3;0H05BAO. / =07=0G0N 59 A2840=85 8 >=0 =5 ?@>B82 ?@>25AB8 A> <=>9 2@5<O.  55 >B=>H5=88 :> <=5 =5B =8:0:>9 A>@52=>20B5;L=>AB8. >340 <K B0=FC5< >=0 C4828B5;L=> ?@8OB=> ?@868<05BAO :> <=5. >:@C3 =55 @07;8B0 :0:0O-B> B5?;>B0 8 MB0 B5?;>B0 <=5 >G5=L =@028BAO. A8E>B5@0?52B: 0:85 2>A?><8=0=8O =081>;55 682K5? "><: 5 B5?;>B0 8 B>, :0: >=0, B0=FCO, ?@868<05BAO :> <=5. A8E>B5@0?52B: 'B> K GC2AB2C5B5, :>340 2A5 MB> A59G0A 2A?><8=05B5? "><: 'C2AB2CN ?@8OB=>5. 45AL =0 ?>25@E=>ABL B>65 2KABC?05B =5A:>;L:> 206=KE B5<: 1/4;O "><0 8<55B 7=0G5=85 D878G5A:0O ?@82;5:0B5;L=>ABL, 2/ 5<C E>G5BAO, GB>1K 4@C3>9 G5;>25: 45;0; B>, GB> >= A:065B 8 =5 A?>@8; A =8<, 3/>= A:;>=5= : @8A:C, A:;>=5= 1@0BL =0 A51O 8=8F80B82C, >= - 0:B82=K9 G5;>25:, 5/4;O =53> 206=K >ICI5=85 B5?;>BK 8 D878G5A:>3> :>=B0:B0, 6/>= >68405B :@8B8:8 8 A>@52=>20=8O ?@8 :>=B0:B0E A ;N4L<8 8 E>B5; 1K >3@048BL A51O >B B0:>3> @>40 2708<>>B=>H5=89.  2KH5 ?@82545==>< ?@8<5@5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B =0 >A=>25 B5E=8:8 ">A?><8=0=85" >F5=8BL 206=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 687=5==>3> AB8;O :;85=B>2, 8E ?>B@51=>AB8 8 >6840=8O, AE>4=K5 8 2708<>4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 M@8 8 "><0. 0==>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 "2>A?><8=0=89" 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL >?@545;8BL ?5@2>=0G0;L=>5 A>3;0H5=85 (:>=B@0:B), ACI5AB2>202H55 <564C G;5=0<8 MB>9 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K. ">< 27O; =0 A51O >1O70==>ABL C45;OBL M@8 2=8<0=85, A?>A>1AB2>20BL B><C, GB>1K >=0 GC2AB2>20;0 A51O >A>15==>9, ?@>O2;OBL 8=8F80B82C 8 ?><>30BL 59. @54?>;030;>AL, GB> MB> ?><>65B 59 GC2AB2>20BL A51O E>@>H>. =0 65 2 A2>N >G5@54L >1O70=0 1K;0 1KBL 2A5340 B5?;>9, 4@C65A:8 =0AB@>5==>9, D878G5A:8 1;87:>9, =C640BLAO 2 =5<, 2A5340 2> 2A5< A>3;0H0BLAO, ?>72>;8BL 5<C 1KBL 2 ?>78F88 A25@EC. 0@CH5=85 40==>3> :>=B@0:B0 A:>@55 2A53> 4>;6=> 1K;> 1K ?@825AB8 : @07>G0@>20=8N. K <>65< B0:8< >1@07>< 70:;NG8BL, GB> M@8 E>G5B 1>;LH5 A<>B@5BL 8 3>2>@8BL, ">< 65 A:;>=5= 1>;LH5 459AB2>20BL 8 :0A0BLAO - >10 >=8 =C640NBAO 2 B><, GB>1K 87CG8BL O7K: =0A;0645=8O 4@C3 4@C30. ;85=B>2 <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL ?@>8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 2>A?><8=0=8O, 8;8 65 MB> <>65B A45;0BL A0<0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B, 704020O, =0?@8<5@, B0:>9 2>?@>A: ">6=> ;8 ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> 2K O2;O5B5AL B0:>3> @>40 G5;>25:><, :>B>@K9...?" A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 @01>B5 A ;N1K<8 :;85=B0<8 (70 8A:;NG5=85< <0;5=L:8E 45B59), :>B>@K5 2 A>AB>O=88 2A?><8=0BL 8 3>2>@8BL. =0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 =0 @0==8E MB0?0E ?A8E>B5@0?88 :0: 4803=>AB8G5A:>5 A@54AB2>. 5 <>6=> B0:65 8A?>;L7>20BL 4;O ?5@8>48G5A:>9 >F5=:8 2 E>45 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 B5E 87<5=5=89, :>B>@K5 ?@>87>H;8 2 A8AB5<5 C15645=89 8 2>A?@8OB89 :;85=B>2. 0: 1078A=0O ?@>65:B82=0O B5E=8:0, MB>B <5B>4 ?><>305B :;85=B0< A 1>;LH8< C@>2=5< A>?@>B82;5=8O ?@5>4>;5BL 8;8 65 >1>9B8 B5 B@C4=>AB8, :>B>@K5 2>7=8:0NB 2 E>45 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 15A54K. 2-2. !+ $" $ 1>A=>20=85. #=825@A0;L=>ABL =>AB0;L388 8 2>A?><8=0=89 45;0NB B5E=8:C A5<59=>9 D>B>3@0D88 ?>;57=K< 8=AB@C<5=B>< 4;O 87CG5=8O 2:;040 ?@>H;>3> A5<L8 8 55 G;5=>2 2 =0AB>OI55. !5<59=K5 D>B>3@0D88 O2;ONBAO A@54AB2>< 87CG5=8O A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@K, E0@0:B5@0 >1I5=8O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8, 8E @>;59 8 AB8;59 ?>2545=8O. 0: 8 <=>65AB2> 4@C38E B5E=8:, A:>=AB@C8@>20==KE 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2KO28BL >?@545;5==K9 ?@>H;K9 >?KB 8;8 A?>4283=CBL G;5=>2 A5<L8 A>?@8:>A=CBLAO A GC2AB20<8 4@C3 4@C30 - ?@>2>4=8:0<8 ?@>H;>3>, 2 40==>9 B5E=8:5 ?@54?>;0305BAO, GB> 7=0=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 >1 8AB>@88 A5<L8 8 >1@07F0E 2708<>459AB28O 55 G;5=>2 <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< 2 ?>=8<0=88 0:BC0;L=>9 A5<59=>9 A8BC0F88 8 GB> G;5=K A5<L8, 2:;NG82H8AL 2 A>2<5AB=>5 ?5@5>A<KA;5=85 A2>53> >?KB0, A<>3CB ;CGH5 ?>=OBL GC2AB20 4@C3 4@C30 8 =0CG8BLAO 8<5BL 45;> A =5@07@5H5==K<8 2 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B :>=D;8:B0<8. @>2545==>5 A B>G:8 7@5=8O :>=:@5B=KE ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E F5;59 8AA;54>20=85 A5<59=KE D>B>3@0D89 <>65B 40BL 1>30BK5 40==K5 >1 8AB>@88 @0728B8O A5<L8 8 2708<>>B=>H5=89 55 G;5=>2. @8 ?@>2545=88 40==>9 <5B>48:8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B =01;N40BL <=>385 206=K5 ?@>O2;5=8O ?>2545=8O. 0:85 D>B>3@0D88 ?>:07K20NBAO 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L, 0 :0:85 2 ?>A;54=NN ? B> 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 C?CI5=? KAB@> 8;8 <54;5==> 45<>=AB@8@C5BAO :0640O D>B>3@0D8O?  :0:>9 <5@5 ?@>O2;ONBAO ?@8 @0AA<0B@820=88 D>B>3@0D89 8=B5@5A 8;8 B@52>6=>ABL? !>?@>2>640NB ;8 ?>:07 D>B>3@0D89 HCB:8 8 A<5E? $>B>3@0D88 <>6=> 87CG0BL 5I5 8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >?@545;8BL 1;87>ABL, 8;8 =0>1>@>B, 48AB0=F8N :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 >1ICN 0B<>AD5@C, F0@82HCN 2 <><5=B AJ5<:8. 1KG08, B@048F88 8 E0@0:B5@ 2AB@5G, :>B>@K5 ?@0:B8:CNBAO G;5=0<8 A5<L8 B0:65 E>@>H> 745AL ?@>O2;ONBAO. @>F54C@0. @>F54C@0 >?8A0=0 =45@A>= 8 M;;>9 (Anderson,Malloy,1976). A;8 C ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 8<5NBAO B@C4=>AB8 2 B><, GB> >=0 =5 <>65B 4>ABCG0BLAO 4> A5<L8, 8;8 65 59 :065BAO, GB> A5<LO =5 2 A>AB>O=88 2A?><=8BL ACI5AB25==K5 A>1KB8O ?@>H;>9 687=8 8 "7=0G8<KE 4@C38E", <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL 8E ?@8=5AB8 D>B>3@0D88 A5<L8. K?>;=OO MB> @07>3@520NI55 C?@06=5=85, 2:;NG0NI85 2 A51O >1<5= <=5=8O<8, A5<LO >1AC6405B, :0:8< >1@07>< D>B>3@0D88 1K;8 A45;0=K 8 2K1@0=K 4;O A5<59=>3> 0;L1><0. @8 MB>< C A5<L8 G0AB> 2>7=8:0NB B@C4=>AB8. 0A?@>AB@0=5==K5 ?@>1;5<K <>3CB 70:;NG0BLAO 2 =52>7<>6=>AB8 =09B8 D>B>3@0D8N, =0 :>B>@>9 1K;0 1K 87>1@065=0 2AO A5<LO, =52>7<>6=>ABL ?@>8725AB8 A0< 2K1>@ 8 B.4. =>340 ?@>F5AA 8;8 ?@>1;5<K, A :>B>@K<8 >68405B AB>;:=CBLAO A5<LO, >:07K20NBAO 3>@074> 1>;55 7=0G8<K<8, G5< A0< ?> A515 >B1>@ D>B>3@0D89. 0?@8<5@, :>340 A5<59=K9 0;L1>< =5 A>45@68B 2 A515 D>B>3@0D89 ?0?K, B> MB>, 25@>OB=>, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > 53> =5CG0AB88 2 687=8 A5<L8, 0 =5 > B><, GB> >= <>65B 1KBL ;8HL ?@>AB> "F5==K9 D>B>3@0D". 0AA<0B@820=85 D>B>3@0D89 2<5AB5 A A5<L59 <>65B ?@>4>;60BLAO 2 B5G5=88 =5A:>;L:8E A5AA89. 1KG=> A5<L8 1;03>?@8OB=> >B7K20NBAO =0 ?@>AL1C ?@8=5AB8 D>B>3@0D88, B0: :0: MB> O2;O5BAO ?>:070B5;5< 8=B5@5A0 : =8< 8 : 8E @>4>A;>2=>9, 8 MBC 7040GC >1KG=> ;53:> 8 ?@8OB=> 2K?>;=OBL. #?@06=5=85 =5A;>6=>5 8 :0: ?@028;> =5 2K7K205B A;8H:>< A8;L=CN B@52>6=>ABL; :@><5 B>3>, >=> ?@>AB> 8=B5@5A=>. A?>;L7>20=85 D>B>3@0D89 4;O AB8<C;8@>20=8O 2>A?><8=0=89 ?><>305B 2KB0I8BL =0 ?>25@E=>ABL 70402;5==K9 2 ?@56=5< ;8G=>AB=>< >?KB5 <0B5@80; 8 2K7K205B 701KBK5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O ?> >B=>H5=8N : A?5F8D8G5A:8< A>1KB8O< 8 ;N4O<. "5@0?52B 70405B 2>?@>AK ?> ?>2>4C 8=48284CC<>2 8 <5AB, 87>1@065==KE =0 D>B>3@0D8OE, 0 B0:65 A?@0H8205B >1 >1I5< =0AB@>5=88 8 0B<>AD5@5, F0@82H59 =0 AJ5<:0E. >?@>AK <>3CB 1KBL ?@8<5@=> A;54CNI8<8: "B> MB8 ;N48 =0 D>B>3@0D8OE?" "><=8B5 ;8 K, GB> ?@>8AE>48;> 2> 2@5<O AJ5<:8?" "0:85 GC2AB20 2K7K20;> A>2<5AB=>5 2@5<O?@5?@>2>645=85 2 :@C3C A5<L8 2 B>B 45=L?" "B> A=8<0; MBC D>B>3@0D8N?" "'B> A;CG8;>AL ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: D>B>3@0D I5;:=C; >1J5:B82>< D>B>0??0@0B0?" " 0AA:068B5 <=5 ?>60;C9AB0 >1 MB>9 :><=0B5". '0AB> @5:><5=4C5BAO A;54CNI0O ?@>F54C@0 ?@>2545=8O MB>9 <5B>48:8. 064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 ?@>AOB ?@8=5AB8 >?@545;5==>5 :>;8G5AB2> A5<59=KE D>B>3@0D89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB A:070BL =5GB> ACI5AB25==>5 > 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 2 A5<L5. A8E>B5@0?52B =5 405B =8:0:8E A?5F8D8G5A:8E 8=AB@C:F89 ?> ?>2>4C A>AB02;5=8O =01>@0 D>B>3@0D89. =0 ;8HL >3@0=8G8205B G8A;> D>B>3@0D89, :>B>@>5 A;54C5B ?@8=5AB8. !0< 2K1>@ D>B>3@0D89 8<55B ACI5AB25==>5 B5@0?52B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85, ?>B><C GB> :;85=BK =C640NBAO 2 B><, GB>1K ?@>9B8 G5@57 =0?@O65==K9 ?@>F5AA >B1>@0 8 ?@84B8 : :0:><C-B> A>2<5AB=><C >:>=G0B5;L=><C @5H5=8N. @5<O, :>B>@>5 <>6=> ?>A2OB8BL @01>B5 A D>B>3@0D8O<8, 0 B0:65 F5;8 8E 8A?>;L7>20=8O ( 4803=>AB8:0, ?A8E>B5@0?8O ) ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 =08;CGH85 45B5@<8=0=BK B>3>, A:>;L:> D>B>3@0D89 A;54C5B ?>?@>A8BL ?@8=5AB8 =0 A;54CNICN A5AA8N 8 :0:>9 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8 2 687=8 A5<L8 >=8 4>;6=K >B@060BL. A;8 8AE>48BL =5?>A@54AB25==> 87 ?>B@51=>AB59 ?@0:B8:8, B> B@5E D>B>3@0D89 >:07K205BAO 2?>;=5 4>AB0B>G=> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 4>AB0B>G=>5 :>;8G5AB2> <0B5@80;0 4;O >1AC645=8O 3;02=>9 B5<K - 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2=CB@8 A5<L8, C45;OO ?@8 MB>< :064><C 55 G;5=C 4> 15 <8=CB A5AA8>==>3> 2@5<5=8. A;8 65 ?>=04>18BAO >1@0B8BAO =5 : >4=><C, 0 : =5A:>;L:8< ?>:>;5=8O< A5<L8, B>340 :;85=B0< 1C45B =5>1E>48<> ?@8=5AB8 1>;LH55 G8A;> D>B>3@0D89 8, A>>B25BAB25==>, ?>=04>18BAO 1>;LH55 :>;8G5AB2> 2@5<5=8 =0 A5AA88 4;O 8E >1AC645=8O. @8 MB>< 206=> A>740BL B0:CN 0B<>AD5@C, ?@8 :>B>@>9 2A5 CG0AB=8:8 ?@>F5AA0 1C4CB GC2AB2>20BL A51O A2>1>4=> 8 1C4CB 2 A>AB>O=88 3>2>@8BL > ;8G=>AB=>-7=0G8<KE B5<0E 8 >1AB>OB5;LAB20E - A;54C5B B0:65 8<5BL 2 284C, GB> >1AC645=85 AB0489 @0728B8O A5<L8 8 55 0:BC0;L=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O <>65B 2K720BL 25AL<0 A8;L=K5 GC2AB20. ;O B>3>, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 045:20B=>5 @0A?@545;5=85 2@5<5=8 8 :>;8G5AB20 D>B>3@0D89 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B =C6405BAO 2 >?@545;5==>9 AB@C:BC@5 @01>BK =0 A5AA88. 064K9 G;5= A5<L8 ?> >G5@548 ?@54AB02;O5B 2K1@0==K5 8< D>B>3@0D88 8 3>2>@8B >AB0;L=K<, ?>G5<C 8<5==> >=8 1K;8 8< 2K1@0=K,:0:>2K ;8G=>AB=>5 7=0G5=85, 8 ;8G=>AB=K9 A<KA;, :>B>@K5 >=8 8<5NB 8 B5 GC2AB20, :>B>@K5 MB8 D>B>3@0D88 2K7K20NB C 40==>3> 8=482840. 45AL <>3CB >:070BLAO ACI5AB25==K<8 :0: ?>@O4>: ?@54AB02;5=8O D>B>3@0D89, B0: 8 B>B AB8;L, :>B>@K< >=> >ACI5AB2;O5BAO. A>1>3> 2=8<0=8O 70A;C68205B B>, :0:0O D>B>3@0D8O ?@54JO2;O5BAO ?5@2>9, 0 :0:0O ?>A;54=59, A:>@>ABL, A :>B>@>9 ?@>8AE>48B ?>:07, C@>25=L 8=B5@5A0 8;8 B@52>6=>AB8, :>B>@K5 <>6=> A2O70BL A ?>O2;5=85< >G5@54=>9 D>B>3@0D88, 0 B0:65 B>, =0A:>;L:> A5@L57=K G;5=K A5<L8 2> 2@5<O 2A53> 459AB28O 8;8, =0>1>@>B, =0A:>;L:> G0AB> >=8 ?>72>;ONB A515 HCB8BL. "0:65 >1KG=> >1AC6405BAO A>45@60=85 :064>9 D>B>3@0D88 8 87CG05BAO =0A:>;L:> 1;87:8 4@C3 4@C3C 87>1@065==K5 G;5=K A5<L8, C@>25=L D>@<0;L=>AB8 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE <564C =8<8, 0 B0:65 ?@8ACBAB285 8;8 >BACBAB285 B5E 8;8 8=KE @>4AB25==8:>2 =0 A=8<:5 - B0:8< >1@07>< ?@>2>48BAO 2A5AB>@>==OO >F5=:0 2A5E 2>7<>6=KE 0A?5:B>2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, 87CG05BAO ACI5AB2>20=85 @07;8G=KE 3@C??8@>2>: 2=CB@8 A5<L8, @>;52>5 ?>2545=85, 3@0=8FK, :><<C=8:0B82=K5 ?@>F5AAK, A5<59=K5 AB@C:BC@K 8 B.4. =>340 4065 701>B0 8 2=8<0=85, A :>B>@K<8 >B=>AOBAO G;5=K A5<L8 : D>B>A=8<:0< <>65B <=>3>5 ?@81028BL : =0H5<C ?>=8<0=8N B>9 A8BC0F88, :>B>@0O A;>68;0AL 2 MB>9 A5<L5. >340 >48= 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?@54AB02;O5B ?@8=5A5==K9 8< =01>@ D>B>3@0D89, 4@C385 G;5=K A5<L8 ?>>I@ONBAO : B><C, GB>1K @5038@>20BL =0 MB> ?@54AB02;5=85 B0:8<8 2>?@>A0<8 8 =01;N45=8O<8, :>B>@K5 704020;8 1K =>2K5 ?5@A?5:B82K 2> 273;O45 =0 >1@07FK 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> ?>2545=8O. @8<5@. !;54CNI89 ?@8<5@ 27OB 87 AB0BL8 =45@A>= 8 M;;>C. 8AB5@ 8 8AA8A . >1@0B8;8AL 70 ?><>ILN ?> ?>2>4C 8E AC?@C65A:8E ?@>1;5<. 8AA8A . @0=55 ?>;CG8;0 4803=>7 H87>D@5=8O 8 =5>4=>:@0B=> 3>A?8B0;878@>20;0AL 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 ;5G51=8F5. ! :064>9 ?>A;54CNI59 3>A?8B0;870F859 A8BC0F8O 2 8E A5<L5 2A5 1>;55 CEC4H0;0AL. %>BO 8AA8A . 25;0 A51O 4>2>;L=> =5?;>E>, 55 701>;520=85 >AB020;>AL 2 :0G5AB25 3;02=>3> D>:CA0 8E AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89, >= >128=O;, 0 >=0 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C ?;0:0;0. 0 B>B <><5=B, :>340 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< ?@>872>48;0AL >F5=:0 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 A8BC0F88, >10 ?0@B=5@0 70AB@O;8 =0 =530B82=>< 2708<>459AB288, >?@545;OO 687=L 2<5AB5 :0: 2A5F5;> =5C40G=CN 8 ?;>ECN. !B0;> OA=>, GB> B> >B@8F0B5;L=>5, =0 :>B>@>< >=8 AD>:CA8@>20;8AL, <0;> A?>A>1AB2>20;> ?>78B82=K< 87<5=5=8O< 8 D>@<8@>20=8N @07C<=KE F5;59 2 @0728B88 8E AC?@C65AB20. 0 MB>< MB0?5 @01>BK ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>?@>A8; 8E ?@8=5AB8 =0 A;54CNICN A5AA8N ?> B@8 A5<59=K5 D>B>3@0D88.  A;54CNI89 @07 8AB5@ 8 8AA8A . 2K3;O45;8 3>@074> >682;5==55 8 ?@>O2;O;8 3>@074> 1>;LH5 M=BC7807<0, G5< @0=LH5. E @0AA:07 > B><, :0:8< >1@07>< >=8 2K18@0;8 D>B>3@0D88 C:07K20; =0 B0:>9 C@>25=L >1I5=8O, :>B>@K9 @0=55 >=8 AG8B0;8 4;O A51O =52>7<>6=K<. !C?@C38 @07KA:0;8 AB0@K9 A5<59=K9 0;L1>< 8 ?@>25;8, @073;O4K20O 53>, ?5@2K9 70 <=>385 3>4K C4828B5;L=K9 25G5@, 4>AB0282H89 >1>8< >3@><=>5 C4>2>;LAB285. 0<OBL 8AA8A ., 4803=>AF8@>20==0O @0=55 :0: "?;>E0O", 2 E>45 2>A?><8=0=89 =5>6840==> C;CGH8;0AL - 8<5==> 2 B>B <><5=B, :>340 >=8 AB0;8 >1AC640BL B5 AG0AB;82K5 ?@><56CB:8 2@5<5=8, :>B>@K5 ?@>25;8 2<5AB5. 0 >4=>9 87 D>B>3@0D89, 2K1@0==>9 8AA8A , 87>1@065=0 >=0 A0<0 2 AH8B>< 5N 65 :>ABN<5. >340 8AA8A .>?8AK20;0 MBC D>B>3@0D8N, 55, :070;>AL, ?5@5?>;=O;> GC2AB2> 3>@4>AB8. !>1AB25==0O :><?5B5=B=>ABL, > :>B>@>9 >=0 2A?><=8;0 ?@8 @073;O4K20=88 MB>9 D>B>3@0D88, 2KB5A=8;0 B>B =530B82=K9 >1@07 1>;L=>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 >=0 B5?5@L ?>AB>O==> =>A8B 2 A515. 8AB5@ . 2K1@0; D>B>3@0D8N A2>59 65=K 2 25G5@=5< ?;0BL5, :>B>@>5 >A>15==> ?>4G5@:820;> 55 A5:AC0;L=>ABL. 3> 2K1>@ =0AB>;L:> A<CB8; 8AA8A ., GB> >=0 =5 A<>3;0 ?>78B82=> >B@5038@>20BL =0 B5 :><?;8<5=BK, :>B>@K5 >= A45;0; ?> 55 ?>2>4C. -B>B >1<5= @5?;8:0<8 ?@8 @073;O4K20=88 D>B>3@0D89 8 ?>A;54>202H0O 70 =8< 48A:CAA8O A C1548B5;LA=>ABLN ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8 :>=D;8:B 8 70<5H0B5;LAB2> 2 8E A5:AC0;L=>< >1I5=88 8 >6840=8OE, :>B>@K5 >=8 8<5;8 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C. 1>8< AB0;> ;53G5 >BB>3>, GB> MB8 2>?@>AK 1K;8 2K=5A5=K =0 ?>25@E=>ABL 8 AC?@C38 A 3>B>2=>ABLN A>3;0A8;8AL A45;0BL 40==CN >1;0ABL ?@54<5B>< >1AC645=8O =0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88. A?>;L7>20=85. -B0 B5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 4;O @01>BK A ;N1>9 A5<L59, G;5=K :>B>@>9 2 A>AB>O=88 >ACI5AB2;OBL 25@10;L=>5 >1I5=85. =0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 4;O 87CG5=8O AB@C:BC@K A5<L8, @>;59, :><<C=8:0F89 8 2708<>>B=>H5=89. 0 >A=>25 40==>9 B5E=8:8 <>65B 1KBL B0:65 ?@>0=0;878@>20=> 2;8O=85, :>B>@>5 ?@>H;>5 A5<L8 >:07K205B =0 55 =0AB>OI55. "> GB> A59G0A 4;O :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 2KABC?05B :0: A0<>5 206=>5, <>65B 1KBL A2O70=> A 2K1>@0<8 D>B>3@0D89, :>B>@K5 ?@>872>4OBAO 2A5<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8 ?>A;54CNI8< >1AC645=85< ?@>8AH54H53>. A;8 8AA;54C5BAO A5<59=0O @>4>A;>2=0O 2 =5A:>;L:8E ?>:>;5=8OE, 8=AB@C:F8O <>65B 1KBL 87<5=5=0 B0:8< >1@07><, GB> B5@0?52B ?@>A8B ?@8=5AB8 ?> B@8 D>B>3@0D88, 8;;NAB@8@CNI8E :064>5 87 B@5E ?>:>;5=89 A5<L8 8;8 65 1>;LH55 :>;8G5AB2> D>B>3@0D89 > A0<KE 7=0G8<KE G;5=0E @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8. @8 MB>< <>3CB 1KBL ?>425@3=CBK 87CG5=8N B0:85 A?5F8D8G5A:85 >1;0AB8 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 :0: 2;0ABL, 7028A8<>ABL, 1;87>ABL, B@52>6=>ABL, <C6A:85 8 65=A:85 @>;8. ';5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>AOB ?@8=5AB8 D>B>3@0D88, 8;;NAB@8@CNI85 B>, :0: >=8 ?@>@010BK20;8 15A?>:>OICN 8E ?@>1;5<C 2 B5G5=88 ?@>H54H8E ;5B 8E AC?@C65A:>9 687=8. ;O B>3>, GB>1K ?><>GL 2 >?@545;5=88 B5E >1;0AB59, 345 2>7=8:0NB @07>G0@>20=85, >BG0O=85 8 AD>@<C;8@>20BL F5;8 =0 1C4CI55, ?@>AOB ?@8=5AB8 425 D>B>3@0D88: >4=0 4>;6=0 ?@54AB02;OBL A>1>9 8450;L=CN A8BC0F8N 2 8E A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE (:0:>9 1K >=8 65;0;8 55 2845BL), 2B>@0O - @50;L=CN A8BC0F8N (:0: >=8 284OB A5<LN A59G0A). $>B>3@0D88 <>3CB ?>>I@OBL G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?>425@30BL A><=5=8N A5<59=K5 <8DK, ?@028;0, A8AB5<K 25@>20=89 8 @>;8, :>B>@K5 83@05B :064K9 G;5= A5<L8. !C1J5:B82=K5 @07=>3;0A8O 2 ?>=8<0=88 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 ?@>H;>< <>3CB B0:65 ?>425@30BLAO A><=5=8N (">O <0BL 2A5340 83=>@8@>20;0 <5=O" ). #7=020=85 A51O 2 75@:0;5 A5<59=KE D>B>3@0D89 <>65B 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?;0=5 >:070BLAO >G5=L ?>;57=K< 8 1;03>?@8OB=K< >B:@KB85<. >MB><C ?>78B82=0O @50:F8O =0 A>1AB25==K9 >1@07 2A5340 4>;6=0 1KBL =0945=0 8 ?>4G5@:=CB0 A@548 @O40 A8;L=> 8A:065==KE, =530B82=KE. %>BO 8A?>;L7>20=85 D>B>3@0D88 2@O4 ;8 <>65B ?@825AB8 : 1KAB@><C 87;5G5=8N 8 ?>;=><C 87102;5=8N >B A8<?B><>2, D>B>3@0D88 <>3CB A;C68BL A@54AB2><, ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 1;03>?@8OBAB2CNI8< >1I5=8N <564C ?5@A>=0;>< :;8=8:8 8 ?0F85=B0<8. 2-3 ! #, " ,.. 1>A=>20=85. "5E=8:0 A5<59=>3> :C:>;L=>3> 8=B5@2LN 405B <=>3> 2>7<>6=>AB59 4;O =01;N45=8O 2848<KE, @02=> :0: 8 A:@KBKE ?CB59, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE G;5=K A5<L8 2708<>459AB2CNB 4@C3 A 4@C3><. K1>@ :C:>;, :>=D;8:BK, 2K@065==K5 2 D0=B078OE, >1AC645=85 ?>A;5 A?5:B0:;O, :>340 G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>AOB 40BL A2>8 A2>1>4=K5 0AA>F80F88 ?>-?>2>4C ?L5AK, 87CG5=85 2>?@>A0 > B><, :0:>5 >B=>H5=85 8<55B @07K3@0==0O 8AB>@8O : DC=:F8>=8@>20=8N A5<L8 - 2A5 MB> 405B 206=K5 A@54AB20 ?>=8<0=8O ACI5AB20 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89. >=D;8:B <564C ?5@A>=060<8 4@0<0B878@C5<>9 8AB>@88 >B@0605B D0=B0788 G;5=>2 A5<L8, D>@<0 8 A>45@60=85 :>B>@KE :0: ?@028;> 2@0I0NBAO 2>:@C3 >4=>9 8;8 =5A:>;L:8E B5<, GB> G0AB> ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A8<2>;8G5A:89 >B25B =0 ?>4A?C4=> ?@8ACBAB2CNI89 C ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 2>?@>A A5<L5: "0G5< 2K ?@8H;8 AN40?" @>F54C@0. @>F54C@0 >?8A0=0 8=3(Bing,1970) 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 @01>B5 A @515=:>< 8;8 65 A> 2A59 A5<L59.  8=48284C0;L=>9 15A545 @515=:0 ?@>AOB 2K1@0BL >?@545;5==>5 :>;8G5AB2> :C:>;, >4520NI8EAO =0 @C:C, 87 ?@54AB02;5==>3> 5<C =01>@0, 0 70B5<, 8A?>;L7CO MB8 :C:;K, @07K3@0BL A:07:C B0:, :0: 5A;8 1K >=0 ?>:07K20;0AL ?> B5;5287>@C.  B> 2@5<O :0: @07K3@K205BAO 8AB>@8O, B5@0?52B A>18@05B A2>1>4=K5 0AA>F80F88 : B><C <0B5@80;C, :>B>@K9 A>45@68BAO 2 ?L5A5, "8=B5@2LN8@CO" :0: :C:>;, B0: 8 :C:;>2>40. >A;5 "A?5:B0:;O" ?A8E>B5@0?52B 15A54C5B A @515=:>< ?> ?>2>4C A>G8=5==>9 8< 8AB>@88 8 55 >B=>H5=8O : @50;L=>9 687=5==>9 A8BC0F88. >340 ":C:>;L=>5 8=B5@2LN" ?@>2>48BAO 2 @0<:0E 15A54K A A5<L59, :064>3> 55 G;5=0 A=0G0;0 ?@>AOB >?@545;8BL ?@>1;5<C B0:, :0: >=0 2848BAO A 53> B>G:8 7@5=8O. '0I5 2A53>, A A>3;0A8O 2A59 A5<L8, 2 :0G5AB25 "?@>1;5<K" 2KABC?05B >48= 87 55 G;5=>2 - B.=. 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B. 0;L=59H89 @>AB A5<L8 ?> =0?@02;5=8N : 1>;55 DC=:F8>=0;L=><C A>AB>O=8N 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >=8 4>;6=K 273;O=CBL =0 A51O :0: =0 A8AB5<C 2708<>459AB28O, 2 :>B>@>9 :064K9 2:;NG5= 2 45OB5;L=>ABL :064>3>. 1JOA=OO ?@>F54C@C ?@>2545=8O <5B>48:8, B5@0?52B ?@>A8B A5<LN =5<=>3> ?>83@0BL 8 405B 8< :>@78=C A 83@CH:0<8. !5<LO @0AA<0B@8205B 83@CH:8 8 2K18@05B B5 87 =8E, :>B>@K5 :06CBAO =081>;55 ?@82;5:0B5;L=K<8. "5@0?52B ?@54C?@56405B A5<LN > B><, GB>1K >=8 =5 ?@84020;8 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 D>@<0;L=><C @0A?@545;5=8N @>;59 - 8< @07@5H05BAO ?@>AB> 83@0BL.  B> 2@5<O :0: G;5=K A5<L8 2K18@0NB 83@CH:8, B5@0?52B =01;N405B 70 8E 8=48284C0;L=K< ?>2545=85<, >B<5G0O, :0:85 8<5==> 83@CH:8 2K18@0NBAO, :0:85 >B25@30NBAO 8 B0: 40;55. =>340 1K205B B0:, GB> >48= 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 2K18@05B 83@CH:8 4;O 4@C3>3>, :0: 1K =02O7K20O 4@C3><C A2>9 2K1>@, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 4@C385, :065BAO, 64CB >B 1;87:8E ?>4B25@645=89 8E 2K1>@>2. K1@0==K5 ?5@A>=068 A:>@55 2A53> >B@060NB ACI5AB25==K5 <><5=BK 2 687=8 :0: A0<>9 ;8G=>AB8, B0: 8 55 1;8609H53> >:@C65=8O. "> 7=0G5=85, :>B>@>5 8<55B :C:;0 4;O :C:;>2>40, <>65B AB0BL OA=K< =5?>A@54AB25==> G5@57 2708<>459AB28O 8 :>=D;8:BK, ?@54AB02;5==K5 2 8AB>@88, 0 B0:65 87 E>40 >1AC645=8O, :>B>@>5 1C45B 8<5BL <5AB> A@07C ?>A;5 ?@54AB02;5=8O. > 2@5<O MB>3> >1AC645=8O G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?>?@>AOB ?>4C<0BL =04 B5<, :0:8E :C:>; >=8 2K1@0;8 8 ?>G5<C. >340 :C:;K >B;>65=K 8 G;5=K A5<L8 2>7@0I0NBAO 2 :@C3 4;O >1AC645=8O, 8E ?>>I@ONB : B><C, GB>1K >=8 4020;8 0AA>F80F88 ?> ?>2>4C B>9 8AB>@88, :>B>@CN B>;L:> GB> 83@0;8. >6=> ?>?@>A8BL, =0?@8<5@, :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 ?@84C<0BL =0720=85 4;O 8AB>@88, >?@545;8BL, 2 G5< A>AB>8B 55 3;02=0O B5<0, <>@0;L, C@>:, :>B>@K9 <>6=> 87 =55 872;5GL, ?>?KB0BLAO >?@545;8BL =0 <5AB5 :0:>3> 87 35@>52 8AB>@88 40==K9 G;5= A5<L8 E>B5; 1K >:070BLAO 1>;LH5 2A53> 8 =0 <5AB5 :0:>3> - <5=LH5 2A53>. ';5=>2 A5<L8 A?@0H820NB B0:65 > B><,2 :0:>9 <5@5 AK3@0==0O 8AB>@8O >B@0605B @50;L=CN 2=CB@8A5<59=CN A8BC0F8N. >A;5 MB>3> B5@0?52B ?KB05BAO ?><>GL A5<L5 A>548=8BL AK3@0==CN 8AB>@8N A B5<8 2>?@>A0<8, :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;ONBAO 7=0G8<K<8 4;O :>=D;8:B>2, 8<5NI8E <5AB> 2 40==>9 A5<L5. @8<5@. !5<LO . 1K;0 2K1@0=0 4;O 4803=>AB8G5A:>3> 8=B5@2LN =0 >A=>25 <5B>48:8 :C:>;L=>3> B50B@0 87-70 B>3>, GB> C @>48B5;59 8<5;0 <5AB> B5=45=F8O 8=B5;;5:BC0;878@>20BL 8 4065 83=>@8@>20BL A2>8 GC2AB20, >A>15==> 03@5AA82=K5. !5<LO <>;G0;82> 2KA;CH0;0 40==K5 59 8=AB@C:F88. >340 65 1K;8 ?>:070=K :C:;K, 8AB5@ . ?>?@>A8; 4>?>;=8B5;L=KE ?>OA=5=89: "0< =5>1E>48<> 2K1@0BL :0:8E-B> >?@545;5==KE :C:>;?"-A?@>A8; >=. >340 65 5<C 1K;> A:070=>, GB> >= <>65B 2K1@0BL ;N1K5, :0:85 5<C =@02OBAO, >= B@52>6=> >1@0B8;AO : B5@0?52BC A> A;54CNI8< 2>?@>A><: "A5 MB> 4>;6=> ?@>8AE>48BL 157 A;>2 8;8 :0:?"  ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL ?0?8=>9 B@52>6=>AB8, 12-B8 ;5B=89 "><<8 A?>:>9=> 8 <5B>48G5A:8 ?5@5A<>B@5; 83@CH:8 8 2K1@0; A515 G5@B0 8 A:5;5B0: "/ 7=0N, :0:0O 8AB>@8O C =0A 1C45B - 0<>: ?@82545=89 - A:5;5B 8 G5@B 745AL >G5=L 4065 ?@83>4OBAO..." 3> ?0?0 A<55BAO: ", =5C65;8?" 45=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B, 10-;5B=89 !B5D0=, 2K1@0; ?8@0B0 A ?>2O7:>9 =0 3;07C. 5@60 53> =0 C@>2=5 A2>53> ;8F0 >= 3>2>@8B: "@825B @51OB0, 45=L38 =0 1>G:C!" 8 B8E> A<55BAO. 0<0 2K1@0;0 42CE ?CH8ABKE 83@CH5:, ;L20 8 A>10:C, 8 A >BACBAB2CNI8< 273;O4><, >6840O :>340 4@C385 70:>=G0B >B1>@, ?>B8@05B A2>5 ;8F> <O3:>9 83@CH:>9. "52, - 3>2>@8B >=0, - A>2A5< =5 7;>9, GB> 65 :0A05BAO A>10:8, ... B> >=0 ?>E>60 =0 6>9, :>B>@0O 1K;0 C =0A @0=LH5, 55 CAK?8;8..." >340 <0<0 3>2>@8B, A;57K 702>;0:820NB 55 3;070. 14-B8 ;5B=OO C870 ;5=82> 8 2O;> ?>4>H;0 : :C:;0< 8 2K1@0;0 4;O A51O :>@>;52C 8 254L<C, GB>, :0: ?>765 >:070;>AL, 1K;> A2O70=> A ?@84C<0==>9 5N 8AB>@859, 2 :>B>@>9 7;0O 254L<0 ?KB05BAO C18BL A=56=CN :>@>;52C 87-70 @52=>AB8 : 55 :@0A>B5 - B5<0 @52=>AB8 8 A>?5@=8G5AB20, :0: AB0;> ?>B>< OA=>, >B=>A8;0AL : 55 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< A <0B5@LN. 0?0 2K18@0; ?>A;54=8< - >= >AB0=>28;AO =0 42CE 65=I8=0E 8 ?@8 MB>< ?>4G5@:=C;, GB> >=8 "4>1@K5", =5 ?@848@0NBAO : 4@C38<, C =8E 701>B;82K5 3;070, 1K205B, GB> >=8 HCBOB, => HCB:8 C =8E <8;K5, 0 2>2A5 =5 7;K5". 5A<>B@O =0 >3@><=K5 CA8;8O @>48B5;59, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 B>, GB>1K >ACI5AB2;OBL :>=B@>;L 70 E0@0:B5@>< @0725@BK205<>3> 459AB28O 8 =5 ?>72>;OBL =8:0:8< 7=0:0< :>=D;8:B0 ?@>=8:=CBL 2 @07K3@K205<CN ?L5AC, 45BO< C40;>AL AK3@0BL 8AB>@8N, ?>;=CN 3=520, 1>@L1K 8 03@5AA82=>AB8, =0?@02;5==KE :0: =0 4@C38E, B0: 8 =0 A51O. 0 B0:8< @>48B5;LA:8< >B=>H5=85< A >G5284=>ABLN <>6=> CA<>B@5BL AB@0E 03@5AA82=>AB8, ?>?KB:8 :>=B@>;8@>20BL ?@>F5AA ?@54AB02;5=8O, 0 B0:65 A0< AF5=0@89 @07K3@K205<>9 ?L5AK. ;O ?>A;54CNI53> >1AC645=8O 1K;8 2K1@0=K A;54CNI85 2>?@>AK:1.ABL ;8 C ?0?K ?>B@51=>ABL 2 B><, GB>1K 2A5340 "1KBL ?@02K<" 8 C4>2;5B2>@OBL B5E ;8F, :>B>@K5 >= >B>645AB2;O5B A 2;0ABLN? !G8B05B ;8 >=, GB> 65=I8=K >1KG=> 2K45;K20NB @07=K5 HBCG:8 8 70 =8<8 =C65= 3;07 40 3;07? 2. 45=B8D8F8@C5B ;8 <0<0 A51O A 6>9 8 2848B A2>53> <C60 :0: ;L20, :>B>@>3> =5>1E>48<> 4@5AA8@>20BL? 3. 0:>20 ?@8G8=0 A>?5@=8G5AB20 <564C <0<>9 8 4>G5@LN? 4. 0: :>=:@5B=> 2 MB>9 A5<L5 2K@060NBAO 3=52, A>@52=>20=85 8 :>=D;8:B, 5A;8 8< =5 ?>72>;ONB 2K@060BLAO A2>1>4=> 8 >B:@KB>? 5. 0:>20 ?@8G8=0 AB>;L A8;L=>9 ?>B@51=>AB8 C G;5=>2 MB>9 A5<L8 2 :>=B@>;5 8 >B<I5=88? A?>;L7>20=85  :;8=8G5A:>9 @01>B5 A 45BL<8 8A?>;L7>20=85 :C:>; <>65B ?@54AB02;OBL F5==>ABL :0: 2 4803=>AB8G5A:><, B0: 8 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?;0=5, ?>A:>;L:C >BAN40 <>6=> 872;5GL 1>30BK9 A8<2>;8G5A:89 <0B5@80;, 2A5340 ?@8ACBAB2CNI89 2 A?>=B0==>9 83@5. "5@0?52B 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL 2<5H820BLAO 2 ?L5AC =5?>A@54AB25==>, G5@57 2>?@>AK, 8;8 ?@54;030O ?5@5=0?@028BL 459AB285 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>8725AB8 87<5=5=8O 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. !B@C:BC@=K5 B5@0?52BK 8A?>;L7CNB MBC B5E=8:C :0: =5>1E>48<CN A>AB02=CN G0ABL A2>59 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 AB@0B5388. !5<L8, :>B>@K5 =5A?>A>1=K ?@5>1@07>20BL A2>8 <KA;8 8 GC2AB20 2 A;>20 8 2 :>B>@KE 8<55BAO B5=45=F8O <0=8?C;OF88 4@C3 4@C3>< G5@57 8=B5;;5:BC0;870F8N <>3CB 8A?>;L7>20BL :C:>;L=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 4;O 157>?0A=>3> A=OB8O 70I8B 2 ?@>F5AA5 87CG5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 48=0<8:8. -B0 <5B>48:0 2 =081>;LH59 AB5?5=8 ?>4E>48B A5<LO< A 45BL<8 >B 5 4> 12 ;5B, :>B>@K< B@C4=> ?@O<> 3>2>@8BL A B5@0?52B>< > A2>8E A5<59=KE ?@>1;5<0E. 2-4. -/  !/    !# ##!%  #% 1JOA=5=85 >M78O 2A5340 @0AA<0B@820;0AL :0: ?CBL : ?>B05==K< C3>;:0< G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8, : B>9 ?@0245, :>B>@0O ;568B 70 68B59A:8<8 D0:B0<8 8 ?>2A54=52=K< >?KB><. '5@57 A>G8=5=85 A>1AB25==KE AB8E>2 8;8 65 ?>A@54AB2>< 845=B8D8:0F88 A B2>@G5AB2>< B>3> 8;8 8=>3> ?>MB0 ;N48 87402=0 8A:0;8 A<KA;K A2>8E 687=59. >MB8G5A:0O B5@0?8O 8<55B 4;8==CN 8AB>@8N. >A;54=85 20@80=BK MB>9 <5B>48:8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 55 040?B0F8N : @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:8<8 3@C??0<8. >M78O 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL >1;53G8BL 3@C??>2>9 ?@>F5AA 8 A;><0BL A>?@>B82;5=85 AC?@C65A:8E ?0@, :>B>@K5 ?@8E>4OB : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC A =5A?>A>1=>ABLN MDD5:B82=> >1I0BLAO 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 5MDD5:B82=>5 >1I5=85 O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< D0:B>@>< =5DC=:F8>=0;L=>AB8 AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. 0770 8 @5A:>BB (Mazz0,Prescott,1981) >?8AK20NB 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?>M788 2 :0G5AB25 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 8=AB@C<5=B0, 40NI53> 2>7<>6=>ABL AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 2K@078BL A51O C=8:0;L=K< 8 =5C3@>60NI8< 8E >ICI5=8N 157>?0A=>AB8 ?CB5<, 045:20B=> @50;87>2K20BL A?>A>1=>AB8 : 25@10;L=><C 2K@065=8N M<>F89, 2=5AB8 1>;LH5 ?>78B82=KE <><5=B>2 2> 2708<>459AB285 4@C3 A 4@C3><, 0 B0:65 42830BLAO ?> =0?@02;5=8N : 1>;55 >B:@KB><C 8 MDD5:B82=><C >1I5=8N. @>F54C@0 >;LH0O G0ABL <0B5@80;0, ?@54AB02;5==>3> =865, >A=>20=0 =0 <5B>45, @07@01>B0==>< 0770 8 @5A:>BB. !CI5AB2C5B <=>65AB2> ?CB59 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?>M788 2 @01>B5 A 548=8G=>9 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@>9,2 AC?@C65A:>9 3@C??5, A A5<L59. !;54CNI85 ?@85<K ?@58<CI5AB25==> =0?@02;5=K =0 @01>BC A AC?@C65A:>9 3@C??>9. 1. !B8E>B2>@5=85 <>65B 1KBL ?@>G8B0=> 3@C??5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 8;8 G;5=>< 3@C??K, :>B>@K9 70B5< ?@>A8B 3@C??C >1 >1@0B=>9 A2O78, ?> >B=>H5=8N : AB8E>B2>@5=8N :0: F5;><C, 8;8 65 : :0:>9-=81C4L 53> AB@>:5 8;8 >1@07C. 2. @C??C <>3CB ?>?@>A8BL A>G8=8BL 2<5AB5 AB8E>B2>@5=85, ?@8G5< :064K9 >B45;L=K9 G5;>25: 4>;65= A>G8=8BL >4=C 87 53> AB@>:. "5@0?52BC 65 =5>1E>48<> >?@545;8BL B5<C 8;8 7040BL 2A59 3@C??5 :0:>5-B> M<>F8>=0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85, A;54O 70 B5<, GB>1K MB0 ;8=8O A>E@0=O;0AL 1K 2> 2A5< A>G8=O5<>< AB8E>B2>@5=88. 3. @C??C 7=0:><OB A> AB8E>B2>@5=85< 8;8 ?5A=59. >A;5 MB>3> AC?@C65A:85 ?0@K ?@>AOB @07>9B8AL ?> @07=K< C3;0< :><=0BK 8 A>G8=8BL ?>MB8G5A:89 B5:AB 4;8=>9 2 425 AB@>:8, >B@060NI89 B> 7=0G5=85, :>B>@>5, :0: >=8 ?>;030NB, 8<55B 4;O =8E 40==>5 AB8E>B2>@5=85. 0B5<, :>340 3@C??0 A>15@5BAO 2=>2L, ?0@K 1C4CB 8<5BL 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>45;8BLAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< MB8<8, B>;L:> GB> A>G8=5==K<8 8<8, :>@>B:8<8 AB8E0<8. 4. >MB8G5A:85 >1@07K 8 A8<2>;K 15@CBAO =5?>A@54AB25==> 87 480;>30 G;5=>2 3@C??K. 5. ;85=B>2 ?@>AOB ?@8=5AB8 =0 >G5@54=CN A5AA8N B5 AB8E>B2>@5=8O 8 ?5A=8, :>B>@K5 >=8 AG8B0NB ?>;57=K<8 4;O @07@5H5=8O A>1AB25==KE ?@>1;5<. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?@>G8B0BL 3@C??5 AB8E>B2>@5=85, ?@>AB> A:0702, GB> >=> 5<C ?>=@028;>AL 8;8 65 :0:-B> A2O702 A>45@60=85, 0 B0:65 >1@07K ?>MB8G5A:>3> ?@>872545=8O A B5< 480;>3><, :>B>@K9 8<5; <5AB> =0 A5AA88. @8<5@K >M78O 2 :0G5AB25 B5E=8:8 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 2 :@0B:>A@>G=>9 AC?@C65A:>9 3@C??5, :>B>@0O 1K;0 A>740=0 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?><>GL AC?@C65A:8< ?0@0<, @0728BL A2>8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88. &5;8 3@C??K A>AB>O;8 2 AB8<C;OF88 ;8G=>AB=>3> @>AB0 :0: AC?@C65A:8E ?0@, B0: 8 A>AB02;ONI8E 8E 8=48284>2. ;02=0O B5<0 ?5@2>9 A5AA88 - =5>1E>48<>ABL CAB0=>2;5=8O 045:20B=>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 4;O AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 045:20B=> >1@8A>20BL 40==CN B5<C 4;O 3@C??K 8 >1;53G8BL 55 ?>A;54CNI55 >1AC645=85, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8A?>;L7>20;0 ;8@8:C 6>=0 5=25@0 87 53> ?5A=8 " ?>8A:0E ?@>AB@0=AB20", :>B>@0O >:070;0AL >G5=L ?>;57=>9 4;O A>?>AB02;5=8O 8=48284C0;L=KE 2?5G0B;5=89 G;5=>2 3@C??K ?> ?>2>4C ?@54;>65==>9 B5<K 8 2<5AB5 A B5< 4;O >15A?5G5=8O 045:20B=KE >A=>20=89 4;O 7025@H5=8O @01>BK 3@C??K. 4=0 87 AC?@C65A:8E ?0@ ?@8=5A;0 =0 >G5@54=>5 70=OB85 ?5A=N M@>;0 8=30 ">@L:>5 2<5AB5 A> A;04:8<" 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>45;8BLAO 55 A>45@60=85< A 3@C??>9. -B0 ?0@0 1K;0 2<5AB5 C65 2 B5G5=88 ?OB8 ;5B 8 8A?KBK20;0 =0?@O65=8O, A2O70==K5 A 42>9AB25==K<8 >6840=8O<8 >B=>A8B5;L=> :0@L5@K. >M78O 2K720;0 =0 3@C??5 682>5 >1AC645=85. @C??0 A>3;0A8;0AL A B5<, GB> 2K45;5=85 2@5<5=8 8 ?@>AB@0=AB20 4;O :064>3> AC?@C30 O2;O5BAO :@09=5 =5>1E>48<K< 4;O AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE, 2 :>B>@KE, ?@87=0;> 1>;LH8=AB2> G;5=>2 3@C??K, ACI5AB2CNB :0: 3>@L:85, B0: 8 A;04:85 AB>@>=K. "5<0 >ICI5=8O F5;>AB=>AB8, 2>7=8:H0O =5?>A@54AB25==> 2 3@C??>2>9 48A:CAA88, 70B5< AB0;0 =0720=85< AB8E>B2>@5=8O, :>B>@>5 A>2<5AB=> A>G8=O;0 70B5< 3@C??0. >A;54CNI55 GB5=85 AB8E>B2>@5=8O A?>A>1AB2>20;> A?;>G5==>AB8 G;5=>2 3@C??K, :>B>@K5 @5038@>20;8 =0 =53> :0: =0 7=0: B>3>, GB> >=8 2A5 459AB28B5;L=> 2 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B GC2AB2CNB. A5 CG0AB=8:8 >:070;8AL 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@54;>68BL B0:85 >1@07K 8 <5B0D>@K, :>B>@K5 ?>A;C68;8 045:20B=K<8 8=AB@C<5=B0<8 4;O A0<>@0A:@KB8O. !B8E>B2>@5=85 !B5D0=0 @59=0 "'B> 5A;8 O 2K1@>HC MBC 25BECN :C@B:C" ?@>G8B0=> 3@C??5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 2 @0<:0E @01>BK A @8A:>< 8 B@52>6=>ABLN 2 =>2KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. !5<L8 A=0G0;0 >1AC48;8 AB8E>B2>@5=85, 0 70B5< A>740;8 =0 53> >A=>25 :C?;5BK, :>B>@K5 >:070;8AL >A>15==> ?>;57=K<8 :0: 2 ?@8=OB88 @07=>>1@078O 273;O4>2, :>B>@K5 8<5NBAO C ?0@B=5@>2 =0 @07=K5 AB>@>=K 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, B0: 8 =0 AE>4AB2> 2 8E <KH;5=88 8 GC2AB20E, :>B>@>5 A>1AB25==> 8 A>AB02;O5B >A=>2C AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. 5A=O !09<>=0 8 0@DC=:5;O "2C:8 B8H8=K" >:070;0AL G@572KG09=> ?>;57=>9, :>340 ?@8H;>AL 8<5BL 45;> A> <=>38<8 =52KA:070==K<8 >701>G5==>ABO<8 2 40==>9 3@C??5. -B>B 2K1>@ B0:65 >15A?5G8; ?5@5E>4 : B5<0<, 206=K< 4;O 7025@H5=8O @01>BK. 48= 87 G;5=>2 3@C??K ?@>G8B0; AB8E>B2>@5=85 68;L15@B> 68;0 "45AL 8 B5?5@L", :>B>@>5 =0?><=8;> 2A5< CG0AB=8:0< > 206=>AB8 >BAB@0=5=8O >B 2>A?><8=0=89 > ?@>H;><, 701>B > 1C4CI5< 8 >1@0I5=8O : B><C, GB> ACI5AB2C5B 745AL 8 B5?5@L - : 0:BC0;L=>9 @50;L=>AB8. A?>;L7>20=85 >M78O :0: ?>A@54=8: 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL >1>7=0G8BL B5 GC2AB20, :>B>@K5 :;85=B0< ?> B5< 8;8 8=K< A>>1@065=8O< AB@0H=>, =5C4>1=> 2K@060BL 2 4@C38E D>@<0E. 0: >B?@02=0O B>G:0 2 >@30=870F88 2=CB@83@C??>2>3> 2708<>459AB28O ?>MB8G5A:0O B5@0?8O 405B 1>;LH85 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 4;O =01;N45=89 A?5F8D8G5A:8E >1@07F>2 ?>2545=8O AC?@C65A:8E ?0@. ;85=BK, :>B>@K5 =5 A:;>==K 2K@060BL A2>8 <KA;8 2 A;>20E <>3CB 8A?KBK20BL ACI5AB25==K5 B@C4=>AB8 A 40==>9 B5E=8:>9. @5<5==K5 ?0@0<5B@K 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 MB>9 B5E=8:8 B0:65 >G5=L ACI5AB25==K. >M78O 2 A>AB>O=88 ?><>GL A0<><C ?A8E>B5@0?52BC, <>65B 1KBL, 4065 1>;LH5, G5< :;85=B0<. A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= 8<5BL ?@> 70?0A : >G5@54=>9 A5AA88 =5A:>;L:> AB8E>B2>@5=89, >4=0:>, 2 B> 65 2@5<O, 5<C =5>1E>48<> 1KBL 3>B>2K< >B:070BLAO >B =8E, 5A;8 >=8 >:06CBAO =5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 :>=:@5B=K< CA;>28O< 8 >1AC6405<><C =0 40==>9 A5AA88 A>45@60=8N.  =0:>=5F, A?>A>1=>ABL 3@C??K 8A?>;L7>20BL ?>MB8G5A:>5 ?@>872545=85 4;O @0728B8O <56;8G=>AB=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 4>;6=> 1KBL @5H0NI59 45B5@<8=0=B>9 2 2K1>@5 ?>M788 2 :0G5AB25 ?>A@54=8:0 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5. 5. "! + / +" 1>A=>20=85 ?8A0==0O 745AL ?@>65:B82=0O B5E=8:0 040?B8@>20=0 4;O F5;59 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 -AB5@ 5=83A15@3 2 1984 3>4C 8 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 83@C, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>9 ;568B 7040G0 7025@H8BL =570:>=G5==K5 ?@54;>65=8O. ';5=K A5<L8 >1>7=0G0NB A0<8E A51O 8;8 4@C3 4@C30 B5<8 8;8 8=K<8 =5>4CH52;5==K<8 ?@54<5B0<8 - <5B0D>@0<8 40==>3> 8=482840, GB> ?><>305B 8< A>A@54>B>G8BLAO =0 GC2AB20E, :>B>@K5 8<5NBAO C =8E ?>-?>2>4C B>3>, :5< 40==K9 G5;>25: 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 O2;O5BAO 8;8 <>65B 1KBL 2 8450;5. -B> 65 @0A:@K205B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC @>;L, :>B>@CN, 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 :0:>3>-B> :>=:@5B=>3> G5;>25:0, >= 83@05B 2 A2>59 A5<L5 8 2 >1I5AB25 2 F5;><. !5<59=K9 B5@0?52B 8A?>;L7C5B 40==CN B5E=8:C 8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A?@028BLAO A B@C4=>ABO<8 2 @01>B5 A "=525@10;L=>9" A5<L59 8;8 27OBL ?>4 :>=B@>;L "708=B5;;5:BC0;878@>20==K5" @073>2>@K 2 A5<L5. @>F54C@0 "5E=8:0 "5A;8 1K O 1K;" <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 A0<K<8 @07=K<8 A?>A>10<8, G0I5 2A53> 2 :0G5AB25 AB@5<8B5;L=> @072820NI59AO 83@K. A8E>B5@0?52B =0G8=05B 83@C, G8B0O ?5@2CN G0ABL ?@54;>65=8O 8 >1@0I0OAL : A5<L5 A ?@>AL1>9 70:>=G8BL 53>. >A;5 B>3>, :0: 2A5 G;5=K A5<L8 A?@02OBAO A 7040=85<, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54;0305B A;54CNI55 =570:>=G5==>5 ?@54;>65=85. A5 MB> <>65B 1KBL ?@>45;0=> =5A:>;L:> @07 A 8A?>;L7>20=85< 2 :0G5AB25 <5B0D>@ @07=>>1@07=KE =5>4CH52;5==KE ?@54<5B>2. @54;>65=8O A>740NBAO A0<8< ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, 8 45;05BAO MB> B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K 2:;NG8BL 2 ?@>F5AA <5B0D>@K, >B=>AOI85AO : @07;8G=K< A5=A>@=K< 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K< <>40;L=>ABO<. @54;>65=8O <>3CB =0G8=0BLAO ?@8<5@=> B0:: A;8 1K O ( >=, >=0, =0H0 A5<LO ) 1K; B@0=A?>@B=K< A@54AB2><, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; HB0B>< !(, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; D@C:B><, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; F25B><, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; =0AB@>5=85<, O 1K; 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; 3@5E><, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; 8=AB@C<5=B><, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; 682>B=K<, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; 8725AB=K< ;8B5@0BC@=K< 8;8 8AB>@8G5A:8< ?5@A>=065<, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; 70?0E><, O 1K; 1K... A;8 1K O 1K; 54>9, O 1K; 1K... 3@0 ?@>B5:05B 1KAB@> - G;5=K A5<L8 =5 4>;6=K 8<5BL A;8H:>< <=>3> 2@5<5=8 4;O >14C<K20=8O >B25B>2. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> 83@0 1C45B 70?8A0=0 =0 2845><03=8B>D>= 8 70B5< 2>A?@>872545=0 2 ?@8ACBAB288 A5<L8, :>B>@0O :0:8<-B> >1@07>< A<>65B >B@5038@>20BL =0 ?@>8AH54H55, 0 B0:65 ?@>:><<5=B8@>20BL ?@54;>65=8O, A>AB02;5==K5 8E 1;86=8<8. ;85=B>2 <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL B0:65 40BL E0@0:B5@8AB8:C 8E 2K1>@>2 A ?><>ILN ?>4E>4OI8E 4;O MB>3> ?@8;030B5;L=KE. 0?@8<5@ - 1;54=K9 3>;C1>9 F25B, ?@868<G82K9 ?;NH52K9 <8H:0, 1>;LH>9 65;57=>4>@>6=K9 203>=. E <>6=> 5I5 A?@>A8BL, :0:>9 A<KA; :>=:@5B=0O <5B0D>@0 8<55B 4;O =8E. "5@515F 3>@4K9, A8;L=K9 8 1KAB@K9. = ;848@C5B 2 AB045 8 70I8I05B 53>". @8<5@ 8AB5@ 8 <8AA8A . =0G0;8 ?A8E>B5@0?8N =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 =0704 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: @>48;AO 8E ?5@2K9 @515=>:. 10 GC2AB2>20;8 A51O 2AB@52>65==K<8 8 =0?@O65==K<8. >A;5 2B>@>9 A5AA88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B >B<5B8;0 4;O A51O, GB> AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 A>2A5< =5 3>2>@8B > GC2AB20E, 0 2:;04K205B 2AN A2>N M=5@38N 2 ?5@5G8A;5=85 15A:>=5G=KE 45B0;59 2 A?>@5 4@C3 A 4@C3><. A8E>B5@0?52B :@0B:> >1JOA=8;0 CA;>28O 83@K, 402 AC?@C30< 8=AB@C:F8N 7025@H8BL ?@54;>65=8O. A8E>B5@0?52B: A;8 1K O 1K; F25B><, O 1K; 1K... 8AB5@ : / 1K; 1K 3>;C1K<.... 8AA8A : / 1K;0 1K 1;54=>-65;B>9... A8E>B5@0?52B: A;8 1K O 1K; 02B><>18;5<, O 1K; 1K... 8AA8A : / 1K;0 1K G5BK@5E425@=K< $>@4><. 8AB5@ : / 1K; 1K ...<8:@>02B>1CA><?... A8E>B5@0?52B: A;8 1K O 1K; 682>B=K<, O 1K; 1K... 8AB5@ : / 1K; 1K ?>GB>2K< 3>;C15<. 8AA8A : / 1K;0 1K I5=:><. A8E>B5@0?52B: 5 <>3;8 1K 2K A59G0A >B@5038@>20BL =0 2K1>@K 4@C3 4@C30. 8AB5@ : =5 ?@8H;>AL ?> 2:CAC, GB> BK A:070;0 1;54=>-65;BK9. <5==> MB> 2 B515 <=5 >G5=L =@028BAO. 'B>-B> >G5=L >A>15==>5, E>BO 8 ?@83;CH5==>5. > O 1K =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 AB0; 87>1@060BL B51O 2 :0G5AB25 $>@40. "K 1>;LH5 ?>E>60 =0 =>2K5 $>;L:A2035=K A >B:84K20NI8<AO 25@E><, ?@0:B8G=K5 8 A?>@B82=K5. 8AA8A : / >G5=L C4828;0AL ?>-?>2>4C B>3>, GB> BK A:070;. @54AB02;ON A515, GB> 1K BK ?@84C<0; ?> <>5<C ?>2>4C? "125BH0;K9, => =0456=K9". 5?@82;5:0B5;L=K9 G5;>25:, A :>B>@K< BK 70AB@O;, 8 =04>;3>. >GB>2K9 3>;C1L! "0: BK 2848HL A51O ?>GB>2K< 3>;C15<?! 8AB5@ : >=8<05HL, O 2KE>6C 4;O 8A?>;=5=8O <>59 "<8AA88" :064K9 45=L 8 5654=52=> 2>72@0I0NAL 2 A2>5 3=574>, : <>5<C >G5=L B5?;><C 8 >G5=L A5:AC0;L=><C I5=>G:C.  <=5 MB> >G5=L =@028BAO. 0;L B>;L:>, GB> I5=>G5: 1K205B A;8H:>< ?@848@G82 8 @074@068B5;5=. 3@0 ?><>3;0 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC A?>A>1AB2>20BL =0G0;C >B:@KB>3> 480;>30 <564C 8AB5@>< 8 8AA8A . 10 1K;8 >1>4@5=K B5<8 B5?;K<8 A;>20<8, :>B>@K<8 >=8 >B@5038@>20;8 =0 2KA:07K20=8O 4@C3 4@C30.  G0AB=>AB8, <8AA8A , :>B>@0O 8A?KBK20;0 =530B82=K5 GC2AB20 ?> >B=>H5=8N : A515 ?>A;5 @>645=8O @515=:0, :0: D878G5A:8, B0: 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>, 1K;0 >1>4@5=0 A;>20<8 <C60. =0 ?@8H;0 2 2>AB>@3 >B B>3>, GB> 55 <C6 2848B 55 >A>15==>9 8 ?@82;5:0B5;L=>9. 0B5< AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 >1AC48;0 AE>4AB20 ( >1>8< =@02OBAO 1;54=K5 F25B0 ) 8 @07;8G8O ( 8AA8A . GC2AB2>20;0 A51O >B25@3=CB>9, GC2AB2>20;0 A51O B0:, :0: 1C4B> 55 <C6 CAB0; >B =55 ) 2 8E 273;O40E, 0 B0:65 A8;L=K5 8 A;01K5 AB>@>=K A>N70 <564C =8<8, B@C4=>AB8, 2>7=8:0NI85 2 A>2<5AB=KE 15A540E ?>-?>2>4C >?0A5=89 4@C3 4@C30. I5 >=8 >1AC48;8 65;0=85 >1>8E 8<5BL "A>25@H5==K9" 1@0: 8 8E 2708<=> ?>445@68205<K9 AB@0E ;N1KE :>=D;8:B>2. 3@0 ?><>3;0 AC?@C30< ?>=OBL, GB> 1>;LH0O G0ABL 8E @074@068B5;L=>AB8 8<55B A2>8< 8AB>G=8:>< =54>AB0B:8 2 >1I5=88. 064K9 1K; =5 C25@5= 2 B><, GB> 4C<05B 4@C3>9 8 ?@8?8AK20; 4@C3><C =530B82=K5 <KA;8 ?> A2>5<C ?>2>4C. A8E>B5@0?52BC ?@8H;>AL B0:65 ?>@01>B0BL A 8E =5A?>A>1=>ABLN ?@>872>;L=> 3>2>@8BL 4@C3 4@C3C :><?;8<5=BK. "3@0" 40;0 8< B0:65 2>7<>6=>ABL :>A25==> ?>E20;8BL 4@C3 4@C30. >340 10@L5@K 1K;8 @07@CH5=K 8 GC2AB20 >A2>1>645=K, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>;CG8; 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>AB@>8BL >A=>2C ?>78B82=>9 AB@C:BC@K 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89, ?><>GL CAB0=>28BL 1>;55 ?@>4C:B82=K5 ?CB8 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 0@80F8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 - ?>?@>A8BL G;5=>2 A5<L8 70:>=G8BL ?@54;>65=8O 4@C3 70 4@C30. "0:8< >1@07>< <>6=> ?>=OBL, :0: >=8 2>A?@8=8<0NB 4@C3 4@C30, =0A:>;L:> ?>4;8==K ?@8 MB>< 8E >1@07K. =0G5=85 2K1>@>2 40==>3> 8=482840 8;8 AC645=89 > =5< <>3CB 1KBL A2545=K 2>548=>, 8 B0: <>65B 1KBL ?>;CG5= 8=B5@5A=K9 ?@>D8;L 40==>3> G5;>25:0, 0 B0:65 :0: >= 2>A?@8=8<05BAO 4@C38<8. 5B0D>@0 K1>@ =0G5=85 2K1>@0 ________________________________________________________________ 82>B=>5 5@515F >@4K9, A8;L=K9 ;845@, 70I8I0NI89 A;01KE &25B @0A=K9 !8;L=K9, 03@5AA82=K9 5>3@0D8G5A:0O :50= >;LH>9 8 3;C1>:89, A>740NI89 :0B53>@8O 2>;=K, @07<K20NI89 15@530 @C485 >6 AB@K9, @56CI89, >?0A=K9, <>65B 1KBL ?>;575= =0<5=8BK9 G5;>25: 0?>;5>= 8:B0B>@, >G5=L C<=K9, <=>3> G53> ?>AB@>8; A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 70:>=G8BL 83@C A;54CNI8< @5D;5:A82=K< CB25@645=85<: "> 2A5<C 284=>, GB> 2K 4C<05B5 > A515 :0: > A8;L=><, 03@5AA82=><, @07C<=>< G5;>25:5, A?>A>1=>< : B2>@G5AB2C". A?>;L7>20=85 #?@06=5=85 >A>15==> ?>;57=>, :>340 C 40==>9 A5<L8 8<5NBAO B@C4=>AB8 2 A0<>@0A:@KB88. A?>;L7>20=85 =5>4CH52;5==KE ?@54<5B>2 4;O 87>1@065=8O GC2AB2 (:0: ?>78B82=KE, B0: 8 =530B82=KE) ?> >B=>H5=8N : A515 8 4@C38< 4>2>;L=> 157>?0A=>. >A:>;L:C :064K9 :>=:@5B=K9 >1@07 <>65B 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BLAO A0<K<8 @07=K<8 A?>A>10<8 C<=K9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 1C45B 8A?>;L7>20BL A8<2>;K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?5@5D>@<C;8@>20BL >?@545;5==K5 A8BC0F88 2 ?>78B82=>< :;NG5. "5E=8:0 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO <=>65AB2>< @07=>>1@07=59H8E ?CB59, ?@545;K 55 ?@8<5=5=8O = ?@545;K 2>>1@065=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. @><5 2A53> ?@>G53> 55 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL B0:65 8 2 :0G5AB25 4><0H=53> 7040=8O. 7CG0O <56;8G=>AB=>5 2708<>459AB285 2=CB@8 :>=:@5B=>9 A5<L8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 273;O=CBL =0 "?@54<5BK" :064>3> G5;>25:0 2 8E >B=>H5=88 : ?@54<5B0< 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8. 0:>2> 1KBL @K1>9 2 A5<L5, A?;>HL A>AB>OI59 87 =075<=KE 682>B=KE? 0:>2> >4=><C 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 1KBL 3@><04=>9 4K=59, 0 4@C38< - <0;5=L:8<8 D@C:B0<8 - >@5E0<8, 28=>3@04><, :;C1=8:>9? >;6=K ;8 2 MB>9 A5<L5 2A5 1KBL ?>E>68<8 4@C3 =0 4@C30 (=0?@8<5@, 2A5 - A?>@B82=K5 <0H8=K)? =>385 AB>@>=K 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 48=0<8:8 <>3CB ?@>O28BLAO A 1>;LH59 25@>OB>ABLN 2> 2@5<O 2K?>;=5=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8, G5< 2 E>45 AB0=40@B=>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> >?@>A0. A8E>B5@0?52BK A @07;8G=K<8 B5>@5B8G5A:8<8 >@85=B0F8O<8 <>3CB B>;L:; 2K83@0BL, ?@8<5=OO B5E=8:C "A;8 1K O 1K;", E>BO 55 :>=:@5B=>5 ?@8<5=5=85 7028A8B >B MB8E >@85=B0F89. 2-6 ! '+% !"#& 1JOA=5=85 A?>;L7>20=85 <5B0D>@8G5A:8E 8=B5@25=F89 <>65B ?><>GL :;85=B0< (A5<LO< 8 8=482840<) 1>;55 G5B:> >G5@B8BL A2>N ?@>1;5<C, 0 70B5< 8 @5H8BL 55. 5B0D>@K O2;ONBAO MDD5:B82=K<8 A?>A>10<8 >1AC645=8O 682>3> G5;>25G5A:>3> >?KB0 8 <>3CB A8<2>;878@>20BL :>=:@5B=K5 :><<C=8:0B82=K5 8;8 ?>2545=G5A:85 ?0BB5@=K, ?@54;030O B0:>5 8E >?8A0=85, :>B>@>5 >B@0605B A>2A5< 4@C3>5 O2;5=85, 8<5NI55 <5AB> 2 8=>9 A8AB5<5 2=CB@83@C??>2>3> 2708<>459AB28O. '5@57 0=0;>388 ?>78B82=K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 87<5=5=8O <>3CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO A?>=B0==> 8 2 A>>B25BAB288 A >1I8<8 F5;O<8 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. "5E=8:8, >A=>20==K5 =0 <5B0D>@0E, 1K;8 ?@54;>65=K 2 H:>;5 AB@0B538G5A:>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, 2 G0AB=>AB8 2 @01>B0E - %59;8(Haley,1973, 1976), 0F;028:0, 8:;5=40 8 $8H0 (Watzlawick, Weakland, Fisch, 1974) 8 -@8:A>=0 (Zeig,1980). C3CABCA 0?85@ 8 0@; 8B0:5@ ( Napier, Whitaker,1978) :>B>@K5 @01>B0;8 2 @0<:0E A8<2>;8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 : A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, >A=>20==>3> =0 ;8G=>AB=>< >?KB5, 8A?>;L7>20;8 <5B0D>@K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K MDD5:B82=> 2>9B8 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C 8 2 83@>2>9 D>@<5 ">BI5?8BL" >B =55 AB>9:85 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=K5 ?0BB5@=K. @>F54C@0 0: B>;L:> ?A8E>B5@0?52B A> 2A59 OA=>ABLN ?>=8<05B B@C4=>AB8 A5<L8, >=0 <>65B 2K1@0BL 4;O 15A54K A8BC0F88 8;8 45OB5;L=>AB8, :>B>@K5 >B@060NB ?@>1;5<=K5 >1;0AB8 2 40==>9 A5<L5 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O >B=>A8B5;L=> A2>1>4=K >B 3@C70 87;8H=59 B@52>6=>AB8. 0?@8<5@, 2 A5<L5, G;5=K :>B>@>9 =0E>4OBAO 2 A8BC0F88 =5?@5:@0I0NI59AO 2>9=K, <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< >1AC645=85 ?5@53>2>@>2 <564C ?@54?@8=8<0B5;O<8 8 ?@>DA>N70<8 8;8 65 B5<K ?@54>B2@0I5=8O O45@=>9 2>9=K. #E>4 70 A04>< <>65B A;C68BL E>@>H59 0=0;>3859 2>A?8B0=8N 45B59. "5<0 >1CG5=8O 4><0H=8E 682>B=KE =>2K< =02K:0< <>65B ?@83>48BAO ?@8 B0:>9 A8BC0F88 2 AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE, :>340 >48= ?0@B=5@ 8<55B =0<5@5=85 87<5=8BL 4@C3>3> =0 A2>9 ;04. !>2A5< 2 4@C3>< :;NG5 <5B0D>@K <>3CB 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O 4@0<0B870F88 A8<?B><>2. 0?@8<5@, G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 ?>AB>O==> 60;C5BAO <>65B 1KBL =0720= "?@8=F5AA>9 =0 3>@>H8=5", 0 A5<LO, :>B>@0O 2A5340 >3;O4K205BAO =0704, =0?@02;5=0 2 ?@>H;>5 - "5=>9 >B0". @8G5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B =8:>340 =5 >1JOA=O5B <5B0D>@C 2 A2O78 A >AB@>9 4;O 40==>9 A5<L8 ?@>1;5<=>9 >1;0ABLN. !>>1I5=8O 745AL >1KG=> =>AOB =548@5:B82=K9 E0@0:B5@. @8<5@ !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 >1@0B8;0AL : A5<59=><C B5@0?52BC ?> ?>2>4C A5:AC0;L=KE :>=D;8:B>2. 5=5 :070;>AL, GB> <C6 =5 >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 =0 55 ?>B@51=>AB8. # =55 B0:65 A;>68;>AL 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> 55 83=>@8@>20;8 8 >=0 1K;0 =5 C4>2;5B2>@5=0 B5<8 A5:AC0;L=K<8 B5E=8:0<8, :>B>@K5 ?@8<5=O; 55 <C6. "5@0?52B 2K1@0;0 0=0;>38G=CN A8BC0F8N, 2 :>B>@>9 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 <>3;0 >:070BLAO 2<5AB5 8 :>B>@0O 2:;NG0;0 1K 2 A51O ?@>F5AA 2 B>9 8;8 8=>9 <5@5 >B@060NI89 A5:AC0;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL, => 2<5AB5 A B5< O2;O;0AL 1>;55 ;53:>9 4;O >1AC645=8O. @8<5@ -@8:A>=0, :>340 A A5<L59 3>2>@8;8 > A>2<5AB=>< ?@8=OB88 ?8I8 - ?@52>AE>4=K9 4;O 40==>3> A;CG0O.  E>45 >1AC645=8O B5@0?52B <>65B A?@>A8BL, A;CG05BAO ;8 :>340-=81C4L, GB> AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 ?@8=8<05B ?8IC 2 >BACBAB288 45B59, :>340 70 AB>;>< 54OB B>;L:> AC?@C38. =0 <>65B B0:65 :>A=CBLAO 2>?@>A0 > B><, A:>;L @07=>>1@07=K @07;8G8O 2 ?8I52>< ?>2545=88 <564C ;N4L<8. =K5 <54;5==> @0A:0G820NBAO, =0G8=0O A 70:CA>: 8 70A86820OAL ?5@54 B0@5;:>9 A AC?><, B>340 :0: 4@C385 A@07C 65 54OB <OA> A :0@B>H:>9. = B0:65 <>65B A:070BL GB>-B> 2@>45 B>3> ":0: 30@<>=8G=> =5:>B>@K5 <C6LO <>3CB 4>?>;=OBL A2>8E 65= 70 >1545==K< AB>;><". A;8 AC?@C38 =0G=CB A2O7K20BL ">1545==CN B5<C" A A5:AC0;L=K<8 >B=>H5=8O<8, -@8:A>= BCB 65 >1@0B8BAO : 4@C3><C ?@54<5BC, 0 70B5< A=>20 25@=5BAO : MB>9 0=0;>388. &5;L 745AL - 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5 A2O7K20=85 MB8E O2;5=89 - :>=D;8:B>2 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C AC?@C30<8 8 :C;8=0@=>9 B5<K. 0B5< -@8:A>= <>65B 40BL 8< 4><0H=55 7040=85 ?>>1540BL 2<5AB5, ?@8G5< B0:, GB>1K :064K9 ?>;CG0; >B MB>3> C4>2>;LAB285 8 AB8<C;8@>20; 0??5B8B 4@C3>3>. ! 1>;LH>9 25@>OB=>ABLN ?>A;5 MB>3>>=8 1C4CB ?>;CG0BL C4>2;5B2>@5=85 =5 B>;L:> >B >1540, => 8 >B A5:AC0;L=KE >B=>H5=89. K@065=85 "-B> B8?8G=> 0<5@8:0=A:>5 B0:65, :0: 8 O1;>G=K9 ?8@>3" <>65B A;C68BL =5?;>E>9 0=0;>3859 4;O /"/! -""    ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? C;(Rule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umina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umina, 1980, pp.203-205). "><("): ! + /  + " ! ", O 1K B51O 2KA;CH0;. 6>0=():! + /  + " ! ", O 1K =0 B51O =5 4028;0. ": ! + /  + " ! ", O 1K B515 1>;LH5 =@028;AO. : ! + /  + " ! ", <K <>3;8 1K 2<5AB5 70=OBLAO G5<-B> ?@8OB=K<. ": ! + /  + " ! ", O 1K; 1K AG0AB;8255. :   !! " + / "/ +. //"!/ <>O E>;>4=>ABL. ":   !! " + / "/ +. //"!/ <>O A8;L=0O 7;>ABL. :   !! " + / "/ +. //"!/ >B:07 >B A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 A B>1>9. ":   !! " + / "/ +. //"!/ >B:07 70=8<0BLAO A B>1>9 A5:A><. : ! + / "  /, O 1K ?@>2>48;0 A B>1>9 1>;LH5 2@5<5=8. ": ! + / "  /, O =5 >G5=L 1K 15A?>:>8;AO > B><, GB> C B51O 5ABL 4@C3>9 <C6G8=0. : ! + / "  /, O 1K 1>;LH5 45;8;0AL A B>1>9 A2>8<8 A>:@>25==K<8 <KA;O<8. ": ! + / "  /, C <5=O 1K 1K;0 =>@<0;L=0O M@5:F8O. : ",/ !"  ", '" # !  +" !! .'"!/  ", '" <=5 =5 =04> ?@8B2>@OBLAO. ": ",/ !"  ", '" # !  +" !! .'"!/  ", '" C B51O =5 1C45B 2>7<>6=>AB8 A@02=820BL <5=O A> A2>8 ;N1>2=8:><. : ",/ !"  ", '" # !  +" !! .'"!/  ", '" O <>3C 1>;LH5 <0ABC@18@>20BL 2 >48=>G5AB25. ": ",/ !"  ", '" # !  +" !! .'"!/  ", '" ????????? /"???? : ! + + +   #   ##, O 1K A<>3;0 ?>:070BL B515 :0: O > B515 701>GCAL. ": ! + + +   #   ##, O 1K =5 AB0; ?@>4>;60BL =0:07K20BL B51O 70 BC 87<5=C. : ! + + +   #   ##, <K 1K A<>3;8 @5H8BL 2A5 =0H8 ?@>1;5<K. ": ! + + +   #   ##, O 1K ?@5:@0B8; C3@>60BL B515 @072>4>< 8 <K 1K C;048;8 1K =0H8 45;0 B8E>-<8@=>. (=>385 4@C385 ?@54;>65=8O 4>;6=K 1KBL 7025@H5=K 4> B>3>????? /"???????? 2 ?@82545==KE =865 ?@8<5@0E) : / '.  ",, GB> =0< =C6=> 5I5 A45;0BL >G5=L <=>3> @01>BK, ": / '.  ",, GB> 5A;8 <K 70E>B8<, =0< C40ABAO A>E@0=8BL =0H 1@0:. : / '.  ",, GB> =0< >1>8< A;54C5B 87<5=8BLAO.  MB>< ?@8<5@5 :;85=BK, 2K?>;=OO C?@06=5=8O, 1>;55 >BG5B;82> ?>=O;8 >6840=8O 4@C3 4@C30, A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 GC2AB20 8 ?@>1;5<K. @>AB>5 A;CH0=85 A51O 8 4@C38E <>65B ?><>GL C2845BL @50;L=K5 ?>78B82=K5 87<5=5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89. ;85=BK 459AB28B5;L=> AB0;8 1;865 8 2=8<0B5;L=55 4@C3 : 4@C3C. A?>;L7>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 AC?@C65A:>9, A5:AC0;L=>9 8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. 57C;LB0B>< 55 ?@8<5=5=8O <>65B >:070BLAO =>2>5 ?>=8<0=85 8 =>2>5 2>A?@8OB85 A8BC0F88, :>B>@>5 2 A2>N >G5@54L <>65B ?@825AB8 : ?>O2;5=8N =>2KE GC2AB2 ?> >B=>H5=8N : =59. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 4;O ?@5>4>;5=8O BC?8:>2 2 >1I5=88, 4;O ?@5:@0I5=8O A8;>2KE ?>548=:>2 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8;8 E>BO 1K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2K9B8 70 8E 65AB:85 ?@545;K. 5B>48:0 MDD5:B82=0 B>340, :>340 B5@0?52B C65 8<55B :0:CN-B> 8=D>@<0F8N > A5<L5 - B>;L:> B>340 >=0 1C45B 2 A>AB>O=88 A>74020BL 045:20B=K5 ">A=>2K" ?@54;>65=89. 0==0O <5B>48:0 <>65B 25AL<0 CA?5H=> ?@8<5=OBLAO 8 2 @01>B5 A 45BL<8. 2-8  /! &!" " !  "...  !  "...". 1JOA=5=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 708<AB2>20=0 87 3@C??>2>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 8 040?B8@>20=0 4;O A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88 6>=>< 8=E0@4B><. ?@>A=8: 70?>;=O5BAO 2A5<8 CG0AB=8:0<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 5B>48:0 2KO2;O5B F5==>AB8 @>48B5;59 8 B>, :0: 45B8 2>A?@8=8<0NB MB8 @>48B5;LA:85 F5==>AB8. -B> ?>E>65 =0 2KO2;5=85 A5<59=KE AF5=0@852 2 @0<:0E B@0=A0:B=>3> 0=0;870. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, :0: 8 2A5 B5E=8:8 ?> 7025@H5=8N =5>:>=G5==KE ?@54;>65=89, >=0 O2;O5BAO ?@>65:B82=>9. ?@545;5=85, >1AC645=85 8 A@02=5=85 F5==>AB59 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A@54AB2>, A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> A5<LO 2 A>AB>O=88 ;CGH5 ?>=OBL :064>3> 87 A2>8E G;5=>2 8 A51O A0<>5 :0: F5;>5. 01;N45=85 70 B5<, =0A:>;L:> 2KA:07K20=8O :0:>3>-B> G;5=0 A5<L8 A>>B25BAB2CNB F5==>ABO< 4@C38E B>65 O2;O5BAO >G5=L ?>CG8B5;L=K<. >8A: AE>4AB20, @07;8G89 8 2708<>4>?>;=5=89 2 F5==>ABOE ?><>305B >F5=8BL A5<59=CN A8AB5<C =08;CGH8< A?>A>1><. >340 F5==>AB8 ?@>OA=ONBAO, =01;N405<>5 ?>2545=85 <>65B 1KBL ;CGH5 ?>=OB>, ?>O2;ONBAO =>2K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O ?@5>4>;5=8O =5?>=8<0=8O. &5==>AB8 ?>:07K20NB : G5<C <K AB@5<8<AO, GB> <K E>B8< 45;0BL, CG8BK20O =0H8 >3@0=8G5==K5 @5AC@AK 2@5<5=8 8 M=5@388 - 8 B0:8< >1@07>< O2;ONBAO >G5=L 206=K<8 4;O DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O A5<L8. =8 O2;ONBAO @57C;LB0B>< >B@01>B:8 687=5==>3> AB8;O 2 >?@545;5==KE CA;>28OE :>=:@5B=>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. >A;5 B>3> :0: 8=48284>< ?@8>1@5B5= 4>AB0B>G=K9 AC1J5:B82=K9 >?KB 2708<>459AB28O A @50;L=>9 687=LN, @072820NBAO >?@545;5==K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK 8 A?5F8D8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 <8@0. 4=8 25I8 @0AA<0B@820NBAO ?@8 MB>< :0: ?@028;L=K5, 4@C385 65 - :0: ;>6=K5. # ;N459 >1KG=> 2A5340 8<5NBAO >6840=8O B>3>, GB> 4@C385 1C4CB ?>445@6820BL 8E F5==>AB=K5 >@85=B0F88 8 25@>20=8O, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 4> >?@545;5==KE ?@545;>2. =>385 :>=D;8:BK 2 A5<LOE A2O70=K A =52>7<>6=>ABLN A>>B25BA2>20BL MB8< >6840=8O< 8 45;0BL B>, GB> 4@C3>9 G5;>25: AG8B05B "?@028;L=K<". >6=K5 ?@54?>;>65=8O > F5==>ABOE 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, ?>445@60==K5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8 459AB28O<8, O2;ONBAO B0:65 2>7<>6=K<8 8AB>G=8:0<8 :>=D;8:B>2. !0< ?> A515 A8<?B>< <>65B >:070BLAO A2O70==K< A A5<59=K<8 F5==>ABO<8. 0?@8<5@, 2> <=>38E 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE A5<LOE <>6=> =09B8 A;54CNICN F5==>AB=CN CAB0=>2:C: E>@>H> 701>;5BL 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A=878BL =0?@O65=85, => 2 B> 65 2@5<O =5 E>@>H> 7;8BLAO. @>F54C@0 5B59 ?@>AOB 70?>;=8BL >?@>A=8:, A;54CO 8=AB@C:F8O<. A;8 @515=>: A;8H:>< <0; 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 70?8AK20BL >B25BK, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B A45;0BL MB> 2<5AB> =53>. A5 @>48B5;8 70?>;=ONB >?@>A=8: >4=>2@5<5==>. &5==>AB8, :>B>@K5 2K@065=K :064K< 87 @>48B5;59 70?8AK20NBAO 8, 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, A>3;0A5= ;8 A MB8< @5A?>=45=B 8;8 =5B, A>>1I0NBAO 4@C38< G;5=0< A5<L8. >A;5 70?>;=5=8O >?@>A=8:>2 ?@>8AE>48B >1AC645=85, 2 E>45 :>B>@>3> >?8A0==K5 F5==>AB8 ?@>OA=ONBAO 8 1>;55 G5B:> >?@545;ONBAO. !5<LO 87CG05B AE>4AB2>, @07;8G8O 8 2708<>4>?>;=8B5;L=>ABL 8E. @8 MB>< <>3CB 704020BLAO B0:85 2>?@>AK :0:: "0:85 F5==>AB8 O2;ONBAO >1I8<8 4;O 2A5E 20A?" "A5 ;8 >=8 @02=> 7=0G8<K?" "0:85 F5==>AB8 =5 O2;ONBAO >1I8<8?" "!;C60B ;8 >=8 ?@8G8=>9 :>=D;8:B>2?" "0:85 F5==>AB8 2708<>4>?>;=ONB 4@C3 4@C30?" "0;8G85 :0:8E F5==>AB59 B51O C4828;>?" 5?>=8<0=85 8A?@02;O5BAO. @8 MB>< CG0AB=8:8 >1AC645=8O <>3CB CB25@640BL, GB> 8<5==> 8E 2>A?@8OB85 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 O2;O5BAO ?@028;L=K<, 0 ?@54AB02;5=85 4@C3>3> > 53> A>1AB25==KKE F5==>ABOE ;>6=>.  MB>< A;CG05 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B A?@>A8BL ?5@2>3> G5;>25:0: ""K A>3;0A5= A B5<, :0: ?@54AB02;ONBAO B2>8 273;O4K 4@C3><C?" 0B5< >= A?@0H8205B 2B>@>3>: ?????  /"???????????? @8<5@ !5<LO . >1@0B8;0AL 70 ?><>ILN ?> ?>2>4C >B:;>=ONI53>AO ?>2545=8O 8E AK=0-?>4@>AB:0.  B> 2@5<O :0: ?>4@>AB>: ">< 70?>;=O; >?@>A=8:, A @>48B5;O<8 ?@>2>48;0AL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:0O 2AB@5G0. >340 ">< 25@=C;AO 2 :><=0BC, 53> @>48B5;O< 40;8 2 @C:8 >?@>A=8: 8 ?>?@>A8;8 >B25B8BL 2A;CE =0 :064K9 ?C=:B ( =B5@5A=>, GB> ">< =0?8A0; ?>GB8 B>G=K5 D>@<C;8@>2:8 >B25B>2 53> @>48B5;59 ). >A;5 B>3> :0: :064K9 @>48B5;L >B25G0; =0 2>?@>A, 70G8BK20;AO >B25B "><0. 865 ?@82545= >?@>A=8: A >B25B0<8 "><0. & "  ", '" !  " ... >;LH8=AB2> @>48B5;59 =5 CAB0NB ?>2B>@OBL A2>8< 45BO< >4=> 8 B>65 ?> <=>3C @07. 865 ?@82545=K 10 AD5@ 687=5==>3> >?KB0, 8 =0 :064CN - =570:>=G5==>5 ?@54;>65=85, :>B>@>5 =5>1E>48<> 7025@H8BL. @8<5@: , 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B <=5 ">?8 45=L38 =0 G5@=K9 45=L". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ">;CG09 C4>2>;LAB285 A ?><>ILN A2>8E 45=53". ( 025@H8 MB8 ?@54;>65=8O A CG5B>< B>3>, GB> 2 40==>< A;CG05 A:070;8 1K B2>8 @>48B5;8. 0B5< >12548 "", 5A;8 BK A =8<8 A>3;0A5= 8 "", 5A;8 =5 A>3;0A5=. 564C ?@>G8<, :0: BK >1@0B8; 2=8<0=85, <0<0 8 ?0?0 =5 2A5340 A>3;0H0NBAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< ). -/ 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "%>@>H> 8A?>;L7C9 B>, G5< BK 2;0455HL". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "%>@>H> 8A?>;L7C9 B>, G5< BK 2;0455HL". !! 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B""K 5I5 A;8H:>< <0; 4;O MB>3>". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B " B2>5< 2>7@0AB5 BK A;8H:>< <0; 4;O MB>3>, =>...". / 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ""K 4>;65= E>48BL ?> 2>A:@5A5=LO< 2 F5@:>2L". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ""K 4>;65= E>48BL ?> 2>A:@5A5=LO< 2 F5@:>2L". "+% 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ""K 4>;65= 2A5340 8A?>;L7>20BL A2>5 2@5<O A ?>;L7>9". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ">G5<C 1K B515 8=>340 =5 @0AA;018BLAO 8 =5 >B4>E=CBL 4;O @07=>>1@078O". " 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "!53>4=O ?>;8B8:>9 O2;O5BAO 1C:20;L=> 2A5 2>:@C3". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "????????? /"???." " 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "/ =5 4C<0N, GB> BK C65 4>AB0B>G=> 27@>A;K9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =0G0BL @01>B0BL". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "/ =5 4C<0N, GB> BK C65 4>AB0B>G=> 27@>A;K9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =0G0BL @01>B0BL". !,/ 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "K 4>;6=K 1>;LH5 ?@>2>48BL 2@5<O 2<5AB5, 2 A5<L5". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B "K 4>;6=K 1>;LH5 ?@>2>48BL 2@5<O 2<5AB5, 2 A5<L5".  # !+  !&,+  #+ 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ""K =5 4>;65= 15A?>:>8BLAO > 4@C38E, 4@C385 - =5 B2>O 701>B0". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B ""K 4>;65= AB0@0BLAO >?5@548BL 4@C38E".   !/ 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B <=5 GB> "C B51O :> 2A5<C =530B82=0O CAB0=>2:0". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B <=5, GB> "O ?;>E>9 A;CH0B5;L". ##) 0<0 2A5340 3>2>@8B, GB> "O 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 AB0=C 2@0G>< 8;8 40=B8AB><". 0?0 2A5340 3>2>@8B, GB> "O 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 AB0=C N@8AB><, 8=65=5@>< 8;8 A?5F80;8AB>< ?> :><?LNB5@0<". >B>< A>AB>O;>AL >1AC645=85, 2 D>:CA5 :>B>@>3> >:070;8AL B5 ?C=:BK, ?> :>B>@K< ">< =5 A>3;0A8;AO A @>48B5;O<8. >48B5;8 1K;8 C482;5=K B5<, GB> ">< 1K; 2 :C@A5 B>3>, GB> >=8 >1KG=> 3>2>@OB, E>BO 53> A8AB5<0 F5==>AB59 8 >B;8G0;0AL >B @>48B5;LA:>9. @8G5< A8AB5<0 F5==>AB59 "><0 8 53> GC2AB20 1K;8 =58725AB=K @>48B5;O< 8 =8:0:8E >1AC645=89 ACI5AB2CNI8E @07;8G89 @0=55 =5 ?@>8AE>48;>. G5284=>, GB> ">< >:07K20;AO ?>4 2;8O=85< @>48B5;LA:8E F5==>AB59, :>340 >=8 2KA:07K20;8AL B>;L:> >4=8< @>48B5;5<, 8 MB> 2;8O=85 87<5=O;>AL 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B A>45@60=8O >1AC6405<KE :0B53>@89 (A<., =0?@8<5@, ?C=:BK "M:>;>38O", "@5;838O", "A5<LO"). ">< =5 A>3;0A5= A B5< ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K< 1C4CI8<, :>B>@>5 53> @>48B5;8 ?;0=8@CNB 4;O =53>. 0<0 8 ?0?0 =5 A>3;0A=K 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 2 B><, 4>;65= ;8 ">< 70=8<0BLAO G5<-B> ?>;57=K< 8;8 >B4KE0BL, B0:8< >1@07>< ?>AK;0O 5<C 42>9=>5 ?@>B82>@5G82>5 A>>1I5=85. &5==>AB8 @>48B5;59 ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?>;8B8:5 ?>:07K20NB, GB> >=8 GC2AB2CNB A51O 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 15AA8;L=K<8 8 >BK3@K20NB MB> 15AA8;85 =0 A2>5< AK=5, =045OAL, GB> 1>;55 2;0AB=0O AB>@>=0, 2 40==>< A;CG05 ?A8E>B5@0?52B, ?><>65B 8< 2 A>2;040=88 A AK=><. ">< GC2AB2C5B A51O 1>;55 A8;L=K< 8 2>AAB05B. = ?>;0305B, GB> C65 2?>;=5 2K@>A 4;O B>3>, GB>1K @01>B0BL 8 A0<><C 2K1@0BL A515 ?@>D5AA8N. 0;L=59H55 87CG5=85 AE>4AB20 8 @07;8G89 2 F5==>AB=KE ?>78F8OE 40;> 2>7<>6=>ABL A5<L5 C;CGH8BL 8E >1@07FK 2708<>459AB28O 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 ?5@5A<>B@5BL =5:>B>@K5 87 F5==>AB59, :>B>@K< >=8 ?@825@65=K.  :0G5AB25 20@80=B0 ?@8<5=5=8O 40==>9 <5B>48:8 <>6=> ?@54;>68BL A5<L5 ?>4@>1=> >1AC48BL :0:>9-=81C4L 548=8G=K9 >B25B.  MB> 2@5<O ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2=8<0B5;L=> A;548B 70 @0725@BK20=85< 3@C??>2>3> ?@>F5AA0. A?>;L7>20=85 5B>48:0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O >?@545;5=8O F5==>AB59, ACI5AB2CNI8E 2 40==K9 <><5=B 2 A5<L5 8 B>3>, :0: >=8 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8 A>>B=>AOBAO 4@C3 A 4@C3><. =0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 2 @01>B5 :0: A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8, B0: 8 A A5<LO<8. !>45@60=85 F5==>AB59 >:07K205BAO >G5=L 8=D>@<0B82=K< 2 ?>=8<0=88 687=5==>3> AB8;O A5<L8 8 A8<?B><0, ?> ?>2>4C :>B>@>3> >=0 >1@0I05BAO 70 ?><>ILN. "0: :0: F5==>AB8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 206=K9 M;5<5=B A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, <5B>48:0 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?>=OBL 8 ?@54A:070BL B5G5=85 M=5@388 2 A8AB5<5. 4=0:>, 2KO2;5==K5 F5==>AB8 <>3CB =5 A>>B25BAB2>20BL B5<, :>B>@K5 G;5=K A5<L8 A>7=0B5;L=> AG8B0NB A2>8<8. <5AB5 A B5<, B>, GB> A>>1I05BAO ?@8 70?>;=5=88 >?@>A=8:0 8 B>, GB> ?>B>< O2;O5BAO ?@54<5B>< >1AC645=8O, 4>;6=> A>>B=>A8BAO A @50;L=>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN G;5=>2 A5<L8. 0?@8<5@, ?>4@>AB:8 <>3CB =0 A;>20E A>3;0A8BLAO A 8450;8AB8G5A:8<8 F5==>ABO<8 A2>8E @>48B5;59, >4=0:> 459AB2>20BL A>2A5< =5 =0 8E >A=>25 (2 MB>< :>=B5:AB5 206=> @0AA<>B@5=85 B5E=8:8 "!@02=5=85 F5==>AB59", :>B>@0O ?@82545=0 =865). 2-9 !  &!". 1JOA=5=85 "5E=8:0 >A=>20=0 =0 A8AB5<=></8=B5@0:F8>=8ABA:>< ?>4E>45, ?@54?>;030NI5<, GB> ;N1K5 A>F80;L=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <>3CB 1KBL @0AA<>B@5=K 2 F5;>AB=>9 ?5@A?5:B825. "5E=8:0 ?@54?>;0305B, GB> F5==>AB8 8 A>F80;L=K5 @>;8 O2;ONBAO =5>BJ5<;5<>9 G0ABLN A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 ?>AB@>5=0 =0 2>A?@8OB88 8 2708<=KE 8=B5@?@5B0F8OE G;5=>2 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K 8;8 A5<L8. =0 2KO2;O5B F5==>AB8, 2;8ONI85 =0 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 8 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL :0: ?A8E>B5@0?52BC, B0: 8 :;85=B0< ?>;CG8BL 4>ABC? : ?@>1;5<0<, AE>4AB20<, @07;8G8O< 8 2708<>4>?>;=ONI8< ?>78F8O<, 8<5NI8<AO 2 40==>9 A5<L5. @>F54C@0. $;>94(Floyd,1982) >?8AK205B A;54CNI89 ?>4E>4 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 40==>9 B5E=8:8. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0, 5A;8 :0: <8=8<C< 420 G5;>25:0 CG0AB2CNB 2 ?@>F5AA5, ?@8G5< :064><C 405BAO 8=48284C0;L=>5 4><0H=55 7040=85, :>B>@>5 70B5< >1AC6405BAO =0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88. 040=85 <>65B 22>48BAO A;54CNI8< >1@07><: A8E>B5@0?52B: / A>18@0NAL 40BL 20< 7040=85, 2 :>B>@>< @5GL 845B > F5==>ABOE. >340 2K 1C45B5 4C<0BL > F5==>ABOE, ?CABL 20< 2 3>;>2C ?@8E>4OB 25I8, O2;5=8O 8 284K 45OB5;L=>AB59, :>B>@K5, A 20H59 B>G:8 7@5=8O, =081>;55 7=0G8<K 4;O 20A. 064K9 87 20A 4>;65= ?@83>B>28BL 420 A?8A:0 F5==>AB59. 48= A?8A>: - 20H8 A>1AB25==K5 F5==>AB8. @C3>9 - F5==>AB8 20H53> ?0@B=5@0. 07<5I09B5 F5==>AB8 2 ?>@O4:5 8E 206=>AB8. 5 ACI5AB2C5B =8:0:8E >3@0=8G5=89 ?> A>45@60=8N F5==>AB59. 5 >1AC6409B5 20H8 A?8A:8 4> B>3>, :0: <K A>15@5<AO =0 A;54CNICN 2AB@5GC. 0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88 :;85=B>2 ?@>AOB ?@>G8B0BL A>AB02;5==K5 4><0 A?8A:8 2A;CE, 0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 70?8AK205B 8E =0 >48= ;8AB 1C<038 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >=8 1K;8 C4>1=K 4;O A@02=5=8O. >:0 CG0AB=8:8 A5AA88 A@02=820NB ?@54AB02;5==K5 A?8A:8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 70=OBLAO >14C<K20=85< A;54CNI8E 2>?@>A>2: 2>7<>6=K9 8AB>G=8: F5==>AB59, ?@>B82>@5G8O <564C A?8A:0<8 8 2=CB@8 40==>3> A?8A:0, @07;8G8O 2 A>45@60=88 A?8A:>2, 2=8<0B5;L=>ABL :;85=B>2 2 7=0:><AB25 A F5==>ABO<8 4@C3>3> 8 B.4. 0B5< :;85=B>2 ?@>AOB >1AC48BL 8E 2?5G0B;5=8O >B 7=0:><AB20 A> A?8A:0<8. >?@>AK, :>B>@K5 2>7=8:0NB ?@8 MB>< B>65 >13>20@820NBAO 745AL 65. @8<5@ !?8A>: <C60. >8 F5==>AB8: 1.!5<LO; 2. 01>B0; 3.!5:A; 4. 53; 5.CB5H5AB28O; 6.@C7LO; 7.'B5=85; 8.>7=020BL =>2>5. 5 F5==>AB8: 1.#1>@:0; 2.!5<LO; 4. 01>B0; 5. 5;838O; 6.5G5@8=:8; 7.!5:A; 8.>:C?:8. !?8A>: 65=K. >8 F5==>AB8: 1.%>@>H55 74>@>2L5; 2.!G0ABL5; 3.!5<LO; 4.!5:A; 5.@C7LO; 6.#G510; 7. 01>B0; 8.!?>@B; 9. 5;838O. 3> F5==>AB8: 1. 01>B0; 2.5=L38; 3.!?>@B; 4.KBL ;N18<K<; 5.!5<LO. 6.CB5H5AB28O; 7.!5:A; 8.40; 9.@C7LO. >B 2>?@>AK, :>B>@K5 <>3CB >1AC640BLAO ?>A;5 7=0:><AB20 :;85=B>2 A 40==K<8 A?8A:0<8: * 06=>ABL "A5<L8" 4;O <C60 =5 70<5G05BAO 65=>9. * 8 >48= 87 AC?@C3>2 =5 >B405B A515 >BG5B 2 B><, =0A:>;L:> 2KA>: @59B8=3 A5:A0 4;O 4@C3>3>. * #1>@:0, 25G5@8=:8, ?>:C?:8 =5 C?><8=0NBAO 65=>9, => C?><8=0NBAO <C65< 2 :0G5AB25 F5==>AB59 65=K. * "> 7=0G5=85, :>B>@>5 65=0 ?@8405B @5;8388 3>@074> <5=LH5, G5< MB> ?@54AB02;O5BAO 55 <C6C. * # AC?@C3>2 <=>3> >1I8E 8=B5@5A>2 - A5<LO, >1@07>20=85, A5:A, ?CB5H5AB28O, A?>@B, 4@C7LO. * @5<O =5 O2;O5BAO 4;O AC?@C3>2 F5==>ABLN - 2@5<O 2>>1I5 8 2@5<O, ?@>2>48<>5 4@C3 A 4@C3><. * !>>1@065=8O ?> ?>2>4C 2=8<0B5;L=>AB8 2 >F5=:5 A?8A:>2 4@C3 4@C30. * 0: 2>A?@8OB85 F5==>AB59 4@C3>3> A2O70=> A A>1AB25==K<8 F5==>ABO<8? A?>;L7>20=85 -B0 B5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 :0: 2 A5<59=>9, B0: 8 2 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88. =0 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO 2 @01>B5 A A5<L59 A ;N1K< :>;8G5AB2>< G;5=>2, 0 B0:65 4;O @01>BK A @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L59, 2:;NG0NI59 2 A51O =5A:>;L:> ?>:>;5=89. >B =5:>B>@K5 =081>;55 ?@>4C:B82=K5 >1;0AB8 8A?>;L7>20=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8: ?><>IL G;5=0< A5<L8 2 MDD5:B82=>< >1I5=88 4@C3 A 4@C3><, ?@>OA=5=85 ?>4>7@5=89 ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB> :B>-B> :>3>-B> =5 F5=8B, :B>-B> :5<-B> <0=8?C;8@C5B. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 =0 ?5@2KE 65 2AB@5G0E A A5<L59, :>340 C G;5=>2 A5<L8 5ABL >ICI5=85, GB> 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE <564C =8<8 =5B ?>@O4:0 8;8 65 :0:85-B> G;5=K A5<L8 AB@040NB >B 45?@5AA88 8 157@07;8G=>3> >B=>H5=8O : 687=8. "5E=8:0 405B 8=D>@<0F8N >1 8=482840E, G;5=0E A5<L8, => B0:65 8 > F5;>9 A5<L5 :0: A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A8AB5<5 - > 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE. =0 >15A?5G8205B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 A@54AB20<8 4803=>AB8:8 <56;8G=>AB=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O, >1I5=8O 8 AB5?5=8 A10;0=A8@>20==>AB8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. 2-10 !, !  ! "  1JOA=5=85 >48B5;8 8 "7=0G8<K5 4@C385" D>@<8@CNB E0@0:B5@ @0ABCI53> @515=:0, 2;8ONB =0 53> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 @0728B85. "=0G8<K5 4@C385" A>AB02;ONB =5>BJ5<;5<CN G0ABL =0H8E A=>2. 7CG5=85 <0B5@80;0 A=>2845=89 ?>72>;O5B ?>=OBL A?5F8D8:C 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>3> 2708<>459AB28O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8 45;05B 2>7<>6=K< 87<5=5=85 AB@C:BC@K MB>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 8=C<(Bynum,1980 ) >?8A0;, :0: A=>2845=8O <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K 2 A8AB5<=>< ?>4E>45. 865 ?@82>48BAO <0B5@80;, 27OBK9 =5?>A@54AB25==> 87 53> @01>BK. 0==0O B5E=8:0 >@85=B8@>20=0 A:>@55 =0 48=0<8G5A:85 0A?5:BK 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, G5< =0 8E A>45@60=85. =0 AD>:CA8@>20=0 =0 D>@<0E 8 AB8;OE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, 0 =5 =0 A?5F8D8G5A:8E A8<2>;8G5A:8E 7=0G5=8OE, ;560I8E 70 =8<8. 064K9 G;5= A5<L8 8<55B A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 7=0G8<KE 4;O =53> A>1KB8OE, ?@>8AE>4OI8E 2 =59 8 53> A=>2845=8O >B@060NB >A>15==K9, B>;L:> 5<C ?@8ACI89, 273;O4 =0 A5<59=K9 :>=D;8:B. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B @0AA<0B@820BL G;5=>2 A5<L8 :0: 8=48284>2, A>?@8:0A0NI8EAO A 15AA>7=0B5;L=K< 2=CB@5==8< <8@>< 4@C3 4@C30, E>BO 2 :064>9 :>=:@5B=>9 A8BC0F88 MB> <>65B 1KBL 2>2A5 =5>G5284=>. "0:8< >1@07><, A ?><>ILN @01>BK A> A=>2845=8O<8 =5C40G=K5 20@80=BK @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K <>3CB 1KBL ?5@5AB@C:BC8@>20=K, GB> >B:@K205B =>2K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O A5<L8 B5@0?88. @>F54C@0 ';5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>AOB 25AB8 4=52=8:>2K5 70?8A8 A2>8E A=>2845=89, B0: :0: >=8 <>3CB >15A?5G8BL 1>30BK9 :;8=8G5A:89 <0B5@80; 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O =0 A5AA8OE. !CI5AB2CNB @07;8G=K5 ?>4E>4K 2 ?@8<5=5=88 A=>2 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. 5@2K9 ?>4E>4 70:;NG05BAO 2 A@02=5=88 8=B5@?@5B0F89 A=>2845=8O :064>3> >B45;L=>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 A> 2A5<8 >AB0;L=K<8. @8G5< A=>2845=8O 845=B8D8F8@>20=KE :;85=B>2 =5 >1AC640NBAO =0 =0G0;L=KE A5AA8OE, B0: :0: MB> <>65B A?>A>1AB20BL =5?@>4C:B82=K< D8:A0F8O< =0 53> ?0B>;>38G5A:8E A8<?B><0E. >74=55 B5@0?52BC 3>@074> ;53G5 1C45B 40BL ?>=OBL A5<L5, GB> =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 >B2>48BL 845=B8D8F8@>20==><C :;85=BC "@>;L 1>;L=>3>". 0@O4C A> A=>2845=8O<8 2>7<>6=> B0:65 8A?>;L7>20=85 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 A2>1>4=KE 0AA>F80F89, AE>4AB2> :>B>@KE <>65B ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL AB5?5=L 70?CB0==>AB8 AC1A8AB5< 2 40==>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. !;54CNI89 ?>4E>4 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>AOB >?@545;8BL, :0:>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B 4;O =8E B>B 8;8 8=>9 A>=, 8<5O 2284C, GB> MB> - 8E A>1AB25==0O @5D;5:A8O, 8 >=0 <>65B =5 A>2?040BL A B5<, :0: >A<KA;8205B A>1AB25==K9 A>= 53> >1;040B5;L. 0==K9 ?>4E>4 >15A?5G8205B 1;03>?@8OB=CN 2>7<>6=>ABL 4;O :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 @07;8G5=8O A51O 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 ?>A@54AB2>< 8AA;54>20=8O A2>8E A>1AB25==KE 8459 8 0AA>F80F89, 0 B0:65 A?>A>1AB2C5B @0728B8N 8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> 8 2K@078B5;L=>3> ?>2545=8O :;85=B>2. "@5B89 ?>4E>4 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> G;5=K A5<L8 @0AA:07K20NB 4@C3 4@C3C > :0:8E-B> A=0E, =5 >1O70B5;L=> A2>8E A>1AB25==KE, 8 8=B5=A82=> @01>B0NB =04 8E 7=0G5=8O<8 8 A<KA;0<8. -B> 405B B5@0?52BC 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>;CG8BL @01>G85 38?>B57K > @07;8G=KE 0A?5:B0E A5<59=>9 :><<C=8:0F88 8 >15A?5G8205B 40==K5 4;O ?5@5AB@C:BC@8@>20=8O A5<59=KE >B=>H5=859. @8<5@K  >4=>9 A5<L5 :;85=B @0AA:07K20; > ?>2B>@ONI8EAO A=0E, 2 :>B>@KE >= C15305B 2 A?0;L=N <0B5@8 ?>A;5 AA>@K A >BF><. :070;>AL, GB> :;85=B @53C;O@=> :>=D;8:BC5B - A >BF>< ?> ?>2>4C 45=53 8 A <0B5@LN, :>B>@0O ?>AB>O==> 2B>@305BAO 2 53> ;8G=CN 687=L. !>= >B@078; A>7028A8<>ABL >B=>H5=859 <564C @>48B5;O<8 8 AK=>< 8 ?>72>;8; ?@54?>;>68BL ACI5AB2>20=85 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> B@5C3>;L=8:0, 345 AK= AB>8B <564C @>48B5;O<8, ?@8 MB>< =0 =5< D>:CA8@C5BAO 2A5 @>48B5;LA:>5 2=8<0=85. 52>G:5-?>4@>AB:C 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 A=8;AO A>= > B><, :0: >=0 C15305B >B @>48B5;59 =0 8E <0H8=5. 0: B>;L:> <0H8=0 B@>305BAO A <5AB0, >B5F 1568B 70 =59, => :064K9 @07, :>340 >= ?@81;8605BAO, <0H8=0 =0G8=05B 5E0BL 1KAB@55 8 1KAB@55 - =0:>=5F, 2@5705BAO 2 B5;5D>==CN 1C4:C 8 452>G:0 @0718205BAO =0A<5@BL. "5<K >B45;5=8O 8 02B>=><88 A>G5B0;8AL 745AL A O@:> 2K@065==>9 B@52>6=>ABLN. 0: >:070;>AL, 8AB>G=8:>< <=>38E :>=D;8:B>2 1K;8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 452>G:8 A 55 <>;>4K< G5;>25:><. @><5 B>3>, >=0 ?>AB>O==> GC2AB2>20;0 4><8=8@>20=85 >BF0 8 2>AAB020;0 ?@>B82 =53>. A;8 59 4>;3>5 2@5<O ?@8E>48;>AL 1KBL 40;5:> >B 4><0, B> >=0 8A?KBK20;0 A><0B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K 8 E>B5;0 "?>B5@OBL A51O 2 4@C38E <C6G8=0E" . 5 <;04H0O A5AB@0, B>65 ?>4@>AB>:, @0AA:070;0 > AE>4=KE ?>2B>@ONI8EAO A=0E - :0:>9-B> >3@><=K9, "2=CH0NI89 C60A" <C6G8=0, ?@>=78B5;L=> :@8G0; =0 =55, =0 55 A5AB@C 8 <0BL, 1C:20;L=> =5 4020; 8< ?@>E>40, E>BO 8 =5 C1820;. 0: >:070;>AL, C >BF0 1K; <0=80:0;L=>-45?@5AA82=K9 ?A8E>7, 0 <0BL 1K;0 :@09=5 @5;838>7=0O, 7028A8<0O 65=I8=0. A5 B@8 :;85=B:8 60;>20;8AL =0 A><0B8G5A:85 AC4>@>38(A?07<K), 8E <CG0;8 307K, 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 8 G0ABK5 45?@5AA88.  A;54CNI5< ?@8<5@5 2KO2;5=K A8;L=K5 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 7028A8<>AB8 2 45BA:>-@>48B5;LA:8E >B=>H5=8OE. 0BL 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> :;85=B0 4>;3>5 2@5<O :>=D;8:B>20;0 A 45BL<8, :>B>@K5 2K@060;8 =54>2>;LAB2> 55 ?>AB>O==>9 A25@E2:;NG5==>ABLN 2 >B=>H5=8O A =8<8. AO:89 @07, :>340 >48= 87 45B59 ?>?040; 2 ?@>1;5<=CN A8BC0F8N, 4><0 8;8 2 H:>;5, <0BL >G5=L @074@060;0AL 8 =0G8=0;0 >128=OBL A0<>3> @515=:0.@8 MB>< >=0 1K;0 >G5=L AB@>30 A> A2>8<8 45BL<8. 9 G0AB> A=8;>AL, GB> >=0 =0E>48BAO =0 =57=0:><>9 B5<=>9 C;8F5 8 8A?KBK205B A8;L=>5 A<OB5=85, ?>B><C GB> A =59 =8:B> =5 @073>20@8205B 8 >=0 =5 <>65B =09B8 4>@>3C 4><>9. =0 GC2AB2>20;0 A51O 2A5<8 1@>H5=>9 8 >48=>:>9.  4@C3>< A=5 >=0 1C4B>-1K ?>72>;O;0 >4=><C 87 A2>8E 45B59 84B8 2 H:>;C A :0:8<-B> AB@0==K< B8?><, A2>59 ?>4@C3>9 8 55 AK=><. 0BL =5 A>3;0H0;0AL A :0:>9-B> 4@C3>9 <0B5@LN, =0AB0820O =0 B><, GB> >=8 4>;6=K 4>3=0BL 8 ?>9<0BL 8E. <1820;5=B=K5 GC2AB20 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2>7<>6=><C @072>4C A 55 <C65< 1K;8 >B@065=K 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>< @0A:>;5 (=0 " <0BL" 8 "4@C3CN <0BL"). "!B@0==K9 B8?" 0AA>F88@>20;AO A >BF>< A5<L8, GB> C:07K20;> =0 B>, GB> 48AB0=F8O <564C AC?@C30<8 ACI5AB2>20;0 A B5E ?>@, :0: @>48;8AL 45B8 8 CAC3C18;0AL 2 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O, :>340 >=8 2K@>A;8 8 AB0;8 >B=>A8B5;L=> 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O ?@51K20BL 2=5 4><0. >O7=L 87<5=5=89 8 ?5@5@0A?@545;5=85 2;0AB8 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C AC?@C30<8 ?@825;8 : A8<B><0< C 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> :;85=B0, : B><C, GB> 5<C ?@8H;>AL AB0BL ":>7;>< >B?CI5=8O" 40==>9 A5<L8. > 2@5<O ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E A5AA89 <0BL 1K;0 >G5=L C3=5B5=0 8 45?@5AA82=0. !B0;> >G5284=>, GB> =04 AC?@C30<8 459AB28B5;L=> 28A5;0 C3@>70 @072>40, E>BO A0<8 >=8 MB>3> =5 >A>7=020;8. 48= :;85=B @0AA:070; =0 A5AA88 ,GB> 5<C ?>AB>O=> A=8BAO, 1C4B> 53> =>2>@>645==K9 1@0B ?@52@0B8;AO 2 1>;LHCN ?B8FC 8 C;5B5;. 070;>AL 1K, GB> MB> A>=,>B@060NI89 >1KG=>5 A>?5@=8G5AB2> 1@0BL52, >4=0:>, B@C4=>ABL A>AB>O;0 2 B><, GB> =>2>@>645==K9 1@0B @515=:0 2=570?=> C<5@, 8 :;85=B ?>AB>O==> 8A?KBK20; 3>@5 8 GC2AB2> 28=K. 0BL B0:65 8A?KBK20;0 GC2AB2> 28=K. =0 @0AA:070;0, GB> 59 A=8;>AL, :0: 55 <0BL 15@5B <5@B2>3> @515=:0 =0 @C:8 8 ?KB05BAO >6828BL 53>. >@5 8 28=0 4> 2AB@5G8 A ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< =5 2K@060;8AL :;85=B>< >B:@KB>, ?>MB><C @01>B0 1K;0 ?>AB@>5=0 8<5==> =0 MB8E <><5=B0E. !=K G0AB> >B@060NB =0;8G85 ?@>1;5< 2 AC?@C65A:8E >B=>H5=8OE 8 B> <5AB>, :>B>@>5 70=8<05B 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. 0?@8<5@, >48= ?>4@>AB>: >?8A0; A2>8 G0AB> ?>2B>@ONI85AO A=>2845=8O, 2 :>B>@KE 53> @>48B5;8 CE>48;8 87 4><0. 0;LG8: MB>3> =5 E>B5;, :@8G0; 8 ?;0:0; - B>340 @>48B5;8 2>72@0I0;8AL 8 >AB020;8AL A =8<. >340 65 >= ?@5:@0I0; ?;0:0BL, @>48B5;8 2=>2L A>18@0;8AL CE>48BL. A?>;L7>20=85 !=>2845=8O >15A?5G820NB 206=K9 :;NG52>9 <0B5@80;, =5>1E>48<K9 4;O ?>=8<0=8O 2=CB@8;8G=>AB=>9 687=8 :;85=B>2, 0 B0:65 <56;8G=>AB=>9, 8 A>F80;L=>9 687=8 A5<L8. !=K <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K 2 8AA;54>20=88 A;54CNI8E ?@>1;5<: A>7028A8<>ABL, @072>4K, ?A8E>A><0B8:0, AC?@C65A:85 :>=D;8:BK, ?>402;5==K5 3=52, 3>@5, GC2AB2> 28=K, ?5@5E>4 A5<L8 =0 =>2K9 F8:; A2>53> @0728B8O, @>;52K5 >6840=8O, A5<59=K5 0;LO=AK, 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C 1@0BLO<8 8 A5AB@0<8, "70?CB0==>ABL" A5<59=KE AC1A8AB5<. 2-11  !# !. 1JOA=5=85 B:@KB0O 65AB>:>ABL 8 A?>@K 2 A5<L5, >A>15==> 2 B>< A;CG05, :>340 @515=>: >:07K205BAO 2>2;5G5= 2 :>=D;8:B @>48B5;59, A:>@55 2A53> 1C4CB =0=>A8BL 2@54 @515=:C. A?KBK205<K9 @515=:>< AB@5AA <>65B 5I5 1>;55 >1>AB@8BLAO 2 B>< A;CG05, :>340 8<55B <5AB> =54>AB0B>: B5?;>BK 8 ;N128 : =5<C A> AB>@>=K 27@>A;KE G;5=>2 A5<L8, 0 B0:65 :>340 :>=D;8:BK ?@>4>;60NBAO 2 B5G5=85 7=0G8B5;L=>3> ?5@8>40 2@5<5=8. >@074> <5=55 >?@545;5=0 B0 @>;L, :>B>@CN ?>2545=85 @515=:0 <>65B AK3@0BL 2 C<5=LH5=88, ?>445@60=88 8;8 >1>AB@5=88 @>48B5;LA:>3> :>=D;8:B0. 01;N405<K5 C @515=:0 A8<?B><K G0AB> C:@5?;ONBAO 2A;54AB288 B>3>, GB> >=8 83@0NB F5=B@0;L=CN @>;L 2 ?@5>4>;5=88, :><?5=A0F88 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> :>=D;8:B0. A;8 845=B8D8F8@>20==K< ?0F85=B>< O2;O5BAO @515=>:, B5@0?52BC G0AB> >:07K205BAO A;>6=> A>1@0BL 8=D>@<0F8N, :>B>@CN G;5=K A5<L8 AG8B0NB =5206=>9 8;8 =5 >B=>AOI59AO : 45;C. "5E=8:0 "0@8AC9 A>=", >?8A0==0O ">=35 (Tonge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onge,p.217).  =5 1>;55 B>3> - @>48B5;8 =5 2845;8 2 ?>2545=88 <0;LG8:0 =8:0:8E >A>1KE ?@>1;5<. "5@0?52B =0@8A>20; <K;L=K9 ?C7K@L 4;O 87>1@065=8O A=0 "8 A:070;, GB> =0 @8AC=:5 87>1@065= <0;LG8: 0@:CA (<>65B 1KBL, MB> 4065 >=), :>B>@><C A=8BAO ?;>E>9 A>=. = =5<=>3> ?>:>;510;AO, 0 ?>B>< =0G0; @8A>20BL 4><, :>B>@K9 @07@CH0; "A5@48BK9 25;8:0=". 0B5< MB>B 25;8:0= 4>;65= 1K; C9B8... !0<>9 AB@0H=>9 G0ABLN A=0 4;O 0@:CA0 1K; <><5=B, :>340 25;8:0= E20B0; 53> 8 =0G8=0; B@OAB8 (Tonge,p.217). 0B5< B5@0?52B A:070; 0@:CAC, GB> 2>7<>6=>, 4><0 ?@>8AE>48B GB>-B> ?>4>1=>5 B><C, GB> >= 2845; 2 MB>< A=5 8, <>65B 1KBL, 53> >B5F 8=>340 ?>E>6 =0 25;8:0=0 87 A=0. 0@:CA 2K3;O45; >G5=L ?5G0;L=K<. = A:070;, GB> <564C 53> @>48B5;O<8 G0AB> 2>7=8:0NB "AB@0H=K5 AA>@K", :>340 >=8 "@071820NB 25I8", 8 GB> ?>A;5 >4=>9 87 B0:8E AA>@ 53> >B5F =0 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 CH5; 87 4><0. "5@0?52B ?@54;>68; ?>:070BL @8AC=>: @>48B5;O< 0@:CA0, B0: :0: MB> <>3;> 1K ?><>GL 8< ?>=OBL, GB> 8<5==> 53> 15A?>:>8;>. 0@: A>3;0A8;AO 8 @5H8; >AB0BLAO 2 :018=5B5 2> 2@5<O @073>2>@0 B5@0?52B0 A 53> @>48B5;O<8. "5@0?52B >1JOA=8; @8AC=>: @>48B5;O<, A2O702 53> A ?@>8AE>482H8<8 4><0 A>1KB8O<8. B5F 0@:CA0 ?>;>68; A2>N @C:C =0 "?;5G> AK=0 8 ?@87=0;AO, GB> 70 ?>A;54=85 3>4K >B=>H5=8O 2 A5<L5 AB0;8 8<5==> B0:8<8, :0:8<8 8E >?8A0; 0@:CA. 0BL =5 <>3;0 A?@028BLAO A A8BC0F859 8 1K;0 >G5=L ?>402;5=0; >=0 ;53:> @074@060;0AL 8 1K;0 M<>F8>=0;L=> =54>ABC?=0 A5<L5... B5F 70O28;, GB> =5 E>G5B, GB>1K 8E A5<LO @0A?0;0AL 8 ?>?@>A8; ?><>I8" (Tonge, p.217). >340 @>48B5;8 C2845;8 =0@8A>20==K9 8E @515=:>< >1@07 53> AB@0H=>3> A=0, MB> AB0;> 4;O =8E OA=K< A2845B5;LAB2>< B>3>, :0: :>=D;8:B <564C =8<8 2;8O5B =0 2AN A5<LN. "0:>3> @>40 >?KB @>48B5;8 =5 <>3;8 B0: ?@>AB> 83=>@8@>20BL, 8 ?>MB><C, >= ?>1C48; 8E : ?5@5<5=0<. @8<5=5=85 A?>;L7>20=85 B5E=8:8 "0@8AC9 A>=" ?>72>;O5B ?>;CG8BL A ?><>ILN @515=:0 :0@B8=C B>3>, GB> =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?@>8AE>48B 2 A5<L5, 0 ?>A;54CNI55 >1AC645=85 MB>3> A @>48B5;O<8 <>65B ?>2;5GL 70 A>1>9 ?>78B82=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. 1KG=>, ?@5645 G5< ?@825AB8 @515=:0 : 2@0GC :0: ?0F85=B0 A >?@545;5==K<8 A8<?B><0<8, @>48B5;8 8A?>;L7CNB 2A5 4>ABC?=K5 8< ?CB8 @07@5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 87<5=5=85 ?>2545=8O @515=:0 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88. 1@0I0OAL : B5@0?52BC, >=8 >6840NB, GB> >= B0:65 A>A@54>B>G8B A2>5 2=8<0=85 =0 ?>2545=88 @515=:0 8 ?>?KB05BAO 87<5=8BL 8<5==> 53>. A?>;L7CO B5E=8:C "0@8AC9 A>=", B5@0?52B ?>;CG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL 2K9B8 70 @0<:8 @0AA<>B@5=8O ?@>1;5<K A B>G:8 7@5=8O ?5@A?5:B82K "@>48B5;L-@515=>:" 8 405B @515=:C A@54AB2> :>=:@5B=>3> 8 =03;O4=>3> 2K@065=8O B>3>, GB> =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?@>8AE>48B 2 53> 2=CB@5==5< <8@5. 2-12. , !  !!#, " . 1>A=>20=85 =B5@?@5B0F8O A=>2 O2;O5BAO F5==>9 B5E=8:>9, 22545==>9 2 >1>@>B ?A8E>0=0;8B8:0<8. A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:8 >@85=B8@>20==K5 A5:AC0;L=K5 B5@0?52BK 8A?>;L7CNB 55 4;O 2KO2;5=8O ?>4A>7=0B5;L=KE D0:B>@>2, >B25BAB25==KE 70 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>ABL 2 >1;0AB8 ?>;>2KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89. ;8=8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O ?A8E>0=0;8B8:>2 C1548B5;L=> ?>:07K20NB, GB> 4;O CA?5H=>AB8 A5:AC0;L=>9 B5@0?88 >G5=L 206=> @01>B0BL =0 >A=>25 87CG5=8O 15AA>7=0B5;L=KE D5=><5=>2 - B0:8E :0: =5@07@5H5==K5 :>=D;8:BK, =0@CH5=89, A2O70==K5 A ?5@5=>A><, 8 A>?@>B82;5=85< (Levay, Weissberg, 1979). %>BO 2 40==>< @0745;5 <0B5@80; 40= ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 :>=B5:AB5 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>9 >@85=B0F88, B.5. B0:, :0: >= >?8A0= 2 @01>B5 525O 8 09A15@30, A=>2845=8O <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K 2 @CA;5 A0<KE @07;8G=KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E <>45;59. 0?@8<5@, 04;5@80=FK >1@0I0NB 2=8<0=85 ?@5645 2A53> =0 A>45@60=85 A=>2845=89, @0AA<0B@820O A>= 2 :0G5AB25 ?>?KB:8 @5H5=8O <CG0NI59 :;85=B0 ?@>1;5<K. 5HB0;LBB5@0?52BK @0AA<0B@820NB :064K9 M;5<5=B A=0 :0: >B@060NI89 >4=C 87 AB>@>= ;8G=>AB8, =C640NI59AO 2 8=B53@0F88. 7CG5=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 8 A0<>8AA;54>20=85 :;85=B0<8 A=>2 <>65B ?><>GL 2 ?>=8<0=88 A?5F8D8:8 A5:AC0;L=>3> 2708<>459AB28O <564C AC?@C30<8. 5259 8 09A15@3 ?@82>4OB A;CG09 87 @01>BK ?>2545=G5A:8 >@85=B8@>20==>3> A5:AC0;L=>3> B5@0?52B0, :>B>@0O, A 8E B>G:8 7@5=8O, 2;8O5B =0 A=K :;85=B>2 G5@57 A>740=85 :>=D;8:B>2 2 8E AC?5@M3>.  A0<>9 >1I59 D>@<5 <>6=> A:070BL, GB> 7040G0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 A>AB>8B 2 >15A?5G5=88 A5:AC0;L=>3> =0A;0645=8O, GB> 2ABC?0NB 2 ?@O<>9 :>=D;8:B A DC=:F859 AC?5@M3>, >B25BAB25==>3> 70 :>=B@>;L =04 8=AB8=:B82=K<8 ?>1C645=8O<8. :B82=>ABL A=>2845=89 B0:65 A2O70=0 A MB8< :>=D;8:B><. 2B>@K CB25@640NB, GB> 8=B5=A82=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, AB8<C;8@C5<K5 A0<8< ?@>F5AA>< B5@0?88 2<5AB5 A ?>2KA82H59AO A5:AC0;L=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>ABLN 83@0NB "0:B828@CNICN D878>;>38G5A:CN 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN @>;L ?> >B=>H5=8N : A>45@60=8N A=>2845=89" (Levay, Weissberg, 1979, @.335). !=K "AB0=>2OBAO 68255, C:07K20NB =0 ;560I85 2 8E >A=>25 :>=D;8:BK 1>;55 >B:@KB>, 0 B0:65 ?>;CG0NB 1>;55 B5A=CN A2O7L A A>1KB8O<8 ?@54K4CI53> 4=O"(B0< 65, @.335). 5259 8 09A15@3 40;55 @0745;ONB <0=8D5AB8@C5<>5 A>45@60=85 A=>2845=89 =0 G5BK@5 B8?0: M@>B8G5A:>5(??????? - 40;55 2 B5:AB5 =8:0: =5 @0A:@K205BAO - 2>7<>6=> >?5G0B:0 8 8<55BAO 2284C M@>B8G5A:>5 :0: G0ABL 0DD5:B82=>3> ????? -(), 0DD5:B82=>5, :>3=8B82=>5, @5B@>A?5:B82=>5, :><<C=8:0B82=>5. "0:>5 @0745;5=85 A 8E B>G:8 7@5=8O ?>72>;O5B >?@545;8BL 045:20B=K5 4;O 40==>9 ?0@K <5B>4K A5:AC0;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O, 0 B0:65 >1;0AB8 ?>402;5==KE 65;0=89 AC?@C3>2. DD5:B82=K5 A=K 40NB ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 8=D>@<0F8N >1 M<>F8OE 3=520, AB@0E0, CB@0BK, :>B>@K5 AB8<C;8@CNBAO A5:AC0;L=K<8 C?@06=5=8O<8, >1KG=> 7040205<K<8 2 E>45 B5@0?88. -B8 A=K C:07K20NB B0:65 =0 @0728B85 A>?@>B82;5=8O 8 :>=D;8:B0. >3=8B82=K5 A=K 2KO2;ONB ?>4A>7=0B5;L=CN >A=>2C A8<?B><>2, ?@54AB02;5==KE 2 A>7=0=88. " 5B@>A?5:B82=K5 A=K ?@8>B:@K20NB :>@=8 A5:AC0;L=>3> :>=D;8:B0. ><<C=8:0B82=K5 A=K ?>:07K20NB :0: <0B5@80; 45BAB20 :;85=B0 2;8O5B =0 53> A5:AC0;L=>5 ?>2545=85 2 =0AB>OI5<" (B0< 65, @.335). @>F54C@0 "5>@8O 8 ?@>F5AA 8=B5@?@5B0F88 A=>2845=89 A;8H:>< >1H8@=K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 8E <>6=> 1K;> 745AL :@0B:> 87;>68BL. <5AB5 A B5<, B5E=8:0 <>65B A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=OBLAO B5<8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;0<8, :>B>@K5 C65 2;045ONB 40==K< 7=0=85< 8 E>B5;8 1K ?@8<5=8BL 53> 4;O F5;59 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>A8B :;85=B>2 2 45B0;OE 70?8AK20BL A2>8 A=>2845=8O A@07C 65 ?>A;5 ?@>1C645=8O >B A=0, ?>A;54>202H53> 70 70=OB8O<8 A5:A><, >A>15==> 5A;8 2> 2@5<O MB8E 70=OB89 >=8 2K?>;=O;8 B5 8;8 8=K5 C:070=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54?>;0305B, GB> A=>2845=8O 4>;6=K >1O70B5;L=> 1KBL, GB> A0<> ?> A515 AB8<C;8@C5B :;85=B>2 2A?><=8BL B>, GB> 8< A=8;>AL. 0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54;0305B AC?@C30< @0AA:070BL A2>8 A=K 2 ?@8ACBAB288 ?0@B=5@0. 1>8E 70B5< ?@>AOB 40BL 0AA>F80F88 : A2>8< A=>2845=8O<, CG8BK20O A>1KB8O ?@54K4CI53> 4=O 8 >6840=8O :0:8E-B> 3@O4CI8E A>1KB89. !5:AC0;L=K9 B5@0?52B, ?>;030NB 5259 8 09A15@3, 8A?>;L7C5B <0B5@80; A=>2845=89 =5A:>;L:> ?>-4@C3><C, G5< >1I89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B. 708<>>B=>H5=8O A5:AC0;L=>3> B5@0?52B0 8 :;85=B0 <5=55 8=B5=A82=K. 10 AC?@C30 CG0AB2CNB 2 A5AA88 >4=>2@5<5==> 8 2=8<0=85 B5@0?52B0 D>:CA8@C5BAO =0 A5:AC0;L=KE 8 <56;8G=>AB=KE ?>2545=G5A:8E 87<5=5=8OE. !5:AC0;L=K9 B5@0?52B 2KO2;O5B <0B5@80; A=>2845=89, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 0AA>F80F88 :;85=B>2, 0 B0:65 2;8O=8O =0 A=K A>1KB89 ?@54K4CI53> 4=O. 0: B>;L:> =5>1E>48<0O 8=D>@<0F8O 2KO2;5=0, AB02OBAO 1>;55 A?5F8D8G5A:85 7040G8. "5@0?52B ?>AB>O==> 45@68B 2 ?>;5 A2>53> 2=8<0=8O A2O7L A=>2845=89 A B5:CI8< MB0?>< B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 405B :;85=BC B>;L:> BC 8=D>@<0F8N, :>B>@0O <>65B 1KBL ?>=OB0 8< 2 40==K9 <><5=B. ""5@0?52B ?><>305B :;85=B0< ?5@5>?@545;8BL 8;8 ?>4028BL <0B5@80; A=>2845=89, :>B>@K9 G@57<5@=> 2>71C6405B =565;0B5;L=K5 4;O ?@>F5AA0 B5@0?88 8;8 AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89 B@52>6=>ABL 8 A>?@>B82;5=85" (@.338). !E>4AB20 8 @07;8G8O 2 <0B5@80;5, ?@54AB02;5==>< :;85=B0<8, ?><>305B B5@0?52BC ?>=OBL ACBL 2708<>>B=>H5=89 <564C AC?@C30<8 8 8E A:@KBK5 ?>B@51=>AB8. "A?>;L7>20=85 8=B5@?@5B0F88 A=>2845=89 >:07K205BAO >A>15==> ?>;57=K< 2 @01>B5 A B5<8 :;85=B0<8, :>B>@KE =5 >G5=L 70=8<05B ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O ?@>1;5<0B8:0 8 :>B>@K5 A5:AC0;L=> ?>402;5=K"(B0< 65, @.338) @8<5@ 5259 8 09A15@3 ?@82>4OB A;54CNI89 A;CG09: C6G8=0-8<?>B5=B 65=8;AO =0 A5:AC0;L=> 0:B82=>9 8 GC2AB28B5;L=>9 65=I8=5. 10 >A>7=020;8, GB> C =8E 5ABL A5:AC0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K 8 GB> >=8 <>3CB 8E ?@5>4>;5BL. 5=0 8<5;0 70 ?;5G0<8 8AB>@8N A5:AC0;L=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A G@572KG09=> =5045:20B=K<8(????) <C6G8=0<8. >340 2 E>45 B5@0?88 <C6 >:070;AO A?>A>1=K< : 4>AB865=8N >?@545;5==>3> C@>2=O M@5:F88, 65=5 C4020;>AL 871530BL 53> ?@8AB020=89,G5@57 AAK;:8 =0 B>, GB> >=0 >G5=L CAB0;0 8;8 1>;L=0. = ?@>4>;60; 2K:07K20BL A2>8 65;0=8O 8 ?@>O2;O; 701>BC 25AL<0 =5=02O7G82>.  MB>< :>=B5:AB5 <C6 A>>1I8; =0 A5AA88 > A2>8E A;54CNI8E A=0E: !>= #1: = 8 B5@0?52B 2 35AB0?>2A:8E D>@<0E A>?@>2>640NB 53> @>48B5;59, 0 B0:65 4@C38E ;N459 2 A25=F8<. !>= #2: = ?@8=8<05B 20==C A 53> <0B5@LN 8 ?@>8AE>48B =5GB>, A2O70==>5 A A5:A><. !>= #3: ">;AB0O 65=I8=0 AB>8B ?5@54 BC0;5B><. = B>;:0NB 55 3>;>2C 2 C=8B07 8 E>G5B 2ABC?8BL A =59 2 ?>;>2CN A2O7L - 2 MB>B <><5=B :;85=B ?@>AK?05BAO. -B0 A5@8O A=>2 8;;NAB@8@C5B AB5?5=L 8 3;C18=C 03@5AA88 :;85=B0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : <0B5@8=A:8< 65=A:8< D83C@0<, 53> 7;>ABL 8 8A?KBK205<K5 8< ?>1C645=8O : 45AB@C:B82=><C ?>2545=8N 2> 2@5<O A5:A0, 0 B0:65 B>, GB> 4;O =53> B@C4=> 1KBL =56=K< 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O A5:AC0;L=> 045:20B=K<. ;85=B 1K; :@09=5 >701>G5= B5<, GB> 70 53> 03@5AA82=K5 <KA;8 @0=> 8;8 ?>74=> ?@845BAO ?;0B8BL. =0;>38G=K< >1@07>< 1K;8 ?@>8=B5@?@5B8@>20=K 8 A=K 65=K. :070;>AL, GB> >B=>H5=8O : A5:AC 4;O >1>8E ?0@B=5@>2 2> <=>3>< @5F8?@>:=K. !B0;> OA=>, GB> 871530=85 A5:AC0;L=>3> 0:B0 1K;> ?> ACB8 45;0 2 8=B5@5A0E >1>8E ?0@B=5@>2. 0B5< AC?@C30< 1K;> ?@54;>65=> 87CG8BL 8AB>G=8:8 8E 2=CB@5==8E :>=D;8:B>2 8 >:070BL ?><>IL 4@C3 4@C3C 2 8E @07@5H5=88. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 ;N1K< ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, :>B>@K9 ?>;CG8; ?>43>B>2:C 2 8=B5@?@5B0F88 A=>2845=89. &5;L <5B>40 - ?@8>B:@KBL :0: ?>4A>7=0B5;L=K5 :>=D;8:BK, B0: 8 <0=8D5AB8@C5<K5 ?>?KB:8 @5H8BL 8E 2 A=0E. !B8<C;8@CO AC?@C65A:CN ?0@C 2:;NG8BLAO 2 A5:AC0;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL, 2845BL A=K ?> MB><C ?>2>4C, 0 70B5< A>>1I0BL =0 A5AA88 >1 MB8E A=0E, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>;CG8BL =5?>A@54AB25==K9 4>ABC? 2 >1;0ABL 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE 2=CB@8;8G=>AB=KE 8 <56;8G=>AB=KE A8; 8 8E A:@KBKE A<KA;>2. =0;87 8 8=B5@?@5B0F8O A=>2 :064>3> 87 ?0@B=5@>2 ?@8>B:@K205B >A=>2C 8E @5F8?@>:=>3> A5:AC0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O - ?>:07K205B :0: ?>2545=85 >4=>3> 87 AC?@C3>2 CA8;8205B ?>2545=85 4@C3>3>. !=K B0:65 8A?>;L7CNBAO 4;O @07@5H5=8O 0:BC0;L=KE :>=D;8:B>2 <564C AC?@C30<8. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?@>0=0;878@>20BL :0: >1;040B5;L A=>2845=89 A?@02;O5BAO A 2>7=8:H59 A8BC0F859 8 :0:8< >= 2848B 55 8AE>4. @C3>9 20@80F859 ?@8<5=5=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 O2;O5BAO ?@>AL10 :;85=BC 4@0<0B8G5A:8 ?@>83@0BL 53> A=K, ?@8?8A02 @>;8 A2>5<C ?0@B=5@C, ?A8E>B5@0?52BC, 8 5A;8 MB> =5>1E>48<>, 8A?>;L7>20BL @07;8G=K5 ?@54<5BK 2 :><=0B5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@54AB028BL 4@C38E ;N459 8;8 >1J5:BK, A>45@60I85AO 2 53> A=5. -B> ?>72>;O5B @01>B0BL =0 A5AA88 A <0B5@80;>< A=>2845=89 >4=>2@5<5==> =0 M<>F8>=0;L=>< 8 :>3=8B82=>< C@>2=OE. '5@57 ?>2B>@5=85 40==>3> ?@>83@K20=8O <>3CB 1KBL >1JOA=5=K 8 ?@>0=0;878@>20=K @07;8G=K5 20@80=BK @5H5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B>2 (Gold,1983). (!<. B0:65 4@C385 B5E=8:8 A=>2845=89, >?8A0==K5 2 MB>9 3;025). 2-13. $  #.)  +  !!#, "  1>A=>20=85 @8<5=5=85 >1@07>2 2 :0G5AB25 D>@<8@CNI53> A@54AB20 2 A5:AC0;L=>9 B5@0?88 ?@54;>65=> 8<A (Nims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bondage and discipline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ims,1975). 5=I8=C ?>?@>A8;8 A:>=F5=B@8@>20BLAO =0 >1@075 ?>;>2>3> G;5=0, ?@>872>4OI53> 42865=8O 2> 2;030;8I5 2 B> 2@5<O, :0: >=0 4>AB8305B >@307<0 ?@8 <0ABC@10F88. 9 B0:65 1K;0 40=0 8=AB@C:F8O 2 B5G5=88 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 A;54>20BL D0=B0788 "bondage and discipline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orrison,1981, 52-56), 2:;NG0O ?@8<5@ 8 >1;0AB8 8A?>;L7>20=8O. @>F54C@0 >A;5 B>3> :0: ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8 :;85=B 4>3>20@820NBAO ?>@01>B0BL A >1@070<8, :;85=B>2 ?@>AOB @0AA;018BLAO 8, 5A;8 8< B0: 1C45B C4>1=55, 4065 ?@8:@KBL 3;070. 0B5< 8E ?@>AOB ?@54AB028BL A51O 45BL<8 2 >?@545;5==>< 2>7@0AB5, 0 70B5< 2K720BL >1@07K A2>8E @>48B5;59 8;8 65 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8.  7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, :0:CN 7040GC AB028B ?5@54 A>1>9 =0 40==>< MB0?5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B, >=0 <>65B ?@54;>68BL :;85=B0< ?@54AB028BL A51O 2 A8BC0F88, :>340 A =8<8 >1@0I0;8AL =5A?@0254;82>, :>340 >=8 ?>?040;8 2 =5?@8OB=>5 ?>;>65=85 <564C 42C<O :>=D;8:BCNI8<8 @>48B5;O<8, :>340 GB>-B> 24@C3 O28;>AL ?@8G8=>9 8E 7;>AB8 8;8 GC2AB20 >AB02;5==>AB8.  G0AB=>AB8 :;85=B>2 <>3CB ?>?@>A8BL 2>>1@078BL A515 AF5=C, 345 2 :0G5AB25 CG0AB=8:0 1K; 1K @>48B5;L ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> ?>;0, 0 B0:65 >?8A0BL 53> ?>2545=85 8 >B=>H5=85 : >:@C60NI5<C. "5E :;85=B>2, :>B>@K5 A:;>==K @0AA<0B@820BL A51O 2 :0G5AB25 65@B2, ?@>AOB A>740BL 2 A2>5< 2>>1@065=88 AF5=K AG0AB;82>3> 2@5<5=8 - ?@8OB=KE <3=>25=89, 25G5@8=>:, 2AB@5G, ?>40@:>2, ?>E20;, @072;5G5=89, C2;5:0B5;L=KE ?@8:;NG5=89 - 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL 1>;55 A10;0=A8@>20==K9 273;O4 =0 A>2@5<5==CN AB@C:BC@C A5<L8 8 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O. 065 45B59 <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL 2>>1@078BL A515 AF5=K, 345 >=8 ?@8ACBAB2CNB A>2A5< <0;5=L:85. ;85=BK <>3CB 45;0BL MB> 2A5 2<5AB5, >4=>2@5<5==> 8 <>;G0, 0 B0:65 70?8A0BL B>, GB> >=8 C2845;8, 0 70B5< ?@>G8B0BL 70?8A0==>5 3@C??5, 8;8 65 >=8 <>3CB A>>1I8BL > A2>5< >?KB5 4@C38< CG0AB=8:0< A5AA88, =5 70?8AK20O 53> ?@5420@8B5;L=>. 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 : ;N1>9 A5<59=>9 AC1A8AB5<5. @8<5@K @8<5@K 27OBK 87 @01>B >@@8A>=0 (Morrison,1981). !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 >1@0B8;0AL 70 ?><>ILN ?> ?>2>4C B@C4=>AB59, 8A?KBK205<KE 2 1@0:5. !@548 =07K202H8EAO 8<8 ?@>1;5< 1K;8: 45?@5AA8O, 15A?>:>9AB2> 8 A2O70==K5 A MB8< B0:85 A8<?B><K, :0: B@C4=>AB8 2 AD5@5 8=B8<=KE >B=>H5=89, 15AA>==8F0 8 =5A?>A>1=>ABL 2K@078BL GC2AB2> 3=520.  E>45 B5@0?88 3;02=>5 2=8<0=85 C45;O;>AL 8E A;01><C C@>2=N >1I5=8O. >A;5 <=>38E 70=OB89 =01;N40;8AL ;8HL :@09=5 =57=0G8B5;L=K5 87<5=5=8O : ;CGH5<C. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> AC?@C38 =0CG8;8AL 1>;55 MDD5:B82=><C >1I5=8N, >=8 AB0;:820;8AL A B@C4=>ABO<8 2 ?@8<5=5=88 =0 ?@0:B8:5 ?>;CG5==KE =02K:>2.A;54AB285 MB>3> B5@0?52B ?@54;>68;0 ?@>25AB8 8=48284C0;L=K5 2AB@5G8 A :064K< 87 AC?@C3>2, =0 GB> >=8 A>3;0A8;8AL. > 2@5<O 8=48284C0;L=KE 2AB@5G ?0F85=B>2 ?>?@>A8;8 70:@KBL 3;070 8 ?@54AB028BL A515 A2>53> @>48B5;O ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> ?>;0. >A;5 A>740=8O OA=>3> >1@070 A2>53> @>48B5;O :064>3> ?>?@>A8;8 ?@54AB028BL A515 A2>53> AC?@C30, :0:-1K AB>OI53> @O4>< A MB8< @>48B5;5<. 0B5< 8E ?>?@>A8;8 A@02=8BL ?>;CG5==K5 >1@07K MB8E 42CE G5;>25:, >?8A02 8E >1I85 G5@BK 8 @07;8G8O. 48= ?0F85=B >1=0@C68;, GB> 53> <0BL 8 65=0 >1;040NB <=>38<8 AE>4=K<8 G5@B0<8. 0BL, 1C4CG8 G5;>25:>< A8;L=>3>, 4><8=8@CNI53> E0@0:B5@0, :>=B@>;8@>20;0 53> 8 ?>AB>O==> >128=O;0. -B>B >1@07 ?><>3 5<C ?>=OBL A2>8 GC2AB20 : 65=5 8 27OBL =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?>?KB:8 87<5=8BL 55 2 15A?;>4=KE CA8;8OE 702>520BL ;N1>2L A2>59 <0B5@8. >MB><C >= ?@5:@0B8; >B=>A8BLAO : A2>59 65=5 B0:, :0: 1C4B> >=0 1K;0 53> <0B5@LN. B MB>3> :@><5 2A53> ?@>G53> 2K83@0;8 53> >B=>H5=8O A 45BL<8. @C30O ?0F85=B:0 1;03>40@O ?@54AB02;5==K< >1@070< >1=0@C68;0 AE>4=K5 G5@BK <564C A2>8< >BF>< 8 <C65<, C28452, GB> >=8 >10 1K;8 ;N4L<8 A;01K<8 8 ?0AA82=K<8. 5 >B5F =8:>340 OA=> =5 ?@>O2;O; A2>59 ;N128 : =59. =0 A<>3;0 ?@87=0BL, GB> 4><8=8@>20;0 =04 A2>8< <C65<, GB> ?> ACB8 45;0 ?>2B>@O;> >B=>H5=85 55 <0B5@8 : 55 >BFC. 1@07 <0B5@8 ?><>3 65=5 C<5=LH8BL A2>N 4><8=8@CNICN @>;L, 8 >=0 =0G0;8 1>;55 ?>78B82=> >B=>A8BLAO : <C6C 8 45BO<. >A;5 MB8E 8=48284C0;L=KE 70=OB89 ?> A>740=8N >1@07>2 :0: <C6, B0: 8 65=0 A<>3;8 7=0G8B5;L=> 87<5=8BL A2>5 ?>2545=85 2 ;CGHCN AB>@>=C, 8 A5<59=0O, 0 B0:65 AC?@C65A:0O B5@0?8O <>3;0 ?@>4>;60BLAO 3>@074> 1>;55 CA?5H=>. !C?@C38 1K;8 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 87<5=8BL A2>8 >B=>H5=8O : ;CGH5<C 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 65=0 =5 >1=0@C68;0, GB> ?><5E>9 MB><C O2;O5BAO A>740==K9 5N 8450;878@>20==K9 >1@07 55 C<5@H53> >BF0. 6840=8O, :>B>@K5 >=0 8A?KBK20;0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : A2>5<C <C6C, 1K;8 A;8H:>< =5@50;8AB8G=K<8. > 2@5<O 70=OB8O ?> A>740=8N >1@070 65=C ?>?@>A8;8 ?@54AB028BL A515 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 A<5@B8 55 >BF0 8 53> ?>E>@>=K. -B>3> >:070;>AL 4>AB0B>G=>, GB>1K ?><>GL 59 871028BLAO >B =530B82=KE GC2AB2, A2O70==KE A 8450;878@>20==K< >1@07>< >BF0. A?>;L7>20=85 1@07K,?>;CG5==K5 2 @>48B5;LA:>9 A5<L5 <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K, :>340: 1. !C?@C38 =5 <>3CB ?@5>4>;5BL A2>8 B@C4=>AB8 8 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=K5 @>;8, 4065 :>340 >=8 E>@>H> @0718@0NBAO 2 A8BC0F88, A;>682H59AO 2 8E 1@0:5. 2. !C?@C38 8A?KBK20NB B@C4=>AB8 ?>=8<0=8O GC2AB2 4@C3 4@C30 2 E>45 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. 3. !C?@C38 ?>AB>O==> ?CB0NB B0:85 @>;8 :0: <0BL-65=0, <C6->B5F. 4. !8;L=K5 GC2AB20 =5 ?@>O2;ONBAO AC?@C30<8, >4=0:> 4>;6=K 1KBL 2K@065=K 2 E>45 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 5. !C?@C30< B@51C5BAO ?>=8<0=85 B>3>, :0:8< >1@07>< 48=0<8:0 8E GC2AB2 ?> >B=>H5=8N : A>1AB25==K< @>48B5;O< 2;8O5B =0 8E >B=>H5=85 4@C3 : 4@C3C. 6. !C?@C38 4>;6=K ?>=OBL, :0: 45B8 284OB 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C =8<8. 7. >340 =04564K 8 C?>20=8O >4=>3> 8;8 >1>8E AC?@C3>2 =C640NBAO 2 ?>445@6:5 2 E>45 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 8. >340 AC?@C30< =5>1E>48<> ?5@5AB0BL >128=OBL 4@C3 4@C30 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K ?>?KB0BLAO ?>=OBL B>G:C 7@5=8O 4@C3>3>. 9. >340 @>48B5;O< =5>1E>48<> ?>=OBL ACBL :>=D;8:B>2 A 45BL<8, :>B>@K5 8<5NB A2>8< 8AB>G=8:>< 8E :>=D;8:BK A A>1AB25==K<8 @>48B5;O<8 2 45BAB25. 10. >340 8<55B <5AB> ?@>?0ABL <564C B5<, GB> 3>2>@8BAO 8 B5<, GB> @50;L=> 45;05BAO. 11. >340 5ABL =5>1E>48<>ABL ?><>GL >4=><C 8;8 =5A:>;L:8< G;5=0< A5<L8 8=B53@8@>20BL A2>9 @0==89 >?KB 2 A2>N A>2@5<5==CN A8BC0F8N 8 0:BC0;L=>5 ?>2545=85. 12. A8E>B5@0?52B E>G5B 8A?>;L7>20BL ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?@>H;>< 4;O @01>BK 2 A8BC0F88 "745AL 8 A59G0A". 2-15  /.)  : #"  !" 1JOA=5=85 "0?@02;ONI89 >1@07" ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>65:B82=CN B5E=8:C, 2KO2;ONICN 2=CB@5==85 ?@>F5AAK, :>B>@K5 ?@>B5:0NB 2=5 =0H53> A>7=0B5;L=>3> >?KB0. =D>@<0F8O, ?>;CG5==0O =0 >A=>25 40==>9 B5E=8:8 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 @07;8G=K<8 ?CBO<8. >-?5@2KE, >A>7=0=85 8=48284>< B>=:8E D878>;>38G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, ?@>B5:0NI8E 2=CB@8 53> >@30=87<0 <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=>9 4;O 4803=>AB8:8. >-2B>@KE, 2>>1@065=85 <>65B 1KBL CA8;5=> 4> B0:8E ?@545;>2, GB> <>3;> 1K >15A?5G8BL A?5F8D8G5A:85 D878>;>38G5A:85 87<5=5=8O, GB> 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?>;57=> 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0.  B@5BL8E, 2 :>3=8B82=>9 ?5@A?5:B825, =5=0720==K5 =5>?@54<5G5==K5 8458 8 GC2AB20 <>3CB 1KBL 2 @0<:0E 40==>3> ?>4E>40 4>2545=K 4> A>7=0=8O, >A<KA;5=K. A?>;L7>20=5 ?>78B82=KE >1@07>2 4;O ?>445@6:8 045:20B=>3> C@>2=O 74>@>2LO O2;O;>AL C=825@A0;L=K< 2> <=>38E B@048F8OE 2@0G520=8O. I5 2 =0G0;5 25:0 -<8;L CM, D@0=FC7A:89 D0@<0F52B, >A=>20; :;8=8:C, 2 F5=B@5 :>B>@>9 1K;> 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?>78B82=KE >1@07>2 :0: <5B>40 4>AB865=8O <0:A8<0;L=> 2>7<>6=>3> C@>2=O 74>@>2LO. CM ?>;030;, GB> ?@54AB028BL A515 ?>78B82=K9 @57C;LB0B 3>@074;> 1>;55 MDD5:B82=> 4;O 87<5=5=8O =5DC=:F8>=0;L=>3> A>AB>O=8O, G5< 70AB02;OBL A51O GB>-B> A45;0BL. A;8 AC1J5:B ?@54AB02;O5B 2 A2>5< 2>>1@065=88 :>=5G=K9 ?C=:B ?CB8 - =0?@8<5@, 4>AB865=85 >?@545;5==>3> C@>2=O ?@>D5AA8>=0;87<0 8;8 :0G5AB20 687=8, B> 53> <KH;5=85 =5>A>7=0==> 42865BAO 2 MB>< 65 =0?@02;5=88, 8 =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?@5>4>;520BL 5AB5AB25==K5 2=CB@5==85 ?@5?OBAB28O 87<5=5=8O<. -B> >A>15==> 206=> 2 B>< A;CG05, :>340 G5;>25: >?0A05BAO :0:8E-B> =530B82=KE <><5=B>2, :>B>@K5 <>3CB 2AB@5B8BLAO =0 53> ?CB8. ><>GL G5;>25:C 273;O=CBL =0 A8BC0F8N 2 1>;55 ?>78B82=>9 ?5@A?5:B825 <>65B >:070BLAO >G5=L ACI5AB25==K< 4;O >1I53> E>40 ;5G5=8O. !8;0 ?>78B82=KE CB25@645=89 70A5205B A5<5=0, :>B>@K5 =0?@02;ONB 8 ?A8E8:C 8 B5;> G5;>25:0 2 =0?@02;5=88 87;5G5=8O. ;8=8F8ABK M:A?5@8<5=B8@>20;8 A 8A?>;L7>20=85< <=>38E ?A8E8G5A:8E >1@07>2, A>74020O B0:85 B5E=8:8 :0:????? ... behavioral rehersal, dream-a-drama,??? 38?=>7 8 <=>385 4@C385. "=CB@5==89 !>25B=8:", B5E=8:0 ?>?C;O@878@>20==0O 9;(Oyle,1976), 0 B0:65 !0<CM;LA>< 8 5==5B><(Samuels,Bennet,1973) - >4=0 87 =8E. 708<>459AB2CO A> A2>8< "2=CB@5==8< A>25B=8:><", G5;>25: CG8BAO CG8BK20BL 206=CN 8=D>@<0F8N, A>45@60ICNAO 2 53> 15AA>7=0B5;L=>< 8 GC2AB2>20BL A51O :><D>@B=> A B0:8<8 G0ABO<8 A2>53> /, :>B>@K5 @0=55 1K;8 =54>ABC?=K 53> A>7=0=8N. @>F54C@0 "5E=8:8 =0 >A=>25 2>>1@065=8O G0I5 2A53> 8A?>;L7CNBAO, :>340 :;85=B =0E>48BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 @5;0:A0F88. >AB865=85 A>AB>O=8O @5;0:A0F88 O2;O5BAO 745AL ?5@2K< H03><. ;O MB>3> ACI5AB2CNB <=>65AB2> @07;8G=KE ?@85<>2: 38?=>7, <548B0F8O, 0CB>35==0O B@5=8@>2:0, 2>>1@065=85 B8E>9, ?@8OB=>9 8 @0AA;01;ONI59 >1AB0=>2:8(=0?@8<5@,>B4KE =0 157;N4=>< ?;O65), D>:CA8@>2:0 2=8<0=8O =0 4KE0=88 8;8 =0 B0:8E D@070E :0:: "O A>25@H5==> A?>:>5=" - ?@8 MB>< ?>AB>@>==85 <KA;8 4>;6=K C9B8 87 A>7=0=8O 8 B.4. 45:20B=K9 >1@07 ?>1C6405B B5;> : >B4KEC, A45@68205B 87;8H=NN <CA:C;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL 8 25@10;L=>5 <KH;5=85, 2 B> 65 2@5<O ?>72>;OO ?>78B82=><C ?A8E8G5A:><C =0AB@>N AB0BL 4><8=0=B=K<. ;O B5E =5<=>38E :;85=B>2, 4;O :>B>@KE B0:>5 A>AB>O=85 O2;O5BAO B@C4=> 4>AB868<K<, <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< B@5=8=3 =0 >A=>25 18>;>38G5A:>9 >1@0B=>9 A2O78. 0: B>;L:> A>AB>O=85 @5;0:A0F88 4>AB83=CB>, :;85=B0 ?@>AOB A>740BL 2 A2>5< 2>>1@065=88 :0@B8=C 8450;L=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O 53> B5;0 8 ?A8E8:8. 48= 87 B5@0?52B8G5A:8E ?@85<>2 745AL A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> 2K18@05BAO :0@B8=0, :>B>@0O, :0: ?>;0305B ?A8E>B5@0?52B, >B@0605B :>=D;8:BK 8 AB@0E8 :;85=B>2, 0 B0:65 8E AB@5<;5=8O : :0:8<-B> 87<5=5=8O<. =0 ?@>A8B, GB>1K :;85=B ?@54AB028; A0<>3> A51O =0 MB>9 :0@B8=5 8 >?8A0; 55 2A;CE. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2K18@05B :0:>5-=81C4L 682>5 ACI5AB2> =0 ?@54AB02;5==>9 :0@B8=5 8 ?@>A8B :;85=B0 @0AA<0B@820BL MB> 682>5 ACI5AB2> 2 :0G5AB25 "2=CB@5==53> A>25B=8:0". >A;5 MB>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>A8B =CB@5==53> A>25B=8:0 B0:8< >1@07>< ?5@5>?@545;8BL 1>;L 8;8 ?@>1;5<C, GB>1K MB> ?5@5>?@545;5=85 8AE>48;> >B =53>, 0 =5 >B :;85=B0. 0B5< :;85=B0 ?@>AOB 25@=CBLAO : A2>5<C >1KG=><C A>AB>O=8N 87 A>AB>O=8O @5;0:A0F88. B>@>9 87 2>7<>6=KE ?@85<>2 <>65B A>AB>OBL 2 B><, GB> :;85=B0 ?@>AOB ?@54AB028BL A515 :><=0BC, 2 :>B>@>9, ;N48, :0:8<-B> >1@07>< A2O70==K5 A 53> ?@>1;5<>9, 64CB 53> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =0G0BL @01>BC =04 =59 @01>B0BL. 040G0 65 :;85=B0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K AD>@<C;8@>20BL ?;0= MB>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 70B5< 2>9B8 2 :><=0BC 8 40==K9 ?;0= >ACI5AB28BL. 0B5< >= ?>:8405B MBC :><=0BC 8 =0?@02;O5BAO 2 A2>5< 2>>1@065=88 2 4@C3CN :><=0BC, 2 :>B>@>9 ?@51K205B G5=L C4@>5 !CI5AB2>, : B><C 65 8<5NI55 ?>;=CN 8=D>@<0F8N > :;85=B5 8 53> ?@>1;5<0E, 0 B0:65 > B><, GB> ?@>8AE>48;> 2 B>9, 4@C3>9 :><=0B5. G5=L C4@>5 !CI5AB2> 405B :;85=BC A>25B :0: 5<C ?>ABC?8BL 2 53> A?5F8D8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88. @8<5@ !;54CNI89 ?@8<5@ 27OB 87 09H (6.09H, ;8G=>5 A>>1I5=85, 1985). >15@B0 G0AB> AB@040;0 ?> 25G5@0< >B <83@5=59 8 2A;54AB285 MB>3> =5 <>3;0 70A=CBL. "5@0?52B 8AA;54C5B 2<5AB5 A =59 @07;8G=K5 BO65;K5, @074@060NI85 <KA;8, :>B>@K5 ?@8E>4OB : =59 2 3>;>2C =>GLN, >A>15==> B5, :>B>@K5 A2O70=K A :@8B8G5A:8< >B=>H5=85< : =59 55 A25:@>28. "5@0?52B @5H05B ?><>GL 59 >1@0B8BLAO : =CB@5==5<C A>25B=8:C. =0 ?@>A8B :;85=B:C @0AA;018BLAO 8 ?@54AB028BL A515 A?>:>9=CN, 30@<>=8G=CN :0@B8=C. >15@B5 ?@8E>48B 2 3>;>2C >1@07 A?>:>9=>3>, 157<OB56=>3> ;C30. "0< 5ABL <0;5=L:89 ?@C4 A ?@>7@0G=>9 2>4>9. >74CE ?0E=5B G8AB>B>9, 8 2>:@C3 =5B =8G53> >B2;5:0NI53> 2=8<0=85, =8:0:8E =5?@8OB=KE 72C:>2. "5@0?52B 70B5< ?@>A8B 55 ?@54AB028BL A515 :0:>5-B> 4@C3>5 682>5 ACI5AB2> 8 40BL 5<C 8<O. >15@B0: " O4>< A> <=>9 2>;:. / B>;L:> GB> 53> 70<5B8;0. = 3>2>@8B, GB> 53> 7>2CB 2>;: M@8". "5@0?52B: "!?@>A8 53>, <>6=> ;8 53> ?>3;048BL 8 A>3;0A5= ;8 >= 1KBL B2>8< 4@C3><." >15@B0: "= 3>2>@8B, GB> <>6=> 8 >= 1C45B <>8< 4@C3><, B0: :0: O 53> =5 1>NAL. 48=AB25==>5, GB> O 4>;6=0 45;0BL, - MB> =8:>340 =5 ?@8G8=OBL 5<C 1>;L 8 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 3;048BL 53>". "5@0?52B: "!?@>A8 C M@8 2 7=0: 20H59 4@C61K, =5 <>65B ;8 >= A59G0A ?><>GL B515 871028BLAO >B MB8E C60A=KE <83@5=59". >15@B0: "= 3>2>@8B, GB> O 4>;6=0 2K?8BL 2>4K 87 MB>3> ?@C40, 8 B>340 <>O 3>;>20 AB0=5B OA=>9. -B> AB0@>5 ;5:0@AB2>, 8725AB=>5 2>;:0<". @54AB0282 A515, GB> >=0 >B?8;0 2>4K 87 ?@C40, >15@B0 A;KH8B C25@5=8O 2>;:0, GB> B5?5@L 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 ?@>94CB 8 C65 MB>9 =>GLN >=0 A<>65B A?>:>9=> A?0BL. >15@B0: ">;L ?@>H;0". 0 ?@>BO65=88 ?>A;54CNI8E =545;L 1K;> =5A:>;L:> =>G59, :>340 >15@B0 =5 8A?KBK20;0 3>;>2=KE 1>;59. =0 AB0;0 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 >A>7=020BL, GB> 2?>;=5 2 A>AB>O=88 8E :>=B@>;8@>20BL. > 2@5<O 4@C3>9 2AB@5G8 >=0 A?@>A8;0 2>;:0, :0: >=0 <>65B C;CGH8BL >B=>H5=8O A> A2>59 A25:@>2LN, :>B>@0O 2> 2A5< 55 :@8B8:C5B. M@8 >1JOA=8; 59, GB> <=>385 682>B=K5, :>B>@KE >= 7=05B, =0G8=0NB >G5=L A5@48BLAO 4@C3 =0 4@C30, :>340 >48= 87 =8E ?KB05BAO 70E20B8BL B5@@8B>@8N 4@C3>3>. >65B 1KBL, A25:@>2L 7;0 =0 =55 87-70 B>3>, GB> ?@8=04;5602H0O 59 B5@@8B>@8O 55 AK=0 B5?5@L ?5@5H;0 : >15@B5, 8 ?>MB><C >=0 E>G5B =0:070BL >15@BC. M@8 ?@54;>68; >15@B5 :0:8<-B> >1@07>< ?>:070BL A2>59 A25:@>28, GB> >=0 ?>-?@56=5<C 70=8<05B 206=>5 <5AB> 2 687=8 AK=0 8 GB> >15@B0 =5 1C45B ?KB0BLAO 70=OBL MB> <5AB>. B=>H5=8O >15@BK A> A25:@>2LN 8 <C65< AB0;8 C;CGH0BLAO ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: >=0 AB0;0 ?>72>;OBL A2>5<C <C6C ?@>2>48BL 1>;LH5 2@5<5=8 A <0B5@LN. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 "=CB@5==89 A>25B=8:" <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO, 5A;8 C :;85=B0 5ABL ?@>1;5<K A>2;040=8O A> A;>6=>9 A8BC0F859, 8;8 65 5<C B@C4=> A45;0BL 2K1>@, A>AB028BL ?;0= 459AB289, E>BO >= 8 ?@54?@8=8<05B >BG0O==K5 ?>?KB:8 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88, => ?>?0; 2 1572KE>4=>5 ?>;>65=85 - BC?8:. "5E=8:0 <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=>9 4;O >A2>1>645=8O =58A?>;L7>20==>9 2=CB@5==59 B2>@G5A:>9 M=5@388 :;85=B0.  4>?>;=5=88 : MB>9, >@85=B8@>20==>9 =0 ?@8=OB85 @5H5=89 AB>@>=5, B5E=8:0 "=CB@5==89 !>25B=8:" ?>>I@O5B A0<>@5D;5:A8N, B2>@G5AB2> 687=8 2 H8@>:>< A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20 8 4>25@85 : A>1AB25==K< 2=CB@5==8< @5AC@A0< :;85=B0. -B> >B=>A8B5;L=> ;8G=>AB=> 157>?0A=0O B5E=8:0, B0: :0: :;85=B <>65B 2>>1@078BL A515, GB> B>;L:> =5 ?>65;05B, 157 2AO:>3> 402;5=8O A> AB>@>=K ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. "=CB@5==89 !>25B=8:" :;85=B0 <>65B >4=>2@5<5==> >:070BLAO 53> "2B>@K< /" 8 40==0O B5E=8:0 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL 8=B53@8@>20BL MB> "2B>@>5 /" 2 @0<:0E F5;>AB=>9 8=48284C0;L=>AB8 :;85=B0. A;8 65 :;85=B O2;O5BAO >G5=L 7028A8<K< 8 @0AA<0B@8205B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 2 :0G5AB25 M:A?5@B0, 40==0O B5E=8G5A:0O ?@>F54C@0 ?>72>;O5B ?@>8725AB8 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2708<>459AB28O ?5@5>?@545;5=85 ?>78F88 :;85=B0 :0: 8<5NI53> 4>ABC? : 1>30BK< "70;560<" @5AC@A>2. N48 <>3CB ?>?0ABL 2 70;>6=8:8 A2>8E A>1AB25==KE 25@>20=89. -B> <>65B ?@>8AE>48BL =5 B>;L:> =0 A>7=0B5;L=>< C@>2=5, => 8 =0 15AA>7=0B5;L=>< B>65. "0:8< >1@07><, 5A;8 =5 >A>7=020O MB>, :;85=B ?@54AB02;O5B A0<>3> A51O :0: 157=0456=CN 8 15A?><>I=CN 65@B2C M<>F8>=0;L=>9 8;8 D878G5A:>9 1>;8, 4;O =53> 206=> >A>7=0BL 40==CN A8BC0F8N 8 ?@8=OBL B0:CN A8AB5<C F5==>AB59, :>B>@0O A?>A>1AB2>20;0 1K 87;5G5=8N. "5E=8:0 "=CB@5==89 A>25B=8:" <>65B ?><>GL G5;>25:C A>?@8:>A=CBLAO A 53> ?>4A>7=0=85<, ?>4A:070BL 5<C =0A:>;L:> >= CA2>8; =>2K5 ?>78B82=K5 25@>20=8O, >6840=8O 8 ?@82KG:8, 2 ?@>B82>25A AB0@K< - =530B82=K<. !>?@8:>A=>25=85 G5;>25:0 A> A2>8<8 2=CB@5==8<8 @5AC@A0<8 ?@8405B 5<C A8; 8 7=0=85 B>3>, GB> >= =0 A0<>< 45;5 <>65B, B5< A0<K< ?>2KH0O 53> ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN :><?5B5=B=>ABL. "=CB@5==89 A>25B=8:" <>65B ?@54;>68BL ?CB8, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE G5;>25: <>65B C;CGH8BL A2>8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O A AC?@C3><, 45BL<8, @>48B5;O<8, =0G0;L=8:0<8 8 ?>4G8=5==K<8, ?@>8725AB8 48DD5@5=F8@>2:C A2>53> / >B / 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 A5<59=KE ?@>1;5<, 87;5G8BLAO >B M<>F8>=0;L=KE 8 :><<C=8:0B82=KE >BB>@65=89, ?>2KA8BL A0<>>F5=:C. 2-16 !# #!  +. 1JOA=5=85  40==>9 B5E=8:5 87CG05BAO ?@8@>40 2708<>>B=>H5=89 <564C AC?@C30<8. '5@57 8A?>;L7>20=85 >1@07>2 :064K9 87 AC?@C3>2 845=B8D8F8@C5B 8 >1AC6405B BC "D>@<C", :>B>@CN >= >ICI05B :0: 045:20B=CN E0@0:B5@8AB8:C 4@C3>3> AC?@C30. ! ?><>ILN AC?@C65A:8E >1@07>2 <>6=> ?>425@3=CBL 87CG5=8N 2>A?@8OB85 8=48284>< A0<>3> A51O, 53> AC?@C30, 8 8E 2708<>459AB285 2 =548@5:B82=>< 8 =503@5AA82=>< :;NG5. A8E>B5@0?52B 65 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> 8 157 1>;LH>3> G8A;0 ?@O<KE 2>?@>A>2 <>65B ?>;CG8BL 8=D>@<0F8N > B>< GB> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?@>8AE>48B A 40==>9 A5<L59. >A;5 B>3> :0: >1@07K ?@54AB02;5=K, >=8 AC?@C30<8 >BK3@K20NBAO. -B> <>65B "A<O3G8BL" B@C4=CN A8BC0F8N, A;>682HCNAO 2> 2708<>459AB288 ?0@B=5@>2. '5@57 8A?>;L7>20=85 40==>9 <5B>48:8 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 405B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?@54AB02;5=85 > A?5F8D8:5 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?@>872>48BL =0 MB>9 >A=>25 045:20B=CN 8=B5@25=F8N. -B0 B5E=8:0 ?>E>60 =0 "AC?@C65A:85 D0=B0788" 8 "AC?@C65A:CN E>@5>3@0D8N", >?8A0=85 :>B>@KE B0:65 8<55BAO 2 40==>< @C:>2>4AB25. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B =0G8=05B A ?@>AL1K 70:@KBL 3;070, >1@0I5==>9 : AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 8;8 ?0@0<, 5A;8 @5GL 845B > AC?@C65A:>9 3@C??5. < 3>2>@8BAO, GB> >=8 4>;6=K ?@54AB028BL A51O 2 >1@070E 8 A:>=F5=B@8@>20BLAO =0 ?0@B=5@A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE, 0 B0:65 =0 B><, GB> A>AB02;O5B A0<K5 ACI5AB25==CN E0@0:B5@8AB8:C 4@C3>3>. @><5 B>3> :;85=BK 4>;6=K ?@54AB028BL A515 MB8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8, 2>>1@060O A51O 2 :0G5AB25 :0:8E-B> ACI5AB2, 8;8 4065 =5682KE D>@<, BO65;KE 8;8 ;53:8E, 1>;LH8E 8;8 <0;5=L:8E, 2A5< GB> <>65B :0:8<-B> >1@07>< >E0@0:B5@87>20BL ACBL 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. =8 4>;6=K 70B5< 40BL 2>7<>6=>ABL A2>8< <KA;O< A2>1>4=> B5GL 8 ?>?KB0BLAO =5 ?>B5@OBL B5 0AA>F80F88, :>B>@K5 ?@8E>4OB 2 3>;>2C 8 :>B>@K5 >B@060;8 1K C=8:0;L=>ABL 8<5==> 8E AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. @8 MB>< >=8 =5 4>;6=K 1KBL A;8H:>< :@8B8G=K<8 8 =5 >B1@0AK20BL 8458, 2=570?=> ?@8H54H85 8< 2 3>;>2C, 4065, 5A;8 >=8 AG8B0NB 8E 15AA<KA;5==K<8 8;8 A;8H:>< =5>1KG=K<8. >B>< :;85=BK 87>1@060NB B>, GB> ?@8H;> 8< 2 3>;>2C 745AL 8 A59G0A - ?@O<> 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:>< :018=5B5. A8E>B5@0?52B 405B 8=AB@C:F8N :064><C ?0@B=5@C 8A?>;L7>20BL A2>53> AC?@C30/AC?@C3C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@54AB028BL 2 D878G5A:>< 87<5@5=88, GB> >= 2>>1@078;. >A;5 B>3>, :0: AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 ?@>83@K205B A2>8 >1@07K, A5AA8O 70:0=G8205BAO 157 :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> 4>?>;=8B5;L=KE :><<5=B0@852. 0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B :>=F5=B@8@C5BAO ?@5645 2A53> =0 ?@54AB02;5=88 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K :0: CG0AB=8:>2 =5:>3> ?>78B82=>3> A0<>CB25@640NI53> :@C3>2>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 0AA<>B@5==K5 2 MB>9 ?5@A?5:B825, AC?@C65A:85 ?@>1;5<K O2;ONBAO =8G5< 8=K< :0: 157CA?5H=K<8 ?>?KB:0<8 :064>9 AB>@>=K A0<>AB>OB5;L=> @5H8BL ?@>1;5<K A2>8E <56;8G=>AB=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?KB05BAO @07@CH8BL MB>B ?>@>G=K9 :@C3, 4020O :064><C ?0@B=5@C 7040=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 D>@<8@>20=85 0;LB5@=0B82=KE <>45;59 ?0@B=5@A:>3> ?>2545=8O. @8<5@ 870 8 ">< CG0AB2>20;8 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 3@C??5 4;O AC?@C65A:8E ?0@. 870 ?>:07K205B =0< <0;5=L:>3> O3=5=:0. ">< - MB> <0;5=L:89 O3=5=>:, :>B>@K9 A?>:>9=> ?0A5BAO =0 ?0AB18I5. 870 - MB> 2>;:; >= :@C68B =0 25@H8=5 E>;<0 =5240;5:5, ?KB0OAL =0?0ABL =0 O3=5=:0. /3=5=>: B8E> A<>B@8B =0 2>;:0. 870 ?>OA=O5B, GB> 2>;: 7=05B, GB> A O3=5=:>< >= 40;5:> =5 C945B 8 ?>MB><C 8AG5705B 70 E>;<0<8. /3=5=>: 65 ?@>4>;605B ?0AB8AL, >=, :0: ?>OA=O5B 870, 70I8B8; A51O B5<, GB> =8G53> =5 45;0;. ">< AB028B 87C A @0AAB02;5==K<8 2 AB>@>=K @C:0<8. =0 - :><?0A, 0 >= - 0;L?8=8AB. 848<>ABL ?;>E0O, => 8=BC8B82=> >= 7=05B, 2 :0:>< =0?@02;5=88 5<C =C6=> 84B8. ><?0A, =0?@>B82, 2A5340 ?>:07K205B A>25@H5==> ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 =0?@02;5=85. ">< 845B, :0: AG8B05B =C6=K<, E>BO 8 15@5B :><?0A A A>1>9. =>340 >= =0 =53> A<>B@8B, 8 B>340 =0G8=05B A><=520BLAO. = 4C<05B, GB> A :><?0A>< GB>-B> =5 2 ?>@O4:5, => 2<5AB5 A B5< >= =5 C25@5= 2 MB><. = B0I8B 87C ?> :><=0B5 8 55 @C:8 2A5 2@5<O ?>:07K20NB =0?@02;5=85, >1@0B=>5 B><C, ?> :>B>@><C >= 845B A0<. -B> >7=0G05B, GB> >= 2A5 2@5<O A><=5205BAO, :>;51;OAL <564C A>1AB25==>9 8=BC8F859 8 ?>:070=8O<8 :><?0A0. 0;55 =0 A5AA88 B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B, GB> >=0 A>18@05BAO =0G0BL A 87CG5=8O >B=>H5=89 87K 8 55 <C60, GB>1K ?>=OBL, :0:85 7040=8O 4>;65= 1C45B :064K9 ?0@B=5@ 2K?>;=8BL 4><0. -B8 7040=8O 1C4CB 70B5< 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2KO28BL, <>6=> ;8 :0:-=81C4L 87<5=8BL ?>2545=85 ?0@B=5@>2. >B>< B5@0?52B 2AB@5G05BAO A AC?@C30<8 @0745;L=>. =0 A?@0H8205B 87C, :0:85 C =55 B@C4=>AB8 2 A;>682H59AO A8BC0F88. KOA=8;>AL, GB> 870 >BB0;:8205B "><0, B.:. GC2AB2C5B, GB> >= ?@8;8?05B : =59 8 53> >1JOB8O A;8H:>< B5A=K.  :0G5AB25 4><0H5=53> 7040=8O 4;O =55 1K; CAB0=>2;5= ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 4@C3>9 B8? ?>2545=8O. =0 4>;6=0 ?@83>B>28BL "><C E>@>H89 >154, ?8@ A> A25G0<8, 54>9 8 28=><. =0 4>;6=0 A45;0BL MB> 3 @070 4> A;54CNI59 A5AA88, =5 ?@54C?@5640O 53> 70@0=55, =5>6840==>. A;8 ">< A?@>A8B, 70G5< >=0 45;05B B0:85 25I8, >=0 4>;6=0 ?>OA=8BL, GB> B0: :0: >=8 >10 >?0A0NBAO, GB> 8E AC?@C65AB2> M<>F8>=0;L=> @07@CH5=>, ;CGH5 ?5@5AB0BL 4CBLAO 8 ?>?KB0BL, =5 <C4@AB2CO ;C:02>, ?@>AB> E>@>H> >B=>A8BLAO 4@C3 : 4@C3C. 0B5< B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B A "><>< 8 CAB0=02;8205B A;54CNI55: "><C :065BAO, GB> 870 8=B5@5AC5BAO 2A5<, :@><5 =53> 8 GB> 870 E>G5B C9B8 >B =53>. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 2>A?@5?OBAB2>20BL MB><C, >= A>A@54>B0G8205B A2>8 A8;K =0 =59 8 =0 A5<L5. 3> A>1AB25==0O 687=L :0: 1K >B;>65=0 =0 ?>;:C. ><0H=8< 7040=85< 4;O "><0 1K;> :C?8BL :=86:C ?> 8=489A:>9 D8;>A>D88 8 2 H5AB8 @07=KE A8BC0F8OE, :>340 870 @O4><, 1@0BL 55 8 A845BL B0:, :0: 1C4B> >= ?>;=>ABLN 2 =55 ?>3@C78;AO. @8 MB>< >= =5 4>;65= 2K:07K20BL 8=B5@5A =8 : 875, =8 : 45BO<. 8HL G5@57 ?>;G0A0 5<C A;54C5B ?>45;8BLAO A 87>9 3;C1>:8<8 8AB8=0<8, B>;L:> GB> >B:@KBK<8 8<. A;8 65 870 ?>?KB05BAO A<5=8BL B5<C, >= 4>;65= ?@8B2>@8BLAO, GB> =5 70<5B8; MB>3>. !C?@C38 2K?>;=8;8 A2>8 7040=8O, => =5 ?>;=>ABLN.  ?>A;54CNI85 =5A:>;L:> =545;L >=8 ?@>4>;60;8 2K?>;=OBL MB8 8 4@C385 7040=8O, ?>:0 =5 >A2>8;8 8E 2?>;=5 E>@>H>. >340 AC?@C38 70:>=G8;8 B5@0?8N, >=8 C2845;8, GB> ACI5AB2CNB 4@C385 ?CB8 2708<>459AB28O 4@C3 A 4@C3><, :@><5 >1KG=> ?@8=OBKE 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE <564C =8<8. '5@57 H5ABL <5AOF52 B5@0?52B 8<5;0 C4>2>;LAB285 C7=0BL, GB> >=8 >AB0;8AL 2<5AB5 8 AB0@0NBAO 8 40;LH5 A>25@H5=AB2>20BL A2>8 AC?@C65A:85 >B=>H5=8O. A?>;L7>20=85 -B0 B5E=8:0 >G5=L 206=0 2 @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8. A8E>B5@0?52B 8 3@C??0 2> 2@5<O @01>BK =0 >A=>25 MB>9 B5E=8:8 4>;6=K 1KBL 2 <0:A8<0;L=>9 <5@5 :@50B82=K<8 8 ?@84C<K20BL AC?@C30< 7040=8O, =5 >6840O 2AB@5G=>9 0:B82=>AB8 A 8E AB>@>=K.  4>?>;=5=88 @5:><5=4C5BAO @01>B0 B0:65 8 =0 >A=>25 ?0@04>:A0;L=KE B5E=8:. "5E=8:0 2A:@K205B >1@07K, :>B>@K5 ACI5AB2CNB 2 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5, 8 A>AB02;ONB B>, GB> 59;(!0ille,1982) =07K205B "<8D8G5A:>9 <>45;LN" AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. A?>;L7CO MBC B5E=8:C ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>=8:05B 2 AB@C:BC@C 42CE @07;8G=KE DC=40<5=B0;L=KE 273;O4>2 =0 <8@, =0?@8<5@ - 87K 8 "><0, 1>;55 3;C1>:> ?>=8<05B "?@024K", :>B>@K5 ;560B 70 =8<8 8 ?><>305B =09B8 =>2K5 ?CB8 4;O AC?@C65A:>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 2-17 #!" !"#  ! "  1JOA=5=85 @8<5=5=85 B5E=8:8 "?CAB>9 ABC;" 2?5@2K5 1K;> >ACI5AB2;5=> $.5@;7>< 2 53> :=835 "5HB0;LBB5@0?8O"(Perls, Hefferline,Goodman,1951). &5;L 40==>9 B5E=8:8 A>AB>8B 2 ?><>I8 8=48284C ?>;CG8BL 4>ABC? : B5< G0ABO< A2>53> "/", :>B>@K5 @0=55 =5 1K;8 8=B53@8@>20=K 2 F5;>AB=CN 8=48284C0;L=>ABL. 560I89 2 >A=>25 40==>9 B5E=8:8 ?@>F5AA >A=>2K205BAO =0 ?@54?>;>65=88 > B><, GB> @>48B5;LA:85 ????????"internalized object relations"???? >BK3@K20NBAO 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A A>1AB25==K<8 45BL<8. 5@52545==K5 2> 2=CB@5==89 ?;0= B@C4=>AB8 2708<>>B=>H5=89 C @>48B5;59 ?@>O2;ONBAO 2 ?@>1;5<0E 3@0=8F 8 :>=B0:B>2 4;O 2A59 A5<L8 - B0:8E :0: ":>7;K >B?CI5=8O", "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:", ?@>65:B82=0O 845=B8D8:0F8O @515=:0 8 B.4.. -B0 B5E=8:0 405B B0:65 G;5=0< A5<L8 2>7<>6=>ABL 25AB8 480;>3 A> "7=0G8<K<8 4@C38<8", :>B>@K5 2 40==K9 <><5=B =5 ?@8ACBAB2CNB =0 A5AA88.  45BAB25 <K ?5@52>48< =0H >?KB :><<C=8:0F89 A> "7=0G8<K<8 4@C38<8" 2> 2=CB@5==89 ?;0=, 8=B5@8>@878@C5< 53>.  MB>< ?@>F5AA5 8=B@>5:F88 <K AB0=>28<AO :0:-1K G0ABLN 4@C38E ;N459. @8G5< <K ?5@52>48< 2> 2=CB@5==89 ?;0= =5 ?@>AB> >1J5:BK, => A0< A?>A>1 2708<>459AB28O - 2AN ?>;O@=CN 8 ?@>B82>@5G82CN 4@0<C 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A 1;86=8<8. K A>7=0B5;L=> 845=B8D8F8@C5<AO A >4=>9 AB>@>=>9 2 480;>35, >B25@30O 4@C385 ("MB> =5 <>5") G0AB8. ???"The cut-off, disowned"???, 15AA>7=0B5;L=K5 0A?5:BK 480;>30 <>3CB >BK3@K20BLAO ;81> 2>2=5, => G0I5 2A53> 2>2=CB@L B>9 65 A0<>9 A5<L8, A?@>5F8@>202H8AL =0 @515=:0 8;8 @>48B5;O. -B> 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2545B : @07;8G=K< A;>6=>ABO< 2 >1I5=88 8 G0AB> : 3>@L:8< GC2AB20< 8 =5@5H5==K< ?@>1;5<0< 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2I08<>>B=>H5=89.  @01>B5 A A5<LO8 8 AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8 F5;L A>AB>8B 2 ?>>I@5=88 8=482840 : ?>;CG5=8N >1@0B=>9 A2O78 ?>-?>2>4C B5E GC2AB2 8 C15645=89, :>B>@K5 >= ?@>5F8@C5B =0 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8. @>5:F88 254CB : 8A:065=8O< @50;L=>AB8 2 A8AB5<5. >;LH5 B>3>, A5<LO >@30=87C5BAO 2>:@C3 MB8E 8A:065=89. CB5< 8=B53@0F88 MB8E GC2AB2 2 >B45;L=>< "/" <>6=> 4>18BLAO ?0BB5@=>2 :><<C=8:0F88, :>B>@K5 O2;ONBAO 1>;55 @50;8AB8G=K<8. @>F54C@0. 0CM@ (Bauer,1979) >?8AK205B B5E=8:C "?CAB>9 ABC;" A;54CNI8< >1@07><. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>2>F8@C5B 480;>3 <564C @>48B5;5< 8 @515=:><, O:>1K A84OI5< =0 ?CAB>< ABC;5. = ?@>A8B @>48B5;59 @07K3@0BL 480;>3 70 >15 AB>@>=K. @8G5< 8=AB@C:F8O <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5@=> A;54CNI59: "0 MB>< ABC;5, ?@O<> =0?@>B82 0A, A848B 0H @515=>:. >60;C9AB0 AO4LB5 =0 ABC; 8 3>2>@8B5 B0:, :0: 1K MB> A45;0; 0H @515=>:. !:068B5 B>, GB> 0H5 G04> A:070;> 1K 0<, 5A;8 1K >=> >:070;>AL 745AL?" >A;5 B>3> :0: 2 B0:>< ?>;>65=88 A:070=> =5GB> 206=>5, :;85=B0 ?@>AOB ?5@5A5ABL =0 4@C3>9 ABC; 8 >B25B8BL @515=:C, B5?5@L C65 >B A51O. "0:>9 ?@>F5AA ?@>4>;605BAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 =5 ?@>8AE>48B =5:>B>@0O 206=0O 8=B53@0F8O. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 4020BL A;54CNI85 :><<5=B0@88: "A;8 O 20A ?@028;L=> ?>=O;0, K E>B5;8 A:070BL, GB> >G5=L 7;K 8 <>65B5 C40@8BL MB>3> G5;>25:0?" ;8 65 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?@8=OBL @>;L "4@C3>3> /" :;85=B0 8 >G5=L :@0B:> A:070BL > B><, GB> :;85=B, ?> 55 <=5=8N, A59G0A 8A?KBK205B 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, =01;N40O ?@8 MB>< @50:F8N :;85=B0. >2>@O 3>;>A>< @515=:0, @>48B5;L ?@8>1@5B05B 2=>2L B5 G0AB8 A2>53> /, :>B>@K5 >:070;8AL A?@>5F8@>20=K =0 @515=:0.  :>=F5-:>=F>2 D>:CA A428305BAO >B 480;>30 27@>A;>3> 8 @515=:0 : 2=CB@5==5<C 480;>3C @>48B5;O 8;8 : 480;>3C <564C @>48B5;5< 8 53> A>1AB25==K< @>48B5;5<, 1C4B>-1K A84OI5< =0 ?CAB>< ABC;5. "0:8< >1@07>< 40==K9 >?KB ?5@52>48BAO 2 8AB>@8G5A:CN ?5@A?5:B82C - 2 @>48B5;LA:CN A5<LN A0<>3> :;85=B0. @8<5@ 0CM@ ?@82>48B B0:>9 ?@8<5@. >340 <8AA8A . 1K;0 @515=:><, C =55 A >BF>< 1K;8 A04><>70E8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O. =0 ?5@525;0 2> 2=CB@5==89 ?;0=, 8=B5@=0;878@>20;0 4@0<C 65@B2K 8 <CG8B5;O, 8 @07K3@K205B 55 2 A2>59 B5?5@5H=59 687=8. 8AA8A . 2>A?@8=8<05B A2>53> AK=0, :>B>@K9 A59G0A 4>AB83 ?>4@>AB:>2>3> 2>7@0AB0, :0: <AB8B5;L=>3> 8 >G5=L 03@5AA82=>3>, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: A51O AG8B05B 2?>;=5 E>@>H59, <8@>;N182>9. "5@0?52B: 8AA8A ., ?>60;C9AB0, ?@54AB02LB5, GB> =0 MB>< ABC;5 A848B 0H AK=. (=0 :8205B). >65B5 ;8 K 5<C A:070BL, GB> K ?@> =53> 4C<05B5 8 GB> ?@8 MB>< GC2AB2C5B5? 8AA8A .: "><, B515 =0 2A5E =0?;520BL. "K 2A5340 E>G5HL A45;0BL <=5 1>;L=>. "K <5=O =8:>340 =5 A;CH05HL, @C305HLAO =0 <5=O. "K ?;>E> CG8HLAO 2 H:>;5. "K - A?;>H=>5 @07>G0@>20=85. "K - ?@>AB> 1>;LH0O 1540. ".:  B5?5@L, =5 <>3;8 1K K A5ABL =0 MB>B ABC; 8 40BL 3>;>A "><C. CABL >= 1C45B 3>2>@8BL A 0<8, :0: 1C4B> K A848B5 =0 MB>< ABC;5 (?>:07K205B =0 ABC;, :>B>@K9 >=0 ?>:8405B). .: @028;L=>, BK =5=02848HL <5=O! "K 2A5340 E>G5HL, GB>1K O 45;0; 25I8, :>B>@K5 O =5 E>GC 45;0BL, 8 :>B>@K5 B>;L:> BK AG8B05HL ?@028;L=K<8. \>@>B:0O ?0C70\. ".: (70 2B>@>5 "O" "><0) / 1>@NAL A B>1>9, B.:. E>GC A0< @5H8BL, GB> <=5 A;54C5B 45;0BL. "K 2A5 2@5<O ?KB05HLAO C?@02;OBL <=>9. >60;C9AB0, ?>4>948B5 : ABC;C <0<K 8 ?>3>2>@8B5 A "><><. .: "K 70AB02;O5HL <5=O 45;0BL MB>, ?>B><C GB> BK 2A5340 ?>ABC?05HL =5?@028;L=>. ".: >60;C9AB0, 2>72@0B8B5AL =0 ABC; "><0 8 ?>3>2>@8B5 70 "><0. .: (0 "><0) / =8:>340 =8G53> =5 <>3C A45;0BL B0:>3>, GB> ?>:070;>AL 1K B515 ?@028;L=K<. ( AB>@>=C B5@0?52B0): ?@8<5@=> B> 65 A0<>5 1K;> C <5=O A <>8< >BF><. = 2A5 2@5<O :@8B8:>20; <5=O 8 2 53> 3;070E O =8:>340 =5 <>3;0 A45;0BL G53>-=81C4L ?@028;L=>3>. -B> =0AB>;L:> 15A8;> <5=O, GB> O E>B5;0 A45;0BL >1O70B5;L=> GB>-B> =07;>, => 2<5AB> MB>3> O 2A5 2@5<O AB0@0;0AL C3>48BL 5<C. 8G53> =5 2KE>48;>. ".: =0G8B, :0: 0H >B5F 1K; 7>; 8 03@5AA825= ?> >B=>H5=8N : 0<, B0: 8 K 7;8B5AL 8 =0?0405B5 =0 A2>53> AK=0; ?>MB><C 7;8BAO 8 >= 8 4>AB02;O5B 0< =5?@8OB=>AB8? .: 0, :065BAO, 8<5==> B0:. / =5 >A>7=020;0 @0=LH5, GB> 254C A51O A A>1AB25==K< AK=>< A>25@H5==> B0:65, :0: A> <=>9 25; A51O <>9 >B5F. ".: @54AB02LB5, ?>60;C9AB0, GB> 2> 2B>@>< :@5A;5 A848B 0H >B5F 8 ?>3>2>@8B5 A =8<. * * * ! =0G0;>< "@073>2>@0" A 03@5AA82=K< AK=>< A ?><>ILN ?CAB>3> ABC;0, <8AA8A . ?@87=05B =0;8G85 A>1AB25==>9 03@5A88, 0 :>340 480;>3 ?5@5H5; : A?>@C <564C 55 03@5AA82=K< "/" 8 55 A;01K<, ?0AA82=K< "/", >=0 5I5 3;C165 >A>7=05B A2>N 03@5AA82=>ABL. >340 65 <8AA8A . @0AA:07K205B ?@> >?KB A2>53> 15AA8;8O ?@>B82 03@5AA82=>3> >BF0, ?@>8AE>48B 206=K9 A4283 : A5<59=><C ?@>H;><C. 80;>3 <564C <8AA8A . 8 55 >BF>< 4>102;O5B =>2K5 ?>4@>1=>AB8 : MB>9 B5<5. ">;L:> ?@8=O2 A2>N A>1AB25==CN 03@5AA8N, >=0 A<>65B :>=AB@C:B82=> 2708<>459AB2>20BL A> A2>8< 03@5AA82=K< @515=:><. A?>;L7>20=85 5HB0;LB8ABA:0O B5E=8:0 "?CAB>9 ABC;" ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?>;57=>5 A@54AB2> 4;O @01>BK A ?@>5:F859. @5@K20O ?@>F5AA ?@>5:F88 MB0 B5E=8:0 ?><>305B @>48B5;O< 2=>2L ?@8>1@5AB8 B5 G0AB8 A2>53> "/", :>B>@K5 @0=55 1K;8 CB5@O=K. '5@57 ?5@5>?@545;5=85 ????"the disowned side of the dialogue"???, @>48B5;L 2 A>AB>O=88 2845BL @515=:0 8 >B=>A8BAO : =5<C 157 ?@>5:F88 53> ???"disowned fantasy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oreno,1940, 1945, 1946, 1951,Moreno and others,1966) >B:@K;8 2>7<>6=>AB8 A>F8><5B@8G5A:8E B5E=8: :;8=8G5A:8< ?A8E>;>30<, 2 G0AB=>AB8, <=>385 B5E=8:8, 2:;NG5==K5 2 B0:85 ?>4E>4K :0: ?A8E>4@0<0, A>F8>3@0<<0, A:C;L?BC@0. 0 MB>9 >A=>25 A>F80;L=K5 8 :;8=8G5A:85 ?A8E>;>38 87>1@5;8 <=>3> =>2KE B5E=8:. !@548 =8E: 1. !>F8>3@0<<0 - <5B>4 >?8A0=8O ?@54?>GB5=89 8 2K1>@>2 2 @>;52>< 2708<>459AB288. 2. 5=>3@0<<0 - <5B>4 >?8A0=8O 8AB>@88 A5<L8. 3. -:>:0@B0 - <5B>4 >?8A0=8O <5AB0 40==>9 A5<L8 2 @0AH8@5==>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 8 A>F80;L=>< A>>1I5AB25, 1>;LH>5 2=8<0=85 C45;O5BAO B5< @5AC@A0<, 2=CB@5==8< 8 2=5H=8< :>B>@K5 4>ABC?=K A5<L5. 4. !5<59=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> - <5B>4 >?8A0=8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89 ?@>AB@0=AB20, <5AB0 8 M<>F89 2 40==>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. 5. !5<59=0O A:C;L?BC@0 - <5B>4 >?@545;5=8O <5AB0 8=482840 2> 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 2708<>>B=>H5=89 - 2 A;>682H59AO =0 40==K9 <><5=B 2@5<5=8 A8BC0F88 8;8 65 8450;L=>. 6. 3@K - <5B0D>@K 4;O ?@>83@K20=8O @>;52>3> ?>2545=8O 2 A5<L5 =0 >A=>25 55 :0:>9-B> A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. 7. >;520O :0@B>G=0O 83@0 - <5B>4 >?@545;5=8O @>;52>3> ?>2545=8O, :>B>@>5 >68405BAO >B G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 2>A?@8=8<05BAO 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 MB>9 A5<L8 :0: 045:20B=>5. @825@65=FK @07;8G=KE ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E H:>; 8A?>;L7CNB A>F8><5B@8N 4;O ?>;CG5=8O 40==KE 8 @57C;LB0B>2, A>>B25BAB2CNI8E B>9 :>=:@5B=>9 B5>@88, :>B>@>9 >=8 A;54CNB. 0?@8<5@, ?A8E>0=0;8B8:8 >1@0I0NB 2=8<0=85 =0 ?>;CG5=85 B0:8E 40==KE, :0: A>F80;L=K5 2;8O=8O, <>45;8 ?@>5:F88 8 845=B8D8:0F88, "=5>:>=G5==>5 45;>"(unfinished business) 8;8 B@02<0 2 @>48B5;LA:>9 A5<L5, AC1;8<0F8O D@CAB@0F88, <5E0=87<K A>2;040=8O 8 040?B0F88, :;NG8 : 15AA>7=0B5;L=><C 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> ?0F85=B0. "5>@5B8:8 >1I5=8O @0718@0NBAO 2 E8B@>A?;5B5=8OE ;8=89 :><<C=8:0F88, 8 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE :><<C=8:0F8OE 2=CB@8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. < 8=B5@5A=> >?@545;5=85 B>3>, :B> =0E>48BAO 2 F5=B@5 :><<C=8:0B82=>3> ?@>F5AA0, :B> O2;O5BAO 725740<8 2 3@C??5,???? blockers,supporters, questionairs, followers.,???? 254><K<8 8 B.4. !?5F80;8ABK 2 >1;0AB8 A8AB5<=>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 >701>G5=K >1@07F0<8 8 D>@<0<8 A8AB5<K 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O, B5<, :0: >=0 >@30=87>20=0 A B>G:8 7@5=8O @0A?@545;5=8O 2;0AB8 8 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=89, 3@0=8F, 1;87>AB8 G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 48AB0=F88 <564C =8<8, 0;LO=A>2, A3>2>@>2, @>;59, ?@028;, AE>4AB20 8 2708<>4>?>;=8B5;L=>AB8 G;5=>2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B =5?>A@54AB25==> ?@54AB028BL MBC 8=D>@<0F8N :;85=B0<, ?>2KH0O 8E C@>25=L >A>7=0=8O 8 ?>=8<0=8O A8BC0F88. =0 B0:65 <>65B 2<5H0BLAO 8 ?5@5D>@<8@>20BL A5<59=CN AB@C:BC@C G5@57 @C:>2>4AB2>, 2>?@>AK, 8=B5@?@5B0F88 8 ?@O<K5 ?@54?8A0=8O. !>F8><5B@8G5A:85 B5E=8:8 ?@54>AB02;ONB A5<59=><C B5@0?52BC <=>3> 2>7<>6=>AB59. 1. =8 C2>4OB ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA >B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> >1AC645=8O : M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=><C 2708<>459AB28N. -B> C25;8G8205B C@>25=L 0:B82=>9 2>2;5G5==>AB8 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, GB> 2 A2>N >G5@54L ?>2KH05B C@>25=L A?>=B0==>AB8 :;85=B0 8 C<5=LH05B 53> A>?@>B82;5=85, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>3> ;568B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O AD5@0. 2. =8 ?><5I0NB =0AB>OI55, ?@>H;>5 8 ?@542848<>5 1C4CI55 2 >?5@0F8>=0;L=CN A8AB5<C "745AL 8 A59G0A". K <>65< 2A?><=8BL > ?@>H;><, => <K =5 2 A>AB>O=88 53> 87<5=8BL. K <>65< ?@542845BL 1C4CI55, => <K =5 2 A>AB>O=88 68BL 2 =5<. ><5I0O 2A5 MB> 2 "745AL 8 B5?5@L" 8 >A=>2K20OAL =0 A2>5< ;8G=>AB=>< >?KB5, :;85=BK <>3CB =5?>A@54AB25==> 2708<>459AB2>20BL A ?@>H;K< 8 1C4CI8<, 87<5=OO ?@8 MB>< A2>5 2>A?@8OB85, ?>=8<0=85 A8BC0F88 8 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 - ?>2545=85, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 <56;8G=>AB=>5 - 2 A5<L5. 3. =8 A>45@60B 2 A515 206=K5 M;5<5=BK ;8G=>AB=>9 ?@>5:F88 8 845=B8D8:0F88. 5@>20=8O, GC2AB20, CAB0=>2:8 ?>2545=G5A:8 2K@060NBAO 2 <56;8G=>AB=>< 2708<>459AB288 8 B0:8< >1@07>< AB0=>2OBAO 4>ABC?=K<8 87CG5=8N 8 87<5=5=8N. 4. =8 @5;L5D=> ?@54AB02;ONB 8 4@0<0B878@CNB @>;52>5 ?>2545=85. ';5=K A5<L8 <>3CB 2>>G8N =01;N40BL, GB> :064K9 87 =8E 45;05B, :0: 53> A>1AB25==>5 ?>2545=85 2>A?@8=8<05BAO 4@C38<8, :0:85 @>;8 ?>445@6820NBAO 53> A5<L59, 0 :0:85 >B25@30NBAO. 5. =8 1K20NB >G5=L =5>6840==K 4;O :;85=B>2, =5 A>>B25BAB2CNB B><C :0: >=8 A515 ?@54AB02;ONB @01>BC =0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A5AA88 8 ?>MB><C <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL A=OB8N A>?@>B82;5=8O :;85=B>2, A :>B>@K< ?A8E>B5@0?52BC B0: 8;8 8=0G5 ?@8E>48BAO AB0;:820BLAO. 6. =8 8=B5@5A=K. -B8 B5E=8:8 157CA;>2=> ?@82;5:0NB 2=8<0=85 :;85=B>2. 7. =8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A2>5>1@07=CN D>@<C <5B0:><<C=8:0F88. 50;L=>ABL 8 <8D>;>38O 745AL A>548=ONBAO 2>548=> 8 =>2K5 A>>1I5=8O D>@<C;8@CNBAO, ?>AK;0NBAO 8 ?@8=8<0NBAO 157 :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> ?@5420@8B5;L=KE >1AC645=89. 0?@8<5@, :>340 A5<LO 70=8<05BAO 20O=85< A:C;L?BC@K 8 >BF0 ?><5I0NB 2=5 A5<59=>3> :@C30 A?8=>9 : >AB0;L=K< G;5=0< A5<L8, B> 745AL ?@8ACBAB2C5B <=>65AB2> <>I=KE ?>A;0=89 4;O <C60, 4;O 65=K, 45B59 8 4;O 2A59 A5<L8 :0: F5;>3>. 8. =8 D>:CA8@CNB 2=8<0=85 =0 A>F80;L=>9 A8AB5<5 8 ?@>F5AA5 A>F80;L=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 'C2AB20 87>;OF88 8 >48=>G5AB20, :>B>@K5 2>7=8:0NB C 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> ?0F85=B0, C B>3>, :B>, ?> <=5=8N A5<L8, "1>;5=" ?>425@30NBAO 2K7>2C ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: A5<LO :0:-1K A<>B@8B =0 A51O A> AB>@>=K. !B0=>28BAO OA=>, GB> 5A;8 >48= G;5= A5<L8 =5 70E>G5B A;54>20BL 70 4@C38<, B> MB><C 4@C3><C 2@O4 ;8 C40ABAO 1KBL ;845@><, 8;8 65, GB> >4=><C =52>7<>6=> 1KBL 15A?><>I=K< 8 ?@8 MB>< 2K68BL, 5A;8 4@C3>9 =5 1C45B 2A5 45;0BL 70 =53> 8 =5 2>7L<5B ?>4 A2>9 :>=B@>;L 8E >1ICN 687=5==CN A8BC0F8N. 0 >A=>25 A>F8><5B@8G5A:8E B5E=8: <>6=> =01;N40BL 8 87CG8BL B0:85 D0:B>@K :0: 8=48284C0F8O, @53C;OF8O 1;87>AB8 8 48AB0=F88, =02K:8 @07@5H5=8O :>=D;8:B>2 8 B.4. !>F8><5B@8G5A:85 B5E=8:8, ?@54AB02;5==K5 2 40==>< @0745;5 - ;8HL =51>;LH>9 A@57 - 87 G8A;0 4>ABC?=KE 2 ;8B5@0BC@5. 3-18 !/ !#,"#  1JOA=5=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 B0:CN >@30=870F8N ;N459 8 >1J5:B>2, :>B>@0O D878G5A:8 A8<2>;878@>20;0 1K 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 2 40==>5 2@5<O, >?@545;OO B>, :0: 2848BAO <5AB> :064>3> 8=482840 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. 064K9 G;5= A5<L8 4>;65= A>740BL A2>9 682>9 ?>@B@5B A5<L8, @0AAB02;OO 1;8609H8E @>4AB25==8:>2 A>3;0A=> A>1AB25==><C 273;O4C =0 48AB0=F8N <564C =8<8, =0 BC 45OB5;L=>ABL, :>B>@CN >=8 >ACI5AB2;ONB ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 =0 GC2AB20, :>B>@K5 ?@8 MB>< 8A?KBK20NB. "0:8< >1@07>< >?KB :064>3> 2>?;>I05BAO 8 ?@>5F8@C5BAO 2 682CN :0@B8=:C. 0??, !8;L25@HB59= 8 0@B5@ (Papp, Silverst5in, Carter, 1975) 8 0;, 0; 8 0B0=015 (Duhl, Duhl, Watanabe, 1975) - A@548 B5E AB@0B538G5A:8E B5@0?52B>2, :>B>@K5 H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;8 MBC B5E=8:C. 4=> 87 <=>38E ?@58<CI5AB2 "A:C;L?BC@K" A>AB>8B 2 55 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?@5>4>;5BL G@57<5@=CN 7025@10;878@>20==>ABL, 708=B5;;5:BC0;87>20==>ABL, @07=>>1@07=K5 70I8BK, ?@>5:F88 8 >128=5=8O, G0AB> ACI5AB2CNI85 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, :>340 A5<L5 =5 40NB 2708<>459AB2>20BL 4@C3 A 4@C3>< >1KG=K<8 4;O =8E A;>25A=K<8 =0<5:0<8, 0 ?@8=C640NB >1I0BLAO =0 :0G5AB25==>-8=><, 1>;55 A?>=B0==>< C@>2=5. >340 B@5C3>;L=8:8, 0;LO=AK 8 :>=D;8:BK =03;O4=> 8 A8<2>;8G5A:8 87>1@065=K, B>340 ?>O2;ONBAO @07;8G=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O 2708<>459AB28O =0 >A=>25 GC2AB2 2 8E B>=G09H8E >BB5=:0E.  MB>< >B=>H5=88 "A:C;L?BC@0" O2;O5BAO 4>2>;L=> E>@>H8< 4803=>AB8G5A:8< A@54AB2><. @C38< ?@58<CI5AB2>< "A:C;L?BC@K" 2KABC?05B B>B >1J548=ONI89 MDD5:B, :>B>@K9 >=0 ?@>872>48B =0 A5<LN, 70AB02;O5B 8E 4C<0BL > A515 :0: > =5:>< 548=AB25 2 @07=>>1@0788, 345 206=K 8 F5;>5 8 :064K9 53> M;5<5=B - A0<>F5==0O G5;>25G5A:0O ;8G=>ABL. 52>7<>6=> 87>;8@>20BL ;N1CN 40==CN AC1A8AB5<C 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 157 CG5B0 B5E ?>A;54AB289, :>B>@>5 MB> 1C45B 8<5BL 4;O 2A59 A5<L8. "!:C;L?BC@0" =5 B>;L:> >1J548=O5B A5<LN, >=0 5I5 ?>4G5@:8205B 8=48284C0;L=>ABL :064>3>. @><5 B>3> >=0 B@51C5B >B 8=482840, >1>1I8BL A2>9 ;8G=>AB=K9 >?KB, >A<KA;8BL 53>, 0 70B5< 8 ?@>8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL. "!:C;L?BC@0" B0:65 >15A?5G8205B B5@0?52B0 2>7<>6=>ABLN ?@O<>9 8=B5@25=F88 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C. !B@C:BC@=K9 B5@0?52B <>65B ?@8 MB>< ?><>GL G;5=0< A5<L8 ?5@5@0A?@545;8BL 8E ?>78F88 2 A5<L5, A?>A>1AB2CO B0:8< >1@07>< A>740=8N 1>;55 ?@85<;5<KE 3@0=8F 2=CB@8A5<59=KE AC1A8AB5<.  MB>< :>=B5:AB5 <>6=> CB25@640BL, GB> "A:C;L?BC@0" <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O 2=5A5=8O ?>78B82=KE 87<5=5=89 2 A5<LN, 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >=0 AB0;0 1>;55 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9. @>F54C@0 "!5<59=0O A:C;L?BC@0" <>65B >:070BLAO C<5AB=>9 =0 ;N1>< MB0?5 4803=>AB8:8 8 B5@0?88. ;O 55 ?@>2545=8O 4>AB0B>G=> E>BO 1K B@5E 8;8 G5BK@5E G5;>25:, 8 =5:>B>@>5 :>;8G5AB2> ;53:> ?5@542830NI59AO <515;8 8 ?@54<5B>2, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 70<5=8B5;59 >BACBAB2CNI8E =0 A5AA88 G;5=>2 A5<L8. "!:C;L?BC@0" <>65B 87>1@060BL :0: A5<LN 2 55 =0AB>OI5<, B0: 8 ?@>H;>5 A5<L8.  "A:C;L?BC@C" <>65B 1KBL B0:65 2:;NG5=> 8 ;N1>5 B@51C5<>5 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:8E F5;OE :>;8G5AB2> G;5=>2 @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8. 2>4O :;85=B>2 2 :C@A 40==>9 <5B>48:8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B >1JOA=O5B, GB> "A:C;L?BC@0" ?>;57=0 ?@5645 2A53> 4;O ?@>GC2AB2>20=8O B>3>, GB> 7=0G8B 1KBL G;5=>< 40==>9 A5<L8. =>340 ;53G5 1K205B MB> ?>:070BL, G5< @0AA:070BL. 064K9 G;5= A5<L8 ?> >G5@548 <>65B ?>:070BL 53> 2845=85 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 G5@57 87>1@065=85 8E 2 682>9 A:C;L?BC@5 - B0:, GB>1K 8E ?>7K 8 ?>;>65=8O 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 >B@060;8 459AB28O 8 GC2AB20 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C. 0?? ?@54;0305B, GB>1K A:C;L?B>@ >1@0I0;AO A G;5=0<8 A5<L8 B0:, :0: 1C4B> >=8 A45;0=K 87 3;8=K. !:C;L?B>@ AB028B :064>3> 2 B0:CN ?>78F8N, :>B>@0O <>3;0 1K 53> =525@10;L=> >E0@0:B5@87>20BL. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B 70=8<05B 2 A5<59=>9 A:C;L?BC@5 <5AB> A0<>3> A:C;L?BC@0, :0: A0< "7>4G89" 53> 2848B. "0O=85" ?@>4>;605BAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 A:C;L?B>@ =5 C4>2;5B2>@8BAO A2>8< B2>@5=85<. 06=>, GB>1K 4@C385 G;5=K A5<L8 ?>72>;8;8 A:C;L?B>@C A2>1>4=> >1@0I0BLAO A A>1>9 :0: A "<0B5@80;><", 8<5O 2284C, GB> ?>B>< >=8 ?><5=ONBAO A =8< <5AB0<8. >340 :064K9 G;5= A5<L8 ?>AB@>8B A2>N "@50;L=CN" A5<59=CN A:C;L?BC@C, >B@060NICN M<>F8>=0;L=CN A8BC0F8N 2 A5<L5 2 40==K9 <><5=B 2@5<5=8, <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL ?>AB@>8BL A:C;L?BC@C "8450;L=>9 A5<L8". A8E>B5@0?52B 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL 2<5H820BLAO 2 20O=85, ?@54;030O A2>8 20@80=BK 8 =5?>A@54AB25==> :><<5=B8@CO B2>@G5A:89 ?@>F5AA.  "8450;L=>9" A:C;L?BC@5 A5<L8 <>6=> >1@0I0BLAO 2?>A;54AB288 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>A;548BL 48=0<8:C ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. @8 MB>< =5A>>B25BAB28O <564C ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 > AB@C:BC@5 A5<L8 55 @07;8G=KE G;5=>2 O2;O5BAO >G5=L ACI5AB25==K<8 8 <>3CB 1KBL ;53G5 2KO2;5=K 2 A8BC0F88 "20O=8O" A5<59=>9 A:C;L?BC@K, G5< =0 >A=>25 B@048F8>==KE 25@10;L=KE B5E=8:. !CI5AB2C5B <=>3> 20@80=B>2 8A?>;L7>20=8O <5B>48:8 "A5<59=0O A:C;L?BC@0". 5:>B>@K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52BK, ?@8<5=ONI85 MBC <5B>48:C, ?@>AOB A:C;L?BC@0 ?@84C<0BL 4;O :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 A;>2> 8;8 D@07C, :>B>@K5 1K ;CGH5 2A53> E0@0:B5@87>20;8 ?>2545=85 MB>3> G5;>25:0. ';5=>2 A5<L8 A;54C5B 70B5< ?>A;54>20B5;L=> ?@>87=5AB8 MB8 A;>20.  MB>< A;CG05 4>AB8305BAO =5 B>;L:> 287C0;L=K9, => 8 A;CE>2>9 MDD5:B. >3CB >1AC640BLAO =5 B>;L:> 2AO A:C;L?BC@0 2 F5;><, => 8 55 >B45;L=K5 G0AB8. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B B0:65 704020BL A;54CNI85 2>?@>AK: 1. (:064><C G;5=C A5<L8): 0: 2K GC2AB2C5B5 A51O =0 MB>< <5AB5 A@548 20H8E @>4AB25==8:>2? 2. (2A59 A5<L5): /28;0AL ;8 40==0O A:C;L?BC@0 AN@?@87>< 4;O 20A? 3. (:064><C G;5=C A5<L8): =0;8 ;8 2K @0=LH5, GB> A:C;L?B>@ 2>A?@8=8<05B 20A 8<5==> B0:, :0: >= MB> 87>1@078;? 4. (2A59 A5<L5): !>3;0A=K ;8 2K A B5<, GB> 20H0 A5<LO DC=:F8>=8@C5B 8<5==> B0:, :0: MB> 87>1@065=> 2 A:C;L?BC@5? 5. (A:C;L?B>@C 8;8 A5<L5): 0:85 87<5=5=8O 2 DC=:F8>=8@>20=88 A5<L8 2K 1K E>B5;8 2845BL? 6. (A:C;L?B>@C, ?@5645 2A5E 4@C38E 2>?@>A>2): @84C<09B5 =0720=85 20H5<C ?@>872545=8N. >6=> B0:65 >@30=87>20BL ?@O<> =0 A5AA88 >1AC645=85 A5<L59, A:C;L?BC@>< 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< ?@>45;0==>9 @01>BK. !:C;L?BC@0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 8 ?@8 8=48284C0;L=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 @01>B5 - B>340 @>;8 G;5=>2 A5<L8 <>3CB 8A?>;=OBL <515;L 8;8 4@C385 1>;LH85 ?@54<5BK, =0E>4OI85AO 2 :018=5B5. %>BO 2 B0:>< ?>4E>45 <>65B >ICI0BLAO 45D8F8B 682>3> ?@8ACBAB28O G;5=>2 A5<L8, >= B>65 >G5=L E>@>H. @8 MB>< A:C;L?BC@0 =5 4>;6=0 A;8H:>< 65AB:> 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BLAO, 8<5O 2284C, GB> >=0 >B@0605B ;8HL AC1J5:B82=>5 <=5=85 >4=>3> 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8, AC1J5:B82=CN @50;L=>ABL 53> 2=CB@5==53> <8@0, => =5 >1J5:B82=CN 2=CB@8A5<59=CN A8BC0F8N. @8<5@ !5<LO . >1@0B8;0AL : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB> 8E <;04H89 AK=, 425=04F0B8;5B=89 835;L, C1560; 87 4><0. B5F, <0G5E0 8 B@8 53> A5AB@K ?@8ACBAB2CNB =0 A5AA88. %>BO =0?@O65=85 2 A5<L5 >G5284=>, =5?>=OB=0 ?@8@>40 B@52>6=>AB8, :>B>@0O 42830;0 835;5<.  40==K9 <><5=B 4;O 835;O 206=> 70I8B8BL A2>53> >BF0 8 A2>8E A5AB5@ 8 >= =0AB08205B =0 B><, GB> 4><0 2A5 =>@<0;L=>. = 3>2>@8B: "/ =5 7=0N, ?>G5<C O C1560;". 835;L =5 >G5=L A;>2>>E>B;82 8 ?>B><C O2;O5BAO E>@>H8< :0=4840B>< 2 A:C;L?B>@K, ?>A:>;L:C G5@57 A:C;L?BC@C >= 2 A>AB>O=88 2K@078BL A2>8 GC2AB20, 8 MB> 1C45B 4;O =53> <5=55 >?0A=>, G5< 5A;8 1K >= MB> A45;0; A ?><>ILN A;>2. "5@0?52B 405B 835;N A;54CNICN 8=AB@C:F8N: "@54AB02L A515, GB> BK A:C;L?B>@. / E>GC, GB>1K BK A>740; A:C;L?BC@=>5 87>1@065=85 A2>59 A5<L8. "2>O A5<LO A45;0=0 87 3;8=K. "K <>65HL ?><5AB8BL 8E :C40 C3>4=>, ?>AB028BL 8E 2 :0:CN C3>4=> ?>78F8N. 0209, ?@8ABC?09 : 20O=8N. / E>GC C7=0BL, :0: 2K3;O48B A5<LO A B2>59 B>G:8 7@5=8O". 0;55 A5<59=K9 B5@0?52B ?><>305B 835;N ?@8 ?><>I8 =02>4OI8E 2>?@>A>2. ">B <0<0. >;6=0 ;8 C B51O >=0 A845BL 8;8 AB>OBL? 0: >=0 45@68B @C:8? C40 >=0 A<>B@8B? 0: =0AG5B >BF0? 45 >=? 0: >= AB>8B? 0A05BAO ;8 >= <0<K? C40 >= A<>B@8B? 45 =0E>48BAO 8O ?> >B=>H5=8N : >BFC 8 <0B5@8?  0@8O? 45 >=0? C40 >=0 A<>B@8B?  848O: 345 AB>8B >=0?  A59G0A ?><5AB8 <5=O =0 B> <5AB>, =0 :>B>@>< AB>O; 1K BK A0<. >;65= ;8 O A845BL 8;8 AB>OBL? 0:>5 2K@065=85 =0 <>5< ;8F5?" !=0G0;0 835;L :>;510;AO 2 =5@5H8B5;L=>AB8, => 2 @57C;LB0B5 A?@028;AO A >1O70==>ABO<8 A:C;L?B>@0 25AL<0 CA?5H=>. = ?><5AB8; A2>8E B@5E A5AB5@ 2 :@C3. K;> OA=>, GB> 835;L =5 2848B 4;O A51O =8:0:>3> <5AB0 2=CB@8 MB>3> :@C30. >48B5;8 B0:65 1K;8 ?@54AB02;5=K 2 :0G5AB25 70:@KB>9 OG59:8. !51O 65 835;L ?><5AB8; 345-B> ?>7048 @>48B5;59 8 A5AB5@(A<.@8A.1).  ?@>F5AA5 20O=8O A5AB@K 70<5B8;8, GB> E>BO >=8 AG8B0NB, GB> 835;L 1;87>: 8< ( ?> :@09=59 <5@5 B0: >=8 GC2AB2CNB), >= ?@54AB028; A51O 4;O 8E >:@C65=8O 2 :0G5AB25 GC6>3>. A5 45B8 1K;8 A>3;0A=K A B5<, GB> @>48B5;LA:89 A>N7 O2;O5B A>1>9 70:@KBCN OG59:C. @8G5< <0G5EC >=8 ?><5AB8;8 =0 3>@074> 1>;LH55 @0AAB>O=85 >B A51O, G5< >BF0. A5340 ?@8ACBAB2>20; :0:>9-=81C4L >1J5:B, AB>; 8;8 3075B0, :>B>@K5 @0745;O;8 >4=>3> 87 @>48B5;59 8 45B59. "@>5 87 G5BK@5E 45BA:8E A:C;L?BC@ 87>1@078;8 >BF0 A> A:@5I5==K<8 @C:0<8. !:C;L?BC@0, :>B>@CN 8720O; >B5F 87>1@0605B 835;O A> A:@5I5==K<8 @C:0<8 8 >B25@=C2H53>AO >B >AB0;L=KE G;5=>2 A5<L8. 0: >B5F, B0: 8 <0G5E0, 40;8 25AL<0 A8;L=CN @50:F8N =0 A:C;L?BC@K 45B59. >48B5;8 1K;8 C482;5=K @0AAB>O=85<, :>B>@>5, :0: ?>;030NB 45B8, ;568B <564C =8<8 8 @>48B5;O<8. >340 A:C;L?BC@K ?>74=55 >1AC640;8AL =0 A5AA88, @>48B5;8 A:070;8, GB> >=8 A>2A5< =5 >ICI0;8 A2>N >B45;5==>ABL >B 45B59. 8O >B<5B8;0: ">65B 1KBL 20< =8:>340 =5 ?@8E>48;>AL A;KH0BL > B><, GB> O GC2AB2CN, A59G0A 65 2K <>65B5 2A5 <>8 GC2AB20 C2845BL 2>>G8N". 0B5< :064>3> 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?>?@>A8;8 8720OBL "8450;L=CN" A:C;L?BC@C A5<L8. 835;L ?><5AB8; 2A5E ACI5AB25==> 1;865 4@C3 : 4@C3C, G5< 2 A2>5< ?5@2>=0G0;L=>< B2>@5=88. @8G5< A0< >= >GCB8;AO 2 F5=B@5 :@C30 (A<.@8A.2).  E>45 ?>A;54CNI53> >1AC645=8O 835;L >:070;AO 2 A>AB>O=88 2K@078BL A51O 25@10;L=>, GB> 1K;> @0=55 >G5=L 70B@C4=8B5;L=> 4;O =53>. = A<>3 2K@078BL A2>8 GC2AB20 ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB> >ICI0; A51O 2 A5<L5 0CBA0945@><, A5AB5@ ?@54AB02;O; A?;>G5==>9 3@C??>9, 0 @>48B5;59 70:@KB>9 OG59:>9. @8G5< >= 1K; 1;87>: : B><C, GB>1K ?@8=OBL MB8 A2>8 GC2AB20. 848O 1K;0 25AL<0 C482;5=0 GC2AB20<8 835;O ?>-?>2>4C 53> 87>;OF88, B0: :0: 55 C65 402=> @074@060;> 53> >A>1>5 ?>;>65=85 548=AB25==>3> AK=0 2 A5<L5. !0< ?@>F5AA "20O=8O" 8 53> ?@>4C:BK - A:C;L?BC@K ?><>3;8 G;5=0< A5<L8 G5AB=> >F5=8BL A2>8 ?>78F88 2 A5<L5 8 8< 1K;0 40=0 2>7<>6=>ABL (C=8:0;L=0O 4;O A5<L8, 2 :>B>@>9 ?@8=OB> >B@8F0BL ACI5AB2>20=85 A;>6=>AB59!) 2K@078BL 2 157>?0A=>< =525@10;L=>< :;NG5, :0: >=8 284OB A5<LN 8450;L=>. !>740=85 A:C;L?BC@K B0:65 >:070;>AL C40G=>9 A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN 4;O 2A59 A5<L8 8 ?><>3;> >B2;5GL 8E 2=8<0=85 >B "?;>E>3> <0;LG8:0 835;O", C1530NI53> 87 4><0. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 "!:C;L?BC@0" <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 @01>B5 A ?@0:B8G5A:8 ;N1>9 <0;>9 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??>9 8 ;N1K< 8=48284>< - A AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@>9, A @>48B5;LA:>-45BA:8<8 AC1A8AB5<0<8, A AC1A8AB5<0<8 "1@0BLO-A5AB@K", A ?>;=>9 A5<L59, A :><0=4>9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>2 8;8 ;N1>9 4@C3>9 @01>G59 1@8304>9 8 4065 A F5;>9 ?@><KH;5==>9 :>@?>@0F859, E>BO CA;>28O ?@>2545=8O <>3CB ACI5AB25==K< >1@07>< >B;8G0BLAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30. !:C;L?BC@0 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO :0: A@54AB2> >F5=:8 A8AB5<K 8 :0: A@54AB2> 8=B5@25=F88 2 =55, 8 4065 :0: >A>1K9 <5E0=87< >1I5=8O A :;85=B0<8. =0 O2;O5BAO <>I=59H8< ?@>B82>25A>< @07=>3> @>40 A>?@>B82;5=8O< 8 BC?8:0<, 2>7=8:0NI8< 2 E>45 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. >4@>AB:8 >1KG=> AB0=>2OBAO >B;8G=K<8 "A:C;L?B>@0<8" 87-70 8E GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 : B><C, GB> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?@>8AE>48B 2 A5<L5 8 87-70 A2>53> 5AB5AB25==>3> ?@8AB@0AB8O : <0=8?C;OF88 A2>8<8 1;8609H8<8 @>4AB25==8:0<8. N48 A 45BA:8<8 E0@0:B5@0<8(??..latency children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emotional relationships are always in motion" - ?@8<. ?5@52.), B> B5@<8= "E>@5>3@0D8O" 1>;LH5 ?>4E>48B 4;O >?8A0=8O 40==>3> 48=0<8G=>3> ?@>F5AA0. 4=>3> 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>AOB ?>AB@>8BL 2A5E >AB0;L=KE =0 AF5=5 B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K 2AO :0@B8=0 >B@060;0 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 2 :>=B5:AB5 :0:>3>-B> A>1KB8O 8;8 ?@>1;5<K, 0 70B5< MBC AF5=C @07K3@0BL. -DD5:B82=>ABL "A5<59=>9 E>@5>3@0D88" A2O70=0 A B5<, GB> 55 ACBL >:07K205BAO ?>=OB=>9 4;O ;N1>9 A5<L8, >A>15==> 4;O B5E A5<59, C :>B>@KE 5ABL B@C4=>AB8 2 A;>25A=>< D>@<C;8@>20=88 ?@>1;5<, :>B>@K5 =0@O4C A 8E 0;LB5@=0B82=K<8 @5H5=8O<8 <>3CB 1KBL ?@54AB02;5=K 745AL 2 42865=88 8 287C0;870F88. "!5<59=0O E>@5>3@0D8O" <>65B 87<5=8BL 70I8B=K5, ?>2B>@ONI85AO 8 ?@54A:07C5<K5 >1@07FK 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, >=0 ?@5>4>;5205B 25@10;L=K5 B@C4=>AB8 8 2A:@K205B B5 ?>4A?C4=K5 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K, :>B>@K5 8A?KBK20NBAO >B45;L=K<8 8=482840<8, AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8, A5<LO<8 8 4@C38<8 <0;K<8 A>F80;L=K<8 3@C??0<8. @54AB02;5==K5 ?@>1;5<K 70B5< <>3CB 1KBL ?>425@3=CBK 87CG5=8N 2 B5@<8=0E 0;LB5@=0B82=KE @5H5=89. !5<59=0O E>@5>3@0D8O >A=>2K205BAO =0 A>740=88 =>2KE >1@07F>2 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8 ?@54?>;0305B A:>@55 >ACI5AB2;5=85 >?@545;5==KE 87<5=5=89 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, G5< 55 3;C1>:>5 8 2A5AB>@>==55 ?>=8<0=85. -B8 87<5=5=8O >?@>1K20NBAO ?@8 8AA;54>20=88 0;LB5@=0B82=KE >1@07F>2 2708<>>1<5=0(Papp,1976,p.466). ;02=0O F5==>ABL 55 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >=0 A?>A>1=0 =03;O4=> ?@54AB028BL G5;>25G5A:85 2708<>>>B=>H5=8O. @>F54C@0 @>F54C@0 4>2>;L=0 381:0O 8 <>65B 1KBL 87<5=5=0 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B =0;8G8O 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 :>=:@5B=KE >1@07F>2 2708<>459AB28O. 5 ACBL 2 A0<>< >1I5< 2845 ?5@5405B 8=AB@C:F8O, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>AOB ?>:070BL 157 A;>2 AF5=C, 2 :>B>@>9 1K;0 1K 87>1@065=0 0:BC0;L=0O A8BC0F8O 2 40==>9 A5<L5 8;8 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5. 0B5< 8E ?@>AOB 87>1@078BL 8450;L=CN A8BC0F8N 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE, :0: >=0 8< 2848BAO 2 40==K9 <><5=B. A;8 4020BL 8=AB@C:F8N 1>;55 :>=:@5B=>, B> :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 ?@>AOB B0: @07<5AB8BLAO 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 :><=0BK, GB>1K MB> =08;CGH8< A?>A>1>< ?>:070;> 1K ?@>1;5<C, A :>B>@>9 ?@8H;0 A5<LO. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?><>305B >6828BL AF5=C, ?@>83@0BL 55. 450;L=0O A8BC0F8O B0:65 @07K3@K205BAO A5<L59. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B @01>B05B A :0:8<-=81C4L >4=8< G;5=>< A5<L8, >1@0I0OAL : =5<C A ?@>AL1>9 87>1@078BL 53> @50;L=CN 8 8450;L=CN ?>78F88 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 1>;55 G5B:> AD>@<C;8@>20BL ?@>1;5<C, ?A8E>B5@0?52B B0:65 <>65B ?@>8=AB@C:B8@>20BL 40==>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 :@0B:> AD>@<C;8@>20BL 4;O A51O 8 4@C38E B>, GB> A>AB02;O5B ACBL 53> 0:BC0;L=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 ?>;>65=8O 2 A5<L5. 0B5< 2 ?>@O4:5 >G5@548 MB> <>3CB A45;0BL 8 4@C385. >?@>AK 2A5340 >4=8 8 B5 65: ":0:>2> 1KBL 2 MB>< ?>;>65=88 2 A5<L5 8 :0:85 GC2AB20 ACI5AB2CNB C 40==>3> AC1J5:B0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38< G;5=0< A5<L8". A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL =5A:>;L:> @07 ?>2B>@8BL AF5=K, >B@060NI85 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=K5 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 ?0BB5@=K @02=> :0: 8 B5 AF5=K, :>B>@K5 87>1@060NB 8E 8450;L=>5 ?@5>4>;5=85, ?@8G5< >=0 A>25BC5B 8< 459AB2>20BL ?@8 :064>< >G5@54=>< 4C1;5 A> 2A5 2>7@0AB0NI59 M=5@3859, ?KB0OAL A45;0BL A8BC0F8N A 8E B>G:8 7@5=8O 2A5 ;CGH5 8 ;CGH5. @C3>9 20@80F859 40==>9 B5E=8:8 O2;O5BAO ?@54;>65=85 :;85=B0< 2>>1@078BL A51O 2 :0G5AB25 :0:8E-B> 682>B=KE 8;8 ?@54<5B>2. 0?@8<5@, :;85=B <>65B 2>>1@078BL A51O 1>;LH8< A8;L=K< ;L2>< A 1>;LH>9 ?0ABLN 8 >AB@K<8 7C10<8. 0B5< MB>B G5;>25: ?@54AB02;O5B A515 AF5=C, 2:;NG0NI0N 2 A51O MB8E 682>B=K5 8;8 ?@54<5BK 8 >?8AK205B 55. 0B5< 3@C??C ?@>AOB ?@8=OBL ?>78F88, :>B>@K5 >B@060NB >?8A0==CN AF5=C 8 @07K3@0BL 55. @8<5@K !;54CNI85 420 ?@8<5@0 1K;8 ?@82545=K 0??(Papp,1979). !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 8A?KBK20;0 B@C4=>AB8 2 >1I5=88 <564C A>1>9 8 A 8E 42C<O 27@>A;K<8 45BL<8. K;> A>25@H5==> OA=>, GB> <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 ACI5AB2>20;> >BGC645=85.  G0AB=>AB8,<564C AK=>< 8 4>G5@LN ;53:> <>6=> 1K;> 70<5B8BL 2@06451=>ABL.  :0G5AB25 A?>A>10 ?@>@K20 G5@57 :>=D;8:B=K5 >B=>H5=8O 1K;0 8A?>;L7>20=0 E>@5>3@0D8O. 064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 ?>?@>A8;8 ?>:070BL "682CN :0@B8=C" B>3>, :0: >= 8;8 >=0 284OB ?@>1;5<C. '5@57 =02>4OI85 2>?@>AK 8 ?@54?>;>65=8O, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 2KO2;5=85 A?>A>1>2 2708<>459AB28O, >A=>2=><C ?;>E> DC=:F8>=8@CNI5<C 2=CB@8A5<59=><C B@5C3>;L=8:C 1K;0 ?@840=0 D878G5A:0O D>@<0, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>9 2 =53> <>6=> 1K;> 2=>A8BL 87<5=5=8O. 064K9 G;5= A5<L8 =0E>48; A515 B0:>5 <5AB>, :>B>@>5 ;CGH5 2A53> ?>:07K20;> @07;04K 2 A5<L5: <0BL 1;87:> : 4>G5@8; >B5F 1;87:> : AK=C; 4>GL ?5@5428305BAO BC40-AN40, AB0@0OAL ;8:2848@>20BL @07@K2 <564C @>48B5;O<8; 1@0B <5G5BAO <564C 2A5<8 B@5<O. "5@0?52B ?>?@>A8;0 AK=0 ?>:070BL, :0:>9 >= E>G5B 2845BL A5<LN. = ?>AB028; 8E 2 :@C3, >B5F 8 A5AB@0 ?> 1>:0<, 0 <0BL =0?@>B82 =53>. "5@0?52B, A>A@54>B>G82H8AL =0 AC?@C65A:8E >B=>H5=8OE, ?>?@>A8;0 >BF0 27OBL =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL GB>-=81C4L ?@54?@8=OBL ?> ?>2>4C <0<8=>3> =5AG0ABLO; >= =8G53> =5 A<>3 A45;0BL. !K= A@07C 65 ?>?KB0;AO 27OBL MBC >1O70==>ABL =0 A51O. "5@0?52B ?>?@>A8;0 <0BL ?>:070BL, 345 >=0 E>G5B 2845BL >BF0. =0 ?>AB028;0 A2>53> <C60 ?@O<> 70 425@LN. !K=0 8 4>GL >=0 ?>AB028;0 ?5@54 A>1>9, 70O28282, GB> :>340-B> 1K;0 1;87:0 : A2>5<C AK=C. "5@0?52B ?>?@>A8; 55 ?>:070BL, :0: 1;87:8 >=8 1K;8. =0 >1=O;0 A2>53> AK=0 8 70@K40;0. 5 ?>?@>A8;8 2?CAB8BL <C60. A:>@5 ?>A;5 MB>3> >=0 >B?CAB8;0 AK=0 8 >4=>9 @C:>9 >1=O;0 <C60, 0 4@C3>9 - 4>GL.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 45B8 CH;8, >AB0282 <0<C 8 ?0?C >4=8E, GB>1K >=8 2<5AB5 >1AC48;8 =5@5H5==K5 ?@>1;5<K 8 B5< A0<K< 871028;8 1K 45B59 >B A2>8E 70B@C4=5=89 (Papp,1976,pp. 466-468). 11-;5B=OO 452>G:0 ?;>E> CG8;0AL 2 H:>;5. =0 ?@8H;0 =0 ?@85< A> A2>59 <0<>9, 15-;5B=8< 1@0B>< 8 80-;5B=59 B5B59. >GL 1K;0 <0;>:><<C=8:015;L=0. "5@0?52B ?>?@>A8; 55 2KAB@>8BL :0@B8=:C, 2 :>B>@>9 1K >B@078;0AL A>2@5<5==0O 687=L A5<L8. =0 ?>AB028;0 A2>N <0BL 8 1@0B0 >1=8<0NI8<8 4@C3 4@C30, 0 B5BN - ?@O<> =0?@>B82 A51O. =0 ?>OA=8;0, GB> =5 <>65B 4>1@0BLAO 4> <0<K, ?>B><C GB> 8E @0745;ONB 1@0B 8 B5BO. "5@0?52B A?@>A8;, GB> 1K 59 E>B5;>AL A45;0BL. =0 ?@><G0;0AL <8<> B5B8, >BAB@0=8;0 1@0B0 8, @K40O, >1=O;0 A2>N <0BL. 0BL, :>B>@0O =8:>340 =5 ?>:07K20;0 B0:>9 ?@82O70==>AB8, ?@8;L=C;0 : A2>59 4>G:5. 5@10;L=>5 >1I5=85 =8:>340 =5 A<>3;> 1K =8 =03;O4=> 87>1@078BL MBC AF5=C, =8 B0: 4@0<0B8G=> 87<5=8BL 55. %>@5>3@0D8O ?><>3;0 A5<L5 ?@5>4>;5BL 0:BC0;L=K9 :>=D;8:B 8 2A5;8BL =04564C 2 <0BL 8 4>GL (Papp,1976,pp. 468-469). A?>;L7>20=85 !5<59=0O E>@5>3@0D8O ?>;57=0 4;O: 1. 5@5AB@>9:8 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 =C:;50@=>9 A5<L5. 2. >AB@>5=8O 2708<>A2O759 <564C A8<?B><0<8 45B59 8 >1@07F0<8 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8E @>48B5;59, >15A?5G820O G;5=>2 A5<L8 =525@10;L=K<8 :0=0;0<8 :><<C=8:0F88, ?>72>;ONI8<8 8< >B:@KB> 2K@078BL A2>8 GC2AB20. 3. ! ?><>ILN A5<59=>9 E>@5>3@0D88 <>6=>?@>A;548BL =530B82=K5 F8@:C;O@=K5 >1@07FK ?>2545=8O 8 ?@5@20BL 8E 459AB28O ?CB5< 87>1@065=8O ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 ?>2545=G5A:8E 0:B>2, 254CI8E : MA:0;0F88 :>=D;8:B0. 4. 1CG5=85 A?5F80;8AB>2 2 >1;0AB8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8 8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 G5@57 @01>BC A A8<C;8@>20==K<8 A5<LO<8, @07K3@K20NI8<8 A8BC0F8N 2 A>1AB25==KE A5<LOE ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2 8;8 65 2 8E @>48B5;LA:8E A5<LOE. 5. >?C;O@870F88 A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88 ?5@54 ?C1;8:>9 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;0<8 A<56=KE A?5F80;L=>AB59. 5-20   1JOA=5=85 5=>3@0<<0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 AB@C:BC@8@>20==CN 4803@0<<C A8AB5<K 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 3-4 ?>:>;5=8OE. @54;>65=0 N@@59 >CM= 2 19783.(Bowen,1978) 2 @0<:0E "<56?>:>;5==>3> ?>4E>40" 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. &5;L 55 - ?>:070BL :0: >1@07FK ?>2545=8O 8 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 ?5@540NBAO ?> ?>:>;5=8O< 8 :0: A>1KB8O ?>4>1=K5 A<5@BO<, 1>;57=O<, :@C?=K< ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K< CA?5E0<, ?5@55740< =0 =>2>5 <5AB> 68B5;LAB20 G;5=>2 A5<L8 2;8ONB =0 A>2@5<5==K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK, 0 B0:65 =0 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 4804K 8 B@5C3>;L=8:8. 5=>3@0<<0 ?>72>;O5B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 8 A5<L5 ?>;CG8BL F5;>AB=CN :0@B8=C, @0AA<0B@820O 2A5 D5=><5=K 8 A>1KB8O A5<59=>9 687=8 2 =5:>59 8=B53@0;L=>9 25@B8:0;L=>-=0?@02;5==>9 ?5@A?5:B825. =>340 >=0 2KA25G8205B B>, GB> O2;O;>AL B09=>9 4;O =5:>B>@KE G;5=>2 A5<L8, 2KB0A:820O "A:5;5BK 87 GC;0=0". 0==K9 ?>4E>4 8<55B <=>3> >1I53> A B@048F8>==K<8 ?>4E>40<8 : A1>@C 40==KE ?> 8AB>@88 A5<L8, 53> 3;02=>9 >B;8G8B5;L=>9 >A>15==>ABLN O2;O5BAO AB@C:BC@8@>20==>ABL 8 AE5<0B878@>20==>ABL. "5E=8:0 ?@54?>;0305B :0: ?@028;> CG0AB85 @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8 :;85=B>2. 5=>3@0<<0 8A?>;L7C5B 4;O 8;;NAB@0F88 A?5F8D8:8 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A8<2>;K, :>B>@K5 =0@O4C A 4@C38<8 40==K<8 8A?>;L7CNBAO 4;O 87>1@065=8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89 G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 8E ?>78F89 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. "0:0O 483@0<<0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 :0:-1K :0@BC A5<L8. >340 A>1@0=K 40==K5 >1 8<5=0E, 2>7@0AB5 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, 2@5<5=8 65=8BL1, A<5@B59, @072>4>2, @>645=89, <>6=> ?@8ABC?0BL : A1>@C 4@C38E 206=KE D0:B>2 > DC=:F8>=8@>20=88 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K - B0:8E, :0: G0AB>B0 8 :0G5AB2> :>=B0:B>2, M<>F8>=0;L=K5 @07@K2K, D0:B>@K, ?@82>4OI85 : :>=D;8:B0< 8 B@52>6=>AB8, C@>25=L 70:@KB>AB8->B:@KB>AB8 A5<59=KE ?>4A8AB5< 8 A5<L8 2 F5;><. !5<59=K5 AF5=0@88, F5==>AB8, ?@028;0, <C6A:85 8 65=A:85 AB0=40@BK ?>2545=8O B0:65 <>3CB 1KBL 2KO2;5=K 2 E>45 8=B5@2LN =0 >A=>25 MB>9 B5E=8:8. @>F54C@0 &5;L <5B>48:8 - ?>;CG8BL 4803@0<<C, >B@060NICN 8AB>@8N @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8 :0: <8=8<C< =0 ?@>BO65=88 B@5E ?>:>;5=89. 01>B0 <>65B 1KBL ?@>2545=0 2 ;N1>5 2@5<O ?>A;5 =0G0;0 @53C;O@=KE 2AB@5G A A5<L59 8 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 @CB8==K9 <5B>4 A1>@0 8=D>@<0F88 > A5<L5 4;O ;CGH53> ?>=8<0=8O ?@>1;5<K 8 ?>8A:0 ?CB8 55 @5H5=8O. =0 :0: ?@028;> ?@>2>48BAO 2 ?@8ACBAB288 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8, A?>A>1=KE A;CH0BL 8 2>A?@8=8<0BL 8=D>@<0F8N, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 45B59. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> G;5=0< A5<L8 40==0O 8=D>@<0F8O 8=B5@5A=0, 8 8< ;N1>?KB=> C7=0BL ?>4@>1=>AB8 > A2>8E 1;87:8E @>4AB25==8:0E. 5A540 >1KG=> =0G8=05BAO A ?@54JO2;O5<>3> A5<L59 A8<?B><0: :B> O2;O5BAO 53> >1;040B5;5<, :>340 >= 2?5@2K5 2>7=8: 8 :0:>2> 1K;> 53> :;8=8G5A:>5 @0725@BK20=85. @8G5< D878G5A:85, M<>F8>=0;L=K5 8 A>F80;L=>-457040?B82=K5 A8<?B><K @0AA<0B@820NBAO :0: ?@>O2;5=85 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>AB8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K M<>F8>=0;L=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, 0 ?>2545=85 =>A8B5;O A8<?B><0 >B@0605B B>, :0: B@52>6=>ABL ?@>O2;O5BAO 8 ?@5>4>;5205BAO 2 40==>9 A5<L5. @5<5==K5 @0<:8 ?5@28G=>3> ?@>O2;5=8O 8 ?>A;54CNI8E CA8;5=89 A8<?B><>2 <>3CB 1KBL A2O70=K A 4@C38<8 A>1KB8O<8 687=8 A5<L8, B0:8<8, :0: =0?@8<5@ A<5@BL 1;8609H53> @>4AB25==8:0. 0B5< =0G8=05BAO >?8A0=85 A5<59=>9 8AB>@88, =0G8=0O A> 2@5<5=8, :>340 @>48B5;8 2AB@5B8;8AL - 8 2?;>BL 4> =0AB>OI53> <><5=B0. 45AL ACI5AB25==K 2>7@0AB AC?@C3>2, B>G=0O 40B0 8E ?5@2>9 2AB@5G8, G5< >=8 70=8<0;8AL 2 B5 2@5<5=0, :>340 1K;8 65=8E>< 8 =525AB>9, A>1AB25==> A204L10, GB> A;CG8;>AL 4> @>645=8O ?5@2>3> @515=:0, 2;8O=85 ?>@O4:0 @>645=8O 45B59 =0 8E D878G5A:85 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8.  :0:8E 35>3@0D8G5A:8E B>G:0E A5<LO 68;0 8 :>340 8<5==> ?5@55760;0 2 4@C3>5 <5AB> - 2A5 MB> >G5=L 206=>, >A>15==>, 5A;8 ?5@5574K 1K;8 =0 >G5=L 1;87:>5 8;8 >G5=L 40;5:>5 @0AAB>O=85 >B @>48B5;LA:>9 A5<L8. 0==K5 > 74>@>2L5, >1@07>20=88 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 :0@L5@5 :064>3> 87 @>48B5;59 B0:65 A>18@0NBAO =0 40==>< MB0?5 15A54K. 0;55 >1AC6405BAO 8AB>@8O @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8, :0: A> AB>@>=K <0B5@8, B0: 8 A> AB>@>=K >BF0. 45AL :0: <8=8<C< =5>1E>48<> C7=0BL > 1@0BLOE 8 A5AB@0E <0B5@8 8 >BF0, >1 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 0B<>AD5@5 2 8E @>48B5;LA:8E A5<LOE, > B><, G5< 70=8<0NBAO 2A5 G;5=K A5<L8 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O. ">G=K5 40BK A>1KB89, ?@>87>H54H8E 2 @>48B5;LA:>9 A5<L5 206=K ?>B><C, GB> >=8 <>3CB :>@@5;8@>20BL A A>1KB8O<8 2 =C:;50@=>9 A5<L5. A8E>B5@0?52B 8A?>;L7C5B 15A54C =0 >A=>25 "A>F8>3@0<<K" 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>3>2>@8BL 2>?@>AK > D878G5A:8E 8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE 3@0=8F0E 2 40==>9 A5<L5, > 70:@KB>AB8 8 >B:@KB>AB8 55 AC1A8AB5<, > @07=>>1@0788 8;8 >3@0=8G5==>AB8 >1@07F>2 2708<>>B=>H5=89 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8 A@54AB2 >1I5=8O <564C =8<8. "0:85 A>45@60B5;L=K5 D0:B>@K :0: :C;LBC@=0O, MB=8G5A:0O 8 @5;838>7=0O ?@8=04;56=>ABL, A>F8>M:>=><8G5A:89 C@>25=L, B>, :0: A5<LO 2708<>459AB2C5B A <5B0A5<59=K< :>=B5:AB>< - A>>1I5AB2>< - B>65 ?@8=8<0NBAO 745AL 2> 2=8<0=85. > <5@5 ?>ABC?;5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 >=0 D8:A8@C5BAO 2 A?5F80;L=KE A8<2>;0E. 064K9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BL C4>1=CN 4;O =53> A8<2>;8:C, => >1I5?@8=OBK<8 >1>7=0G5=8O<8 O2;ONBAO A;54CNI85: = 8=48284 <C6A:>3> ?>;0 = 8=48284 65=A:>3> ?>;0 = =5@07>@20==0O ;8=8O A8<2>;878@C5B @07;8G=>3> @>40 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 2 A5<L5 = 2>;=8AB0O ;8=8O >1>7=0G05B :>=D;8:B=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O = D878G5A:85 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 @07@K2K <564C 42C<O ;N4L<8 = @072>4 = 8=48284 C<5@ = 42>9=0O ;8=8O A8<2>;878@C5B A?5F80;L=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 8;8 0;LO=AK, 8;8 >B=>H5=8O A @515=:><-D02>@8B>< = 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 ?0F85=B = 53> @>48B5;8, 55 @>48B5;8, <C6, 65=0, 45B8 = >A=>2=0O B@5E?>:>;5==0O AE5<0 = B@5C3>;L=8:, :>B>@K9 >1>7=0G05B B0:>3> @>40 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, 2 :>B>@KE B@5B89 8=48284 2>2;5:05BAO 2 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=K5 2708<>459AB28O 42CE 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K C<5=LH8BL B@52>6=>ABL 8;8 AB018;878@>20BL >1I5=85 2 48045 = ;8=8O >12545==0O 2>:@C3 =5A:>;L:8E G;5=>2 A5<L8 A8<2>;878@C5B 0;LO=A 8;8 A3>2>@ <564C =8<8 = @515=>: 2 CB@>15 <0B5@8 = 01>@B 8;8 <5@B2>@>645=85 = C<5@ 2 19723. @8<5@ CM@8= 8 5=45@30AB ( Guerin, Pendergast,1976,p.455-464) ?@82>4OB ?@8<5@ 8A?>;L7>20=8O 35=>3@0<<K. "><C 49 ;5B, 53> 65=5 M@8 - 41. >A;5 ?@54K4CI8E 1@0:>2 >=8 8<5NB 2 >1I59 A;>6=>AB8 A5<5@KE 45B59. M@8 ?>72>=8;0 8 A?@>A8;0, <>3CB ;8 >=8 A "><>< ?@89B8 =0 :>=AC;LB0F8N 2 A2O78 A B5<, GB> ">< ?>B5@O; @01>BC, 8 MB> >:07K205B =530B82=>5 2;8O=85 =0 A5<LN.  =0G0;5 4803=>AB8G5A:>3> 8=B5@2LN 1K;0 8A?>;L7>20=0 35=>3@0<<0, ?@8 ?><>I8 :>B>@>9 1K;8 A>1@0=K >A=>2=K5 40==K5. 48= 87 D0:B>2, :>B>@K9 ?@>OA=8;AO 2 A0<>< =0G0;5 A>740=8O 35=>3@0<<K, 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB> 8 "><, 8 M@8 ?>B5@O;8 A2>8E AC?@C3>2. 5@20O 65=0 "><0 8 ?5@2K9 <C6 M@8 C<5@;8 2 >48= 8 B>B 65 3>4, B0:8< >1@07><, >10 AC?@C30 ?5@568;8 0=0;>38G=K9 M<>F8>=0;L=K9 >?KB. C6 M@8 ?>:>=G8; 687=L A0<>C189AB2><; B5@0?52B >B:;04K205B =0 1>;55 ?>4E>4OI55 2@5<O @O4 2>?@>A>2 > B><, =0A:>;L:> M@8 GC2AB2>20;0 A51O >B25BAB25==>9 70 53> A0<>C189AB2>. A;8 MB> B0:, B> =0A:>;L:> >=0 A<>3;0 A MB8< A?@028BLAO? ! :5< >=0 <>65B =081>;55 >B:@KB> >1 MB>< ?>3>2>@8BL? >74=55 B5@0?52B C7=05B, GB> A0<>C189AB2> O2;O5BAO 206=>9 B09=>9, BI0B5;L=> A:@K205<>9 >B 45B59. 5=0 "><0 C<5@;0 ?@8 @>645=88 @515=:0 - A>1KB85, @54:> 2AB@5G0NI55AO 2 =0H5 2@5<O. ">B D0:B, GB> >=0 C<5@;0 ?@8 @>645=88 H5AB>3> @515=:0 =02>48B =0 <KA;L > B><, GB> ">< GC2AB2>20; A51O 2 :0:>9-B> <5@5 >B25BAB25==K< 70 A<5@BL 65=K. !5<LO ?5@568;0 @O4 ?>B5@L 2 B5G5=85 >G5=L :>@>B:>3> ?5@8>40 2@5<5=8. (!<. @8A.3, =0 :>B>@>< ?@82>48BAO 35=>3@0<<0 A5<59 "><0 8 M@8.) "5@0?52B 3@C??8@C5B 8=D>@<0F8N 2 A>>B25BAB288 A =081>;55 7=0G8<K<8 >1;0ABO<8: ?@8=F8?K, 2 A>>B25BAB288 A :>B>@K<8 DC=:F8>=8@C5B A5<LO; ?@8=F8?K, :>B>@K<8 A5<LO @C:>2>4AB2C5BAO 2 AB@5AA>2KE A8BC0F8OE; @>;L D0:B>@0 2@5<5=8 2 MB8E >B=>H5=8OE; ;8G=K5 3@0=8FK 8 3@0=8FK ?>:>;5=89; 2>?@>AK, 2K7K20NI85 :>=D;8:B=K5 A8BC0F88, - A5:A, 45=L38, @>4AB25==8:8 A> AB>@>=K <C60 8 65=K, 45B8; B@5C3>;L=8:8; ;8G=0O A:@KB=>ABL, =56=>ABL 8 G5AB=>ABL; B>, =0A:>;L:> @07;8G=K5 @>4AB25==8:8 2;8ONB =0 ?@54JO2;5==CN ?@>1;5<C. 0B5< B5@0?52B >1@0I05BAO : M@8 A B5<, GB>1K >=0 87;>68;0 A2>9 273;O4 =0 ?@>1;5<C. =0 CB25@6405B, GB> GC2AB2C5B A51O ;CGH5 A B5E ?>@, :0: 4>3>2>@8;0AL > 2AB@5G5 A B5@0?52B><. ">B D0:B, GB> 55 <0BL =025I0;0 8E, =0G8=0O A ?@54K4CI59 =545;8, ?@5?>4=>A8BAO, :0: A0<K9 =5402=89 457>@30=87CNI89 >?KB. "5@0?52B @5H05B ?>:0 =5 ?@>A;56820BL MBC ;8=8N 8 B>;L:> >?@545;8BL, :0:>5 ?>;>65=85 <0BL M@8 70=8<05B 2 AB@C:BC@5 A5<L8 =0 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B. 0BL >?8AK20NB :0: G5;>25:0 15A?>:>9=>3>, :@8B8G5A:8 =0AB@>5==>3>, ?>425@65==>3> 1KAB@K< A<5=0< =0AB@>5=8O. "5@0?52B ?KB05BAO >?@545;8BL AB5?5=L >B:@KB>AB8 MB8E >B=>H5=89, A?@0H820O M@8, @0AA:070;0 ;8 >=0 A2>59 <0B5@8 > B><, GB> A>18@05BAO >1@0B8BLAO 70 :>=AC;LB0F859. M@8 >B25G05B, GB> 55 <0BL =5 <>3;0 1K A?@028BLAO A B0:>3> @>40 8=D>@<0F859. "5@0?52B, >1@0I0OAL : 35=>3@0<<5, 2848B, GB> M@8 - 548=AB25==K9 @515=>: 2 A5<L5, 8 =0G8=05B 8AA;54>20BL 2;8O=85 MB>3> D0:B0 =0 8=B5=A82=>ABL 8E >B=>H5=89. @>4>;60O @01>BC, >=0 ?KB05BAO =09B8 "B@5E?>:>;5==K9 B@5C3>;L=8:" 8 A?@0H8205B: "B> 87 20H8E 45B59 O2;O5BAO ;N18<F5< 101CH:8?" N18<F5< >:07K205BAO M=A8, B>B A0<K9 @515=>:, > :>B>@>< A0<0 M@8 15A?>:>8BAO 1>;LH5 2A53>. 45AL AE>4OBAO 2>548=> =5A:>;L:> 206=KE <><5=B>2. 0=LH5 2> 2@5<O 8=B5@2LN M@8 ?>4G5@:820;0,GB> M=A8 =0?><8=05B 59 A2>53> C<5@H53> >BF0, ?5@2>3> <C60 M@8, 8;;0. M@8 >B:@K205B, GB> >4=0 87 55 B@52>3 ?> ?>2>4C M=A8 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> M=A8 <>65B ?>2B>@8BL A0<>C189AB2> A2>53> >BF0. -B> >B:@KB85 =0E>48BAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A =01;N45=85< B5@0?52B0 8 ?>:0 2>?@>AK >1@0I5=K : M@8, ">< =5 B>;L:> GC2AB2C5B A51O @0AA;01;5==>, => 4065 ?>;CG05B =5:>B>@>5 C4>2>;LAB285, ?>1C640O B5@0?52B0 ?@54?@8=OBL @O4 H03>2. =0 D>@<C;8@C5B 87<5=5=85 =0?@02;5=8O @073>2>@0, 2=0G0;5 >1@0I0OAL : 2KA:070==>9 M@8 B@52>35 ?> ?>2>4C 2>7<>6=>3> A0<>C189AB20 M=A8; 70B5< ?>AB5?5==> 2A5 1>;55 3;C1>:> ?@8>B:@K20O B5<C A0<>C189AB20 2 1@0:5. ;02=>9 F5;LN 2>?@>A>2 B5@0?52B0 O2;ONBAO GC2AB20 M@8 ?> ?>2>4C A0<>C189AB20 A2>53> ?5@2>3> <C60 - =0A:>;L:> >=0 >ICI05B A51O >B25BAB25==>9 70 MB>. 0B5< B5@0?52B ?@>25@O5B <KA;8 A0<>9 M@8 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C. "@8 2A5E B@C4=>ABOE, A :>B>@K<8 0< ?@8H;>AL AB>;:=CBLAO 70 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O, - 45B8, ?>B5@O @01>BK "><><, - 0< =5 ?@8E>48;0 2 3>;>2C 845O @07>< ?>:>=G8BL A> 2A5< MB8<?" M@8 >B25G05B, GB> =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> 59 G0AB> :065BAO, GB> 2A5 4><0 <>3;> 1K 7=0G8B5;L=> C;CGH8BLAO, 5A;8 1K >=0 ?@>AB> A>1@0;0 A2>8 25I8 8 CH;0, A0<>C189AB2> =8:>340 =5 ?@54AB02;O;>AL 59 045:20B=K< @5H5=85< ?@>1;5<. 0B5< B5@0?52B ?5@5E>48B : 3;02=>9 F5;8 8 70405B >1@0B=K9 2>?@>A: "K =8:>340 =5 70<5G0;8 70 A>1>9 15A?>:>9AB20, GB> ">< =0AB>;L:> ?045B 4CE>< 87-70 ?>B5@8 @01>BK, GB> ?>:>=G8B A A>1>9?" ;O >B25B0 M@8 =5 B@51C5BAO 8 <8=CBK @07<KH;5=89. =0 BCB 65 >B25G05B: "57 A><=5=8O. >AB0B>G=> G0AB>." ">340 MB0 B5<0 >B:@K205BAO 4;O 15A54K A "><>< 8 ?@>25@O5BAO, 5A;8 C =53> <KA;8 > A0<>C189AB25. ">< @5H8B5;L=> >B25@305B ?>4>7@5=8O 2 2>7<>6=>< A0<>C189AB25, CB25@640O, GB> MB> =5 O2;O5BAO 53> AB8;5<; >4=0:> ?@87=05B, GB> 53> @074@0605B B>, GB> >= =5 <>65B C1548BL 2 MB>< M@8.  MB><C <><5=BC 273;O4 M@8 =0 ?@>1;5<K A5<L8 C65, 2 >1I8E G5@B0E, AB0=>28BAO ?>=OB=K<. =0 B0: 8 =5 A<>3;0 A?@028BLAO A GC2AB2>< >B25BAB25==>AB8 70 A<5@BL A2>53> ?5@2>3> <C60 8 =0?>;=5=0 @5H8<>ABLN ?@54>B2@0B8BL ?>2B>@5=85 ?>4>1=>3> 8AE>40 2 687=8 A2>59 4>G5@8 8 <C60 =K=5H=53>. # =55 =5B 1C:20;L=> =8:>3>, A :5< >=0 <>3;0 1K ?>3>2>@8BL > A2>8E A0<KE 3;C1>:8E B@52>30E ?> MB><C ?>2>4C. >340 >=0 ?>72>;O5B MB8< GC2AB20< 2K?;5A=CBLAO =0@C6C 2 >B=>H5=8OE A "><><, >= >B25@305B 55 AB@0E8, AG8B0O 8E =5>1>A=>20==K<8. 5 <0BL, B0:65 :0: 8 >=0, 1572@5<5==> ?>B5@O;0 A2>53> <C60. 4=0:> 8=B5=A82=>ABL MB8E >B=>H5=89 =5 <>65B 2<5AB8BL 2A5E ?5@56820=89 M@8.  A2>59 87>;OF88 M@8 ?>AB>O==> A B@52>3>9 A;548B 70 M<>F8>=0;L=K< A>AB>O=85< "><0, ?KB0OAL 701>B8BLAO :0: > =5<, B0: 8 > A2>8E 45BOE, =5 GC2AB2CO =8>B:C40 ?>445@6:8. ">< ?@>872>48B 2?5G0B;5=85 2725H5==>3>, @07C<=>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 A?>:>9=> ?@8=8<05B ;N1K5, 4065 A0<K5 =5?@8OB=K5, =>2>AB8. @8 MB>< 4065 :065BAO, GB> >= 45@68B ?>4 :>=B@>;5< =K=5H=NN A8BC0F8N 2 A5<L5, >?8AK20O 55 2 HCB;82>9 <0=5@5, C;K10OAL 2> 2@5<O @0AA:070. "5@0?52B 2848B ?@8G8=C MB>3> 2 B>< D0:B5, GB> ">< O2;O5BAO 8@;0=4F5< (MB> 284=> 87 35=>3@0<<K), 0, 7=0G8B, ACI5AB2C5B 25@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> >= C=0A;54>20; =5:>B>@K5 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0 A2>8E ?@54:>2. 0A:>;L:> 53> 2=5H=5 A?>:>9=K5, HCB;82K5 <0=5@K A2O70=K A ?@8ACI59 8@;0=4F0< G5@B>9 A>:@KB8O A2>53> 3=520? 5@54 20<8 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 ?@82K: 70@010BK20BL 50.000 $ 2 3>4, 70=8<0OAL 206=>9 @01>B>9. "5?5@L 53> 65=0 A>45@68B A5<LN, 8AE>4O 87 7=0G8B5;L=> <5=LH59 AC<<K 45=53. "5@0?52B 70405B 2>?@>A: "0: 2K ;8G=>AB=> @5038@C5B5 =0 20H8 A>2@5<5==K5 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 A;>6=>AB8?" ">< >B25G05B: ";02=K< >1@07><, :0: :@CH5=85 =04564. / 8<5N 2 284C, GB> =8:>340 =5 ?@81530N : 65AB>:>AB8 8;8 G5<C-B> 2 B>< 65 4CE5". "5@0?52B 70<5G05B:"@;0=4FK 8725AB=K B5<, GB> 8E 3=52 >1KG=> >AB05BAO A:@KBK<". ">< A<55BAO 8 ?@87=05B, GB> >= G0AB> 8A?KBK205B A8;L=K9 3=52 8 GB> 1>;LHCN G0ABL 2@5<5=8 >= ?@>AB> =5 7=05B, GB> 45;0BL A MB8< GC2AB2><. = 87> 2A5E A8; ?KB05BAO :>=B@>;8@>20BL 53>. = A><=5205BAO 2 A515 8 A2>8E A?>A>1=>ABOE. = 4C<05B >1 MB>< :064K9 45=L 8 ?>@>9 GC2AB2C5B, GB> MB0 ?>AB>O==0O 2=CB@5==OO 1>@L10 <>65B ?@825AB8 : ?>B5@5 C25@5==>AB8 2 A515, B0: GB> :>340 >= ?>945B =0 8=B5@2LN, 8A?KBK205<>5 8< =5C4>1AB2> 8 =54>AB0B>: 25@K 2 A51O AB0=CB =0AB>;L:> >G5284=K, GB> MB> >B@8F0B5;L=> ?>2;8O5B =0 ?@>872>48<>5 8< 2?5G0B;5=85.  @57C;LB0B5 40==>9 2AB@5G8 AB0;8 >G5284=K ?@8=F8?K, A;54CO :>B>@K< :064K9 87 MB>9 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K ?KB05BAO @C:>2>48BL A2>8<8 8=48284C0;L=K<8 ?>ABC?:0<8 8 @50:F8O<8. 0?@8<5@, B5@0?52B 7=05B, GB> M@8 A:;>==0 : >B40;5=8N 2 >B=>H5=8OE A <0B5@LN, => 3;C1>:> 2>2;5G5=0 2 ?@>1;5<K <C60 8 45B59. =0 A0<0 =07=0G8;0 A51O 8E 70I8B=8:>< 8 ?KB05BAO C15@5GL >B ;N1KE 2>7<>6=KE =5?@8OB=>AB59. =0 A0<0 701>B8BAO >1> 2A5<, =0G8=0O A> AB8@:8 25I59 4>G5@8 8 :>=G0O 45?@5AA859 <C60. "><, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, >B40;O5BAO >B 2A53>, :@><5 A2>59 @01>BK. 01>B0 AB0;0 4;O =53> C1568I5<, :>340 C<5@;8 53> ?5@20O 65=0 8 =>2>@>645==K9 @515=>:, 0 B0:65 ?>765, ?>A;5 1572@5<5==>9 A<5@B8 53> AK=0. 5@54 20<8 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 ?>B5@O; A2>N >A=>2=CN >?>@C - @01>BC, :>B>@>9 >= B0: 3>@48;AO. = A0< 3>2>@8;: ">@4>ABL G0AB> 2AB05B =0 <>5< ?CB8 8 8=>340 2;8O5B =0 <>8 AC645=8O. >@>9 O 4C<0N, GB> B5?5@L O 70I8I0N 1>;LH5 2A53> A2>N 3>@4>ABL". @>1;5<K, A :>B>@K<8 AB0;:8205BAO MB0 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 2 >B=>H5=88 42CE A@54=8E 4>G5@59 (?> >4=>9 >B 8E ?@54K4CI8E 1@0:>2), >G5=L A8;L=> =0?><8=0NB 2>?@>AK, 2>;=>202H85 8E C<5@H8E @>48B5;59. >MB><C 8< =5>1E>48<> =0CG8BLAO A?@02;OBLAO A "?@87@0:0<8 A2>8E C<5@H8E AC?@C3>2" 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 45BO< =5 ?@8H;>AL =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?>2B>@8BL MBC G0ABL A5<59=>3> AF5=0@8O. >;LHCN G0ABL ?@82>48<KE 40==KE >:070;>AL 2>7<>6=K< ?>;CG8BL =0 >A=>25 <5B>48:8 35=>3@0<<K. (Guerin, Pendergast,1976,p.455-464) A?>;L7>20=85 5=>3@0<<0 A>45@68B 2 A515 3@><04=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8=D>@<0F88, ?@54AB02;5==>9 2 AE5<0B8G5A:>< 2845 =0 =51>;LH>< ?@>AB@0=AB25, GB> ?>72>;O5B >E20B8BL 2AN A5<59=CN 8AB>@8N 548=K< 273;O4><.  ?@>F5AA5 @01>BK =0 >A=>25 40==>9 B5E=8:8, G;5=K A5<L8 ?>;CG0NB 2>7<>6=>ABL A0<>845=B8D8:0F88, C7=0NB > B><, GB> 459AB28B5;L=> ?@>8AE>48B 2 8E A5<L5,> A2>8E 8AB>@8G5A:8E :>@=OE 8 > B><, :0: MB8 :>@=8 2;8ONB =0 A>2@5<5==>5 A>AB>O=85 >B=>H5=89 2 A5<L5. 01>B0O A 35=>3@0<<>9, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?><>GL A5<L5 @07@CH8BL M<>F8>=0;L=K5 @07@K2K, 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=K5 B@5C3>;L=8:8 8 0;LO=AK, A=878BL B@52>6=>ABL, B.5. ?@>8725AB8 ?>78B82=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. @><5 B>3> 35=>3@0<<0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <>I=>5 4803=>AB8G5A:>5 A@54AB2>, :>B>@>5 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO ?>4 C3;>< 7@5=8O :>=:@5B=KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E >@85=B0F89 40==>3> ?@>D5AA8>=0;0 (A<. B0:65 B5E=8:C "-:>:0@B0", 0 B0:65 4@C385, B5E=8:8, 87;>65==K5 2 40==>9 3;025 ). 3-21 /  "'/   1JOA=5=85 >;520O :0@B>G=0O 83@0 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 68=>9 345= 8 -== 528=(Ogden, Zevin, 1970) :0: ?A8E>B5E=8:0 4;O @01>BK A A5<L59. =0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =525@10;L=CN <5B>48:C, :>B>@0O 2KO2;O5B B5 @>;8 8 >1O70==>AB8 2> 2=CB@8A5<59=>< 2708<>459AB288, :>B>@K5 2K?>;=O5B :064K9 G;5= A5<L8. @8 @01>B5 A 40==>9 B5E=8:>9 AB0=>28BAO B0:65 OA=K< 8 E0@0:B5@ 270<>459AB28O A5<L8 ?@8 A>2<5AB=>< @5H5=88 B>9 8;8 8=>9 7040G8. #G0AB85 2 83@5 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL G;5=0< A5<L8 C2845BL 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?>;=K9 =01>@ >1O70==>AB59, :>B>@K9 ACI5AB2C5B 2 A5<L5 8 B>, :0: >=8 @0A?@545;ONBAO <564C 2A5<8 55 G;5=0<8. 7CG0NBAO B0:65 8=48284C0;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8, =530B82=K5 <5E0=87<K 8 A5<59=0O 48=0<8:0. ?8A0==0O 745AL B5E=8:0 27OB0 =5?>A@54AB25==> 87 @01>BK 68=K 345= 8 -== 528=. @>F54C@0 ';5=K A5<L8 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> >1AC645=8O 2K18@0NB :0@BK (A?8A>: 8E ?@82>48BAO =865) 4;O A51O 8 4;O 4@C38E.  :0@B0E >?8AK205BAO 4><0H=85 >1O70==>AB8, :>B>@K5 =5>1E>48<> :><C-B> 2K?>;=OBL 2 25G5@=55 2@5<O, :>340 845B ?>43>B>2:0 : C68=C, A>1AB25==> C68=, 0 ?>B>< A5<LO C:;04K205BAO A?0BL. @><5 B>3> 2 :0@B0E 8<5NBAO @O4 @>;59, :>B>@K5 G;5=K A5<L8 83@0NB 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 4@C3 A 4@C3><. ';5=K A5<L8 8<5NB 2>7<>6=>ABL A>3;0A8BLAO, 8;8, =0>1>@>B, =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A A>>B25BAB285< :064>9 :0@BK :>=:@5B=><C 8=48284C, 0 B0:65 >B:;>=8BL B5 :0@BK, :>B>@K5 >=8 =5 E>BOB 27OBL A515. " >;8->1O70==>AB8": @30=870B>@ 4><0, 0:C?I8: 54K, ;0=8@>2I8: C68=0, >9I8: ?>;0, 3> @52>AE>48B5;LAB2> ;>E>9 A?>;=8B5;L 2A5E A2>8E >1O70==>AB59, 0;LG8: =0 ?>153CH:0E, 0A?>@O48B5;L, #18@0;LI8: A> AB>;0 ?>A;5 54K, 5;0B5;L =0?8B:>2, >20@, 0:@K20;LI8: AB>;0, 073@C7G8: ?>AC4><>9:8, >@<8B5;L 682>B=KE, C?0;LI8: <0;5=L:8E 45B59, ">B, :B> C:;04K205B 45B59 A?0BL, !04>2K9 @01>B=8:, @30=870B>@ ?@074=8:>2, !>740B5;L ?@028;, 8AF8?;8=0@89, '5;>25:, >B25G0NI89 70 2A5. " >;8 2> 2708<>459AB288": >78B82=K5: >2>@OI89 ?@024C, ><>30NI89, >=8<0NI89, "2>@G5A:89, !G0AB;82K9, 8?;><0B. 530B82=K5: 128=8B5;L,#<8@>B2>@8B5;L, ><?LNB5@, 48=>:89 2>;:, !1820B5;L A B>;:C, 5@B20, @8:C=. &5;L 40==>3> C?@06=5=8O - 87CG8BL 2 @0<:0E ;8G=>AB=>-157>?0A=>9 :0@B>G=>9 83@K :0: G;5=K A5<L8 284OB A51O 8 4@C3 4@C30 2 B5@<8=0E >1O70==>AB59 8 A>F80;L=KE @>;59. @8 MB>< 206=> A;548BL 70 @07;8G8O<8 <564C B5<, :0: 40==K9 G5;>25: 2848B A0<>3> A51O 8 :0: 53> 284OB 4@C385. A8E>B5@0?52B 65 <>65B =01;N40BL A5<LN 2 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>9 =525@10;L=>9 A8BC0F88. 1>@C4>20=85, =5>1E>48<>5 4;O ?@>2545=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 2:;NG05B 2 A51O 36 @>;52KE :0@B (:0640O @>;L ?5G0B05BAO =0 >B45;L=>9 :0@B>G:5), ;8AB 1C<038, :0@0=40H 8 @578=>2CN ;5=BC, A:@5?;ONICN :>;>4C :0@B 4;O :064>3> CG0AB=8:0. !5<L5 =5>1E>48<> 40BL A;54CNICN 8=AB@C:F8N: "/ A59G0A @07;>6C ?5@54 20<8 :>;>4C :0@B. =5 1K E>B5;>AL, GB>1K :064K9 87 20A 2K1@0; :0@BK, 5<C A>>B25BAB2CNI85 8 ?>;>68; 1K 8E >:>;> A51O =0 AB>;5 B0:, GB>1K 4@C385 <>3;8 8E 2845BL. A;8 :B>-B> 2K1@0; :0@BC, :>B>@0O, :0: 2K AG8B05B5, 4>;6=0 ?@8=04;560BL 20<, 70?8H8B5 55 =0 ;8AB5 1C<038, :>B>@K9 ;568B ?5@54 20<8. > 8<59B5 2284C, GB> MB> =5 A>@52=>20=85 70 B>, :B> 1>;LH5 ?>;CG8B :0@B. 3@0BL =C6=> <>;G0, B0: GB>, ?>60;C9AB0, =5 @073>20@8209B5. 0@BK ?@54=07=0G5=K =5 B>;L:> 4;O 20H59 A5<L8, ?>MB><C =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8, GB>1K 1C:20;L=> 2A5 87 =8E 1K;8 2K1@0=K. K <>65B5 AG8B0BL, GB> :0:0O-B> >?@545;5==0O :0@B0 4>;6=0 ?@8=04;560BL 1>;LH5 G5< >4=><C G5;>25:C. A;8 MB> B0:, B> >B<5BLB5, ?>60;C9AB0, MB>, =0 20H59 1C<035". 064><C CG0AB=8:C 405BAO B0:65 8=AB@C:F8O ?@>25@8BL 25AL =01>@ :0@B 8 C1548BLAO 2 B><, GB> >=8 @0A?@545;5=K ?@028;L=>. "A;8 2K =5 A>3;0A=K A B5<, GB> :0:0O-B> >?@545;5==0O :0@B0 4>;6=0 ?@8=04;560BL 20< 8;8 :><C-B> 4@C3><C, =03>2>@8B5 8=D>@<0F8N >1 MB>< =0 <03=8B>D>=". @><5 B>3>: "A;8 :><C-B> ?>?0;0AL :0@B0, :>B>@0O, :0: 2K AG8B05B5, =5 4>;6=0 5<C ?@8=04;560BL, B0:65 A:068B5 >1 MB>< 8 ?>;>68B5 55 2 "=5?@028;L=CN :>;>4C". >340 :064K9 CG0AB=8: 8A?>;L7C5B A2>N 2>7<>6=>ABL 2KA:070BLAO ?> ?>2>4C :0@B 4@C38E, A5<L5 ?@54>AB02;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL 871028BLAO >B ;N1KE @>;59, :>B>@K5 8< =5 =@02OBAO, =57028A8<> >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> >=8 B>G=K. 0B5< :064>3> CG0AB=8:0 ?@>AOB >15@=CBL >AB02H85AO C =53> :0@BK @578=>2>9 ;5=B>9. 03=8B>D>= 8A?>;L7C5BAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< ?@8 >F5=:5 @57C;LB0B>2 "83@K". A8E>B5@0?52B A;CH05B 70?8AL 8 A>7405B AE5<K 4;O :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, ?><>30NI85 >?@545;8BL 8E @>;8 8 ?>78F88 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. @8<5@ !C?@C38 !LN 8 C3;0A 8 8E 420 AK=0-?>4@>AB:0 ?@>E>48;8 B5@0?8N. !LN 1K;0 =5C4>2;5B2>@5=0 >1I5=85< <564C =59, AK=>2LO<8 8 <C65<. '0AB> >=0 2?040;0 2 45?@5AA8N 8 GC2AB2>20;0 A51O >G5=L @0AAB@>5==>9 87-70 >B=>H5=89 2 A5<L5."5@0?52B ?@54;>68; A5<L5 ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 83@5 2 @>;52K5 :0@BK. 36 :0@B>G5: (?5@5G8A;5==KE @0=55) ;560;8 =0 AB>;5 87>1@065=8O<8 225@E. !5<L5 =04> 1K;> ?>A<>B@5BL =0 :0@BK 8 :064><C 2K1@0BL B5, :>B>@K5, ?> 53> <=5=8N, 1K;8 =081>;55 5<C 1;87:8. >B>< 8E ?>?@>A8;8 >B1@>A8BL B5 @>;8, >B :>B>@KE >=8 E>B5;8 1K >B:070BLAO. !B0;> OA=>, GB> !LN - "@01>G0O ;>H04:0" 2 4><5. # =55 B0:65 1K; =01>@ >1O70==>AB59, =5A>87<5@8<K9 A =03@C7:>9 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8. 7 8<5NI8EAO C =55 :0@B >=0 >B25@3;0 B5, :>B>@K5 E0@0:B5@87CNB 2708<>459AB285 2 A5<L5 A =530B82=>9 AB>@>=K 8 >B1@>A8;0 8E. "0: :0: MB> 1K;0 83@0 157 A;>2, A5<LO =5 1K;0 2BO=CB0 2 >1KG=K5 4;O =55 :@8:8 8 >128=5=8O. B<>AD5@0 1K;0 :>=B@>;8@C5<>9 8 A?>:>9=>9, G;5=K A5<L8 >B=>A8;8AL 4@C3 : 4@C3C B0:, :0: >=8 MB>3> =5 45;0;8 4><0. C3;0A, :>B>@K9 >1KG=> 3>2>@8;, GB> 53> B@C4 2 A04C - 4>AB0B>G=K9 2:;04 2 @01>BC ?> 4><C, B5?5@L >A>7=0;, GB> MB>3> <0;>. >340 <0;LG8:8 =03;O4=> C1548;8AL 2 =5A?@0254;82>AB8 @0A?@545;5=8O @01>BK, >=8 2KA:070;8 65;0=85 27OBL =0 A51O 5I5 :0:85-=81C4L 701>BK. 5@5@0A?@545;5=85 >1O70==>AB59 ?@>8AE>48;> 2 A?>:>9=>9 8 <8@=>9 >1AB0=>2:5, 157 :@8:>2 8 >128=5=89. ';5=K A5<L8 E>B5;8 G5AB=> @0A?@545;8BL >1O70==>AB8. @><5 B>3>, !LN C2845;0, GB> >=0 ?>;CG8;0 <=>3> >B@8F0B5;L=KE "@>;59 2708<>459AB28O". 5 =5 CAB@0820;8 B0:85 @>;8 :0: ":@8:C=" 8 ">128=8B5;L" 8 >=0 E>B5;0 2<5AB> MB>3> ?@8>1@5AB8 @>;8 "B2>@G5A:>3> G5;>25:0" 8 "AG0AB;82>3> G5;>25:0". 5 <C6 8 AK=>2LO ?>78B82=> 2>A?@8=O;8 55 65;0=85 87<5=8BL AB8;L >1I5=8O. >=5G=>, MB0 B5E=8:0 =5 @07@5H05B 2A5 ?@>1;5<K @0A?@545;5=8O @>;59 8 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 A5<L5, => >=0 405B B5@0?52BC 2>7<>6=>ABL @0AA<>B@5BL MB8 ?@>1;5<K 157 2AO:>3> 402;5=8O A> AB>@>=K. @><5 B>3>, A5<LO <>65B C2845BL @0A?@545;5=85 >1O70==>AB59 2 3@0D8G5A:>< 2845. -B>B ?>4E>4 >B;8G05BAO >B >1KG=>3> A?>A>10 >1AC645=8O A5<59=KE @>;59, :>B>@K9 G0AB> ?@>E>48B 2 A8BC0F88 A?>@0. = ?>72>;O5B G;5=0< A5<L8 2 0B<>AD5@5 ?>78B82=>9 3@C??>2>9 @01>BK 27OBL =0 A51O =>2K5 @>;8 8 >B1@>A8BL AB0@K5. 8A. 4 - MB> =570?>;=5==0O B01;8F0, 2 :>B>@>9 8<55BAO A5<L :>;>=>:, =5 AG8B0O :>;>=:8 4;O 8<5=8. >B 8E 703;028O: + (4;O ?>;>68B5;L=KE E0@0:B5@8AB8:) ; - (4;O >B@8F0B5;L=KE E0@0:B5@8AB8:); K1@0==K5 (@>;8, 2K1@0==K5 4;O A51O 83@>:><); 0==K5 (2A5 @>;8, 40==K5 83@>:C 4@C38<8, 8 ?@8=OBK5 8 =5B); 5?@028;L=K5 (@>;8, 40==K5 83@>:C, :>B>@K5, ?> 53> <=5=8N, =5 ?@028;L=K 8 :>B>@K5 >= =5 E>G5B ?@8=8<0BL); 5 A>>B25BA2CNI85 (@>;8, :>B>@K5 ?> <=5=8N 4@C38E 83@>:>2, =5 ?>4E>4OB 40==><C 83@>:C). 5 ?@8=OBK5 (@>;8, :>B>@K5 83@>: >B1@>A8; 2 :>=F5 83@K). A?>;L7>20=85  >F5=:5 @>;52>9 :0@B>G=>9 83@K 4>;6=K 8AA;54>20BLAO =5A:>;L:> 0A?5:B>2: #/: 1.$0:BK, F5==>AB8 8 A<KA;K, :>B>@K5 @0745;ONBAO G;5=0<8 A5<L8. !>3;0H5=8O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 > @>;OE 27OBKE 4;O A51O 8 4@C38E. /2;ONBAO ;8 1>;LH8=AB2> @>;59 B>G=> AD>@<C;8@>20==K<8 - 8;8 65 >=8 ;>6=K 8 =5 4>;6=K 4>AB0BLAO =8:><C? 2.B25BAB25==>ABL. 1@0B8B5 2=8<0=85 =0 @0A?@545;5=85 >1O70==>AB59 8 B>, :0:0O <>45;L ?> ?>2>4C MB>3> 8<55BAO C @>48B5;59 8 A;C68B MB0;>=>< 4;O 45B59? 0:85 :>=:@5B=> >1O70==>AB8 2K18@0NBAO @07=K<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8? 3.>78B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 4@C3 A 4@C3><. AB02;ONB ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 4@C3 4@C3C 2 B5G5=88 83@K ?>78B82=K5 @>;8. 4.!?>A>1=>ABL 83@0BL. ! C4>2>;LAB285< ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 83@0NB? !:CG=> ;8 8< 2> 2@5<O 83@K 8;8 25A5;>? 0AB>@>5=K ;8 >=8 =0 A>@52=>20=85 4@C3 A 4@C3><? 5.@8=OB85 8 ?>445@6:0 8=48284C0;L=KE @07;8G89. >?CA:05BAO ;8 2 40==>9 A5<L5 >B;8G0BLAO >B 4@C38E 8 87<5=OBL CAB0=>282H89AO >1@07 A51O? !?>A>1=K ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 >B25@30BL @>;8, :>B>@K5 8< ?@8?8AK20NB? B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A ?> ACB8 A2O70= A> A?>A>1=>ABLN A5<L8 4020BL A2>8< G;5=0< A2>1>4C 1KBL 4@C38<8, ?>445@6820BL 8E >A>15==>ABL 8 A0<>F5==>ABL. 6. >;8, ?@8=OBK5 A0<8< AC1J5:B>< "=5 =0 ?>:07". C<0NB ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 A0<8 > A515 8 > 4@C38E 2 ?>78B82=>< :;NG5 8;8 8=K5 <>3CB >B25@30BLAO :0: "?;>E85", 8;8 B0:85, :>B>@K5 2A5 2@5<O >128=ONB, ?@848@0NBAO 8 B.4. "+ %+: 1. #=865=8O. 530B82=K5 A>F80;L=K5 @>;8, :>B>@K5 G;5=K A5<L8 ?@8?8AK20NB 4@C3 4@C3C ?;NA =530B82=K5 2KA:07K20=8O, 70D8:A8@>20==K5 =0 <03=8B>D>=5. 2. !0<>C=865=8O. 530B82=K5 A>F80;L=K5 @>;8, :>B>@K5 G;5=K A5<L8 2K18@0NB 4;O A0<8E A51O, ?;NA A>>B25BAB2CNI85 CAB=K5 2KA:07K20=8O. 3. @C385 =530B82=K5 <5E0=87<K. 5045:20B=K5 HCB:8 8 =5=C6=K5 2>?@>AK (=5>1E>48<> D8:A8@>20BL 8 B>, 8 4@C3>5). !/ : 1.!5:A87<. 0A?@545;ONBAO ;8 >1O70==>AB8 =0 >A=>25 B@048F8>==>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > ?>;>2KE @>;OE? K18@05B ;8 A@07C 65 <C6/>B5F @>;L "!>740B5;O ?@028;" 8 "8AF8?;8=0@8O"? >3CB ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 ?@5>4>;5BL B@048F8>==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O > B8?8G=>-65=A:8< 8 B8?8G=>-<C6A:8E >1O70==>ABOE? 2.>8A:8 :>7;>2 >B?CI5=8O. K18@05B ;8 :B>-=81C4L :0@BC "5@B20" 8;8 <>65B 1KBL :B>-B> MBC :0@BC ?>;CG05B(2 40==>< A;CG05 206=> 5I5 8 B>, ?@8=8<05BAO ;8 :0@B0 8;8 >B25@305BAO)? B> ?@8=8<05B =0 A51O @>;L "!?0A8B5;O"? 3.!8;0. B> 2K?>;=O5B 1>;LHCN G0ABL >1O70==>AB59, :B> ?@8?8AK205B 8E 4@C38< 8 :B> ?@8=8<05B B5 >1O70==>AB8, :>B>@K5 ?@8?8AK20NBAO 5<C 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8. 4.!5<59=K5 0;LO=AK. B> @0745;O5B >1O70==>AB8 A 4@C38<8(A :5< 8<5==>)? 1J548=ONBAO ;8 G;5=K A5<L8 2 3@C??K 4;O ?@8?8AK20=88 4@C38< =530B82=KE @>;59? 5.=52. B> >B18@05B @>;8 C 4@C38E,45;0O C?>@ =0 =530B82=><. @8 MB>< 8=>340 3=52 ;568B =0 ?>25@E=>AB8, 0 8=>340 A:@KB. 6.-<>F8>=0;L=0O ?>445@6:0. A;8 G;5=K A5<L8 @0A?@545;ONB >1O70==>AB8 A?@0254;82>, ?@8?8AK20O 4@C3 4@C3C B>;L:> ?>78B82=K5 @>;8 8 >B18@0O :0@B>G:8 A =530B82=K<8 @>;O<8 - B> B0:8< >1@07>< >=8 ?@>O2;ONB 2 83@5 M<>F8>=0;L=CN ?>445@6:C(8;8 <>65B 1KBL AB@5<OBAO ?@>8725AB8 1;03>?@8OB=>5 2?5G0B;5=85 =0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 2K3;O45BL 2 ;CGH5< A25B5). 7.>?@>AK, :>B>@K5 =5 >1AC640NBAO 8 O2;ONBAO A:@KBK<8. !:@KBK5 :>=D;8:BK, > :>B>@KE =5 3>2>@OB. !C645=8O > B><, :0:>2 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 B>B 8;8 8=>9 G;5= A5<L8 8 GB> 5<C =C6=> >B 4@C38E - 2A5 MB> <>65B 1KBL 2KO2;5=> 2 E>45 83@K. !;54C5B B0:65 >B<5G0BL =525@10;L=K5 ?@>O2;5=8O ?>2545=8O. 0AB@>5=85 C G;5=>2 A5<L8 E>@>H55 8;8 =5 >G5=L? !;CG0;8AL ;8 2> 2@5<O 83@K C 55 CG0AB=8:>2 ?@>=78B5;L=K5 2>?;8, ?@>O2;5=85 3=520, =5?@54CA<>B@5==K9 ?@028;0<8 70E20B :0@B, =5>1C740==>5 25A5;L5? ;8 65 2A5 ?@>8AE>48;> >@30=87>20==> 8 A?>:>9=>? 0A:;04K20;8 ;8 CG0AB=8:8 A2>8 :0@BK B0:, GB>1K 4@C385 <>3;8 8E C2845BL 8;8 65 >=8 8E @071@0AK20;8, ?@OB0;8, :840;8 =0 ?>; 8 B.4. 0==0O B5E=8:0 157CA;>2=> <>65B >:070BLAO >G5=L ?>;57=>9 4;O A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2, B0: :0: ?>72>;O5B 8< 70 :>@>B:89 ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8 A>1@0BL 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8=D>@<0F88 > A5<L5 8 > B><, :0: 55 G;5=K 2708<>459AB2CNB 4@C3 A 4@C3><. #?@06=5=85 C1548B5;L=> ?>:07K205B A5<L5 - :B> :0:85 >1O70==>AB8 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 2K?>;=O5B 8 ?>72>;O5B A5<L5 8A:0BL =>2K5 1>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=K5 ?CB8 2 @0A?@545;5=88 4><0H=53> B@C40. A5 A:@KBK5 CAB0=>2:8, :0: ?>78B82=K5, B0: 8 =530B82=K5, ?> ?>2>4C >1O70==>AB59 2A?;K20NB 745AL =0 ?>25@E=>ABL. %>BO ?> ?>2>4C =5:>B>@KE >1O70==>AB59 ;N48 8 AB>=CB, A>>B25BA2CNI85 :0@BK =5 >B1@0:>2K20NBAO. 3-22 - ":  "  ! !!"+ 1JOA=5=85 -:>:0@B0 - B5E=8:0, ?@54;>65==0O -BB8=LN 8 %0@B<0=>< (Atteneave,1976) 8 (Hartman,1979). 5 F5;L - AE5<0B8G5A:8 87>1@078BL A5<LN 8 87CG8BL 55 ?>B@51=>AB8, 0 B0:65 2708<>A2O78 40==>9 A5<L8 A 4@C38<8 A5<LO<8, A>F80;L=K<8 >@30=870F8O<8 8 8=AB8BCB0<8. 0?@O65=8O, ?>445@6:0 8 <=>65AB2> 4@C38E ?@>O2;5=89 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 8 <5B0A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 =0 >A=>25 MB>9 <5B>48:8 <>3CB 1KBL ?@54AB02;5=K >G5=L =03;O4=>. >3CB 1KBL 2KO2;5=K B0:65 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 8 D8=0=A>2K5 @5AC@AK A5<L8. -:>:0@B0 O2;O5BAO =5>1E>48<>9 A>AB02=>9 G0ABLN AB@0B5388 :>>@48=0F88 :><?;5:A=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8 A5<L5, >@85=B8@>20==>9 =0 @0AH8@5==CN A5<LN 8 <5B0A5<59=K9 :>=B5:AB - >=0 ?>72>;O5B 70459AB2>20BL 4;O ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 <0:A8<0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 8=48284>2. ;02=K9 2>?@>A, =0 :>B>@K9 <>6=> >B25B8BL ?@8 @01>B5 A 40==>9 B5E=8:>9 - :B> <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< A5<L5 2 55 @>AB5? ABL ;8 ;N48 2 >:@C65=88 :;85=B>2 (@>4AB25==8:8, A>A548, :>;;538 ?> @01>B5), :>B>@K5 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 <>3;8 1K ?><>GL, => A5<LO : =8< ?> @O4C ?@8G8= =5 >1@0I0;0AL? -B> 65 :0A05BAO ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2, :>B>@K5 ?><>30NB A5<L5 - CG8B5;59, A>F80;L=KE @01>B=8:>2, 2@0G59 8 B.4. - >=8 >1KG=> AAK;0NBAO 4@C3 =0 4@C30, => =8:>340 =5 2AB@5G0NBAO. !BM=B>=K (Stanton,Stanton ,1984) ?>4G5@:820NB, GB> :0640O A>F80;L=0O A8AB5<0 8;8 8=48284, 2708<>459AB2CNI85 A A5<L59, 8<5NB B5=45=F8N ?>4B0;:820BL 55 2 C4>1=>< 8 ?@82KG=>< 4;O =8E =0?@02;5=88, 8 MB> G0AB> O2;O5BAO ?@8G8=>9 =0?@O65=89 8 :>=D;8:B>2 2 A5<L5. @><5 B>3>, MBC 845N, 2KA:070==CN ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, A5<LO :0: ?@028;> >B25@305B, >=0 >:07K205BAO A;8H:>< ;8G=>AB=>-A;>6=>9 4;O =8E. 0@B8@>20=85 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A5<L8 A 2=5H=8< <8@>< >?@545;O5B 4@C38E ;N459, :>B>@K5 O2;ONBAO M<>F8>=0;L=> 7=0G8<K<8 4;O :;85=B>2, 2:;NG0O 8 B5E, :>3> A59G0A =5B @O4>< A =8<8. ;03>40@O >?8A0B5;L=>9 ?@8@>45 <5B>48:8 8 B>9 15A54K, :>B>@0O <>65B 1KBL ?@>2545=0 =0 55 >A=>25 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC AB0=>28BAO OA=>9 AB5?5=L M<>F8>=0;L=>9 8 D878G5A:>9 1;87>AB8 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8. "0:65 <>3CB 1KBL 87CG5=K 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8, 4065 5A;8 MB> 87CG5=85 M<>F8>=0;L=> B@C4=> 4;O :;85=B>2 8 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 =5GB> 3>@074> 1>;LH55, G5< A>AB02;5=85 A?8A:0 "7=0G8<KE 4@C38E". A;8 A5<LO >A>7=05B, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2?>;=5 >B405B A515 >BG5B 2 A;>6=>AB8 8 70?CB0==>AB8 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89, >=8 1C4CB A 1>;LH59 3>B>2=>ABLN 45;8BLAO A =59 A>:@>25==>9 8=D>@<0F859 > A2>59 687=8. !>AB02;OO M:>:0@BC A5<L8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?> ACB8 45;0 ?@8A>548=O5BAO : =59, AB0=>28BAO 55 G;5=><, :0:-1K @01>B05B A =8<8 =04 >4=8< >1I8< ?@>5:B><, GB> -BB8=LN =07K205B "?@>F5AA>< @5B@810;870F88"("retribalization process"). @>F54C@0 0==K5 <>3CB 1KBL ?>;CG5=K >B A0<>3> 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> ?0F85=B0 8;8 >B 2A59 A5<L8. 1AC640NBAO @07=K5 A2O78 A5<L8, =0 :>B>@K5 >=0 <>65B ?>;>68BLAO. @8 MB>< <>3CB 1KBL 7040=K A;54CNI85 >1I85 2>?@>AK: "# 0A 1>;LH0O A5<LO?" "K @01>B05B5?" "0H8 A>A548 ?><>30NB 20<?" >AB5?5==> ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?5@59B8 : 1>;55 :>=:@5B=K< 2>?@>A0<: ";87:8 ;8 2K A G;5=0<8 20H59 A5<L8?" "@028BAO ;8 20< 20H0 @01>B0?" ">3> 2K <>65B5 ?>?@>A8BL > ?><>I8?" " 0AA:068B5 > A2>8E @>4AB25==8:0E - 345 >=8 682CB, G5< 70=8<0NBAO?" "0: G0AB> 2K 2AB@5G05B5AL, 72>=8B5 4@C3 4@C3C, ?5@5?8AK205B5AL?" ":B82=> ;8 2K CG0AB2C5B5 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 F5@:>2=>9 >1I8=K?" "ABL ;8 C 20A :>=B0:B A 04<8=8AB@0F859 H:>;K, 2 :>B>@>9 CG0BAO 20H8 45B8?" "ABL ;8 C 20A A5<59=K9 4>:B>@?" "ABL ;8 C 20A 1;87:85 4@C7LO?" "'B> 64CB >B 20A 20H8 1;87:85, 4@C7LO, =0G0;LAB2>?" >;CG5==0O 8=D>@<0F8O 70B5< 70=>A8BAO 2 :0@BC. 708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C ;N4L<8 87>1@060NBAO 2 B5@<8=0E 8E 7=0G8<>AB8 8 1;87>AB8. N48, 682CI85 ?>4 >4=>9 :@KH59 3@C??8@CNBAO 1;865 4@C3 : 4@C3C, G5< 4@C385. B<5G0NBAO ?>78B82=K5 8 =530B82=K5 CAB0=>2:8 (A B>G:8 7@5=8O 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> :;85=B0). =0:><K5 4@C3 4@C3C 8=48284K A>548=ONBAO ;8=8O<8. >340 2>7=8:05B ?>4>7@5=85 =0 :0:85-=81C4L A?5F8D8G5A:85 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C F5=B@0;L=K<8 D83C@0<8 2 A5<L5 - ?@>2>48BAO A?5F80;L=>5 87CG5=85 A2O759 <564C 3@C??0<8 8 :;0AB5@0<8. @8 MB>< ;53:> 2KO2;ONBAO 8=48284K, =0E>4OI85AO 2 87>;OF88, 0 B0:65 2A52>7<>6=K5 0;LO=AK. @><5 B>3> 87CG0NBAO 2>?@>AK A5:A0, :0@L5@K, 0 B0:65 B>, :>3> <>6=> 2:;NG0BL 2 A5<LN, A B>G:8 7@5=8O 55 G;5=>2, 0 :>3> - =5B. !>1AB25==> ?@>F5AA A>AB02;5=8O M:>:0@BK A5<L8 >A=>2K205BAO =0 A8<2>;0E 8 B5E=8:0E, ?@82KG=KE 4;O 35=>3@0<<K 8 A>F8>3@0<<K (A<. A>>B25BAB2CNI85 @0745;K 40==>3> ?>A>18O). 865 1C4CB ?@82545=K A?5F8D8G5A:85 B>;L:> 4;O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 A8<2>;K. @C385 A8AB5<K = "5A=K5 2708<>A2O78 = !;01K5 2708<>A2O78 = >=D;8:B=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O = @07@K2 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A 8=48284>< A?@020 = @07@K2 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A 8=48284>< A;520 = @07@K2 2708<>>B=>H5=89 4;O >1>8E 8=48284>2 = 072>4 = ?5:C=K 2 @072>45 = "5G5=85 M=5@388, @5AC@AK = 0?@02;5=85 42865=8O = #<5@H89 G5;>25: = @8<5@  MB>< ?@8<5@5 ?@82>48BAO M:>:0@B0 4;O A;CG0O =5?>;=>9 A5<L8, A>AB>OI59 87 <0B5@8 8 42CE 4>G5@59 (A<. @8A.5). =0 A>AB>8B 87 <0B5@8- >15@BK (@072545==>9 A >BF><, 6>), 8 42CE 45B59, !0;;8 8 8<.  M:>:0@BC 2:;NG5=K B0:65 4@C385 A>F80;L=K5 >@30=870F88, 4@C7LO 8 @>4AB25==8:8. 45=B8D8F8@>20==K< ?0F85=B>< O2;O5BAO 8<, C :>B>@>9 8<5NBAO ?@>1;5<K 2 H:>;5, 4><0 8 2 >B=>H5=8OE A 4@C7LO<8. 8< 3@8<0A=8G05B 2 H:>;5, 2545B A51O :0: :;>C=, GB> G0AB> O2;O5BAO 8AB>G=8:>< :>=D;8:B>2 A CG8B5;O<8. 8@5:B>@ 8 H:>;L=K9 ?A8E>;>3 @073>20@820NB A 8< 8 ?@83;0H0NB 2 H:>;C >15@BC. # 8< 5ABL 42>5 4@C759, 682CI8E 2 B>< 65 :20@B0;5, A :>B>@K<8 >=0 ?>@>9 83@05B, ?@54?>G8B0O 8E H:>;L=K< ?@8OB5;O<. !0;;8 - ?@8;56=0O CG5=8F0, >=0 E>@>H> GC2AB2C5B A51O 2 H:>;5, 345 C =55 8<55BAO :@C3 4@C759. # =55 =0G8=05B ?@>1C640BLAO 8=B5@5A : <0;LG8:0<. =0 G0AB> @C305B 8<, 4><8=8@CO =04 =59. 52>G:0< =@028BAO ?@>2>48BL 2@5<O A A5<L59 6>. >15@B0 @01>B05B <54A5AB@>9. 9 =@028BAO @01>B0 8 55 C4>2;5B2>@O5B ?>;CG05<K9 70@01>B>:. 0 M:>:0@B5 MB> >B=>H5=85 ?@54AB02;5=> ?>78B82=>9 A2O7LN A 1>;L=8F59, 84CI59 2 42CE =0?@02;5=8OE. %>BO 845=B8D8F8@>20==K< ?0F85=B>< O2;O5BAO 8<, OA=>, GB> 8<5==> >15@B0 1>;LH5 2A53> =C6405BAO 2 ?>445@6:5, 1C4CG8 2>2;5G5==>9 2 1>;LH8=AB2> :>=D;8:B>2. =0 GC2AB2C5B >48=>G5AB2> 8 87>;OF8N. 0==K9 ?@8<5@ 8;;NAB@8@C5B B>, :0: ?@>F5AA A>740=8O M:>:0@BK ?>1C6405B 2A5E 2>2;5G5==KE ;8F, B5@0?52B0 8 ?0F85=B>2, ?@8;030BL A>2<5AB=K5 CA8;8O 2 A1>@5 8=D>@<0F88. >2;5G5=85 2 MBC A>2<5AB=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL ?>72>;8;> >15@B5, 45BO< 8 B5@0?52BC =0G0BL @072820BL >B=>H5=8O, >A=>20==K5 =0 2708<=>< 4>25@88 8 701>B5 4@C3 > 4@C35. ?8AK20O ?@>1;5<C, >15@B0 3>2>@8;0 >1 8A?KBK205<>< 59 GC2AB25 @07>G0@>20=8O. =0 >ICI0;0, GB> B5@O5B :>=B@>;L =04 A2>8<8 4>G5@L<8. 7 @8AC=:0 5 284=>, GB> >15@B0 O2;O5BAO <0B5@LN 42CE 452>G5:. ;04H0O, 8<, O2;O5BAO 8AB>G=8:>< ?@>1;5< 2 H:>;5. 01>B=8:8 H:>;K G0AB> ?@>AOB >15@BC 7018@0BL 8< 4><>9 87 H:>;K. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> MB> O2;O5BAO ?@>O2;5=85< 701>BK A 8E AB>@>=K, >15@B0 A5@48BAO =0 @01>B=8:>2 H:>;K 8 GC2AB2C5B, GB> >=0 =5 A?@02;O5BAO A B@51>20=8O<8, :>B>@K5, :0: >=0 GC2AB2C5B, ?@54JO2;O5B 59 H:>;0. 01>B=8:8 H:>;K 0:B82=> ?KB0NBAO =09B8 ?CB8 @07@5H5=8O A8BC0F88 A 8<. 1@0B8B5 2=8<0=85, GB> =0 M:>:0@B5 H:>;0 87>1@065=0 :0: >@30=870F8O, ?>445@6820NI0O 8<, 0 >B=>H5=85 >15@BK : H:>;5 - :0: :>=D;8:B=>5. >15@B0 @072545=0 A 6> C65 G5BK@5 3>40. -B> >B=>H5=85 87>1@065=> =0 4803@0<<5 :0: :>=D;8:B=>5, B0: :0: >15@B0 2>7<CI5=0 157>B25BAB25==>ABLN 6> 2 >B=>H5=88 <0B5@80;L=>3> >15A?5G5=8O 45B59. >48B5;8 6> 1;87:8 : 45BO< 8 ?KB0NBAO ?><>GL >15@B5 A 45BL<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 A <0B5@80;L=>9 AB>@>=K. 4=0:> >15@B0 >1865=0 =0 A5<LN 6> 8 2A;54AB285 MB>3> 59 B@C4=> ?@8=OBL 8E ?><>IL. =0 3>2>@8B, GB> =5 >B7K205BAO =0 8E ?>?KB:8 ?5@5<8@8O, 8 MB> ?>:070=> =0 4803@0<<5 ?@8 ?><>I8 AB@5;>:, >1@0I5==KE >B A5<L8 6> : >15@B5, ?@8 B><, GB> AB@5;:8, 84CI85 >B >15@BK : 8E A5<L5, >BACBAB2CNB. %>BO 2 N=>AB8 >15@B0 C45;O;0 7=0G8B5;L=>5 2@5<O F5@:28, B5?5@L MB0 A2O7L =5 83@05B 2 55 687=8 ACI5AB25==>9 @>;8. !5<LO >15@BK 6825B 70 2 000 <8;L >B =55, 8 >=0 55 ?>GB8 =5 ?>A5I05B. 10 MB8E B8?0 >B=>H5=89 ?>:070=K ?C=:B8@><, GB> C:07K205B =0 >BACBAB285 A8;L=>9 A2O78. # >15@BK 5ABL =5A:>;L:> 4@C759, 8 >=0 ?><>305B 8< G5< <>65B (=0?@8<5@, E>48B 2 <03078= 8;8 =O=G8B <0;5=L:8E 45B59), >4=0:> 59 =5C4>1=> ?@>A8BL 8E > =5>1E>48<>9 59 ?><>I8. -B> 87>1@065=> =0 M:>:0@B5 ?@8 ?><>I8 AB@5;>:, :>B>@K5 ?>:07K20NB ?5@540GC M=5@388 >B >15@BK : 55 4@C7LO<. >15@B0 A 1>;LH8< 2=8<0=85< 87CG0;0 =03;O4=>5 >?8A0=85 A2>59 A5<L8 8 55 >B=>H5=89 : @07;8G=K< ;N4O< 8 >@30=870F8O<. -:>:0@B0 ?><>3;0 59 C2845BL, GB> >=0 =5 8A?>;L7>20;0 ?>;=>ABLN ?>445@6:C, :>B>@0O 1K;0 59 4>ABC?=0. "5@0?52B 2<5AB5 A >15@B>9 >1AC48;8, :0:8< >1@07>< >15@B0 <>3;0 GC2AB2>20BL A51O 1>;55 :><D>@B=>, >1@0I0OAL 70 ?><>ILN : 4@C7LO<. @><5 B>3> >=8 8AA;54>20;8 2>7<>6=>ABL 1>;LH53> ?@8=OB8O >15@B>9 A5<L8 6>, F5=O 8 ?@825BAB2CO 8E 701>BC > 45BOE 8 ?><>IL 8<, GB> A:>@55 2A53> ?><>65B 45BO< ?>445@6820BL >B=>H5=8O A A5<L59 6>. -B> B0:65 ?><>65B >15@B5 ;CGH5 A?@02;OBLAO A 3@C7>< >B25BAB25==>AB8 2>A?8B0=8O 42CE 4>G5@59. A?>;L7>20=85 !0<> CG0AB85 2 A>AB02;5=85 M:>:0@BK A5<L8 8 87CG5=85 ?>;CG82H59AO 4803@0<<K AB8<C;8@C5B >1AC645=85 B>3>, :0:85 @5AC@AK 8<5NBAO C 40==>9 A5<L8 4;O C;CGH5=8O 55 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O, :0:>2K 745AL 8AB>G=8:8 =0?@O65=8O 8 :>=D;8:B>2. -B> ?@5645 2A53> 206=> 4;O 70:@KBKE A5<59, :>B>@K5 20@OBAO 2 A>1AB25==>< A>:C 8 =5 <>3CB =09B8 =5A><=5==> C65 ACI5AB2CNI85 2>:@C3 =8E @5AC@AK 4;O C;CGH5=8O ?>;>65=8O. -:>:0@B0 >A>1> ?>;57=0 4;O A5<59, :>B>@K5 ?@54JO2;ONB ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =5 >4=C, 0 =5A:>;L:> ?@>1;5<. 5 B>;L:> ?A8E>B5@0?52BK, => 8 4@C385 A>F80;L=K5 @01>B=8:8 <>3CB =09B8 40==CN B5E=8:C 25AL<0 ?>;57=>9 4;O 87CG5=8O <5B0A5<59=>9 A@54K 8 B5E AB@5AA>2KE D0:B>@>2, :>B>@K5 8<5NBAO 2> 2708<>459AB28OE 40==>9 A5<L8 A 4@C38<8 A>F80;L=K<8 8=AB8BCB0<8. 064><C A>F80;L=><C 8=AB8BCBC 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 GB>-B> =C6=> >B 40==>9 A5<L8, >=8 A:;>==K A5<L59 <0=8?C;8@>20BL, 2ABC?0O ?@8 MB>< 2 ?@>B82>@5G8O 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 4@C3 A 4@C3>< A>@52=COAL. 06=> C2845BL 2 MB8E A>F80;L=KE 8=AB8BCB0E 8AB>G=8:8 @5AC@A>2, 0 =5 B>;L:> 8AB>G=8:8 =530B82=KE <0=8?C;OB82=KE 2;8O=89. =D>@<0F8O, :>B>@CO 405B A5<LO 2 E>45 70?>;=5=8O M:>:0@BK, 2 8=KE CA;>28OE <>65B =5 ?@>O28BLAO, > G5<-B> >=8 <>3CB ?@>AB> 701KBL A:070BL, GB>-B> =5 1C45B C?><O=CB> 87-70 5AB5AB25==>3> 4;O ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88 A>?@>B82;5=8O. -:>:0@B0 C:07K205B =0 <5AB> :064>3> G5;>25:0 2 A5<L5 8 2 1>;55 H8@>:>< <5B0A5<59=>< :>=B5:AB5. !B0=>2OBAO >G5284=K<8 87>;8@>20==K5 8=48284K, 72574K 8 2A52>7<>6=K5 0;LO=AK. 0?>;=5=85 M:>:0@BK <>65B A45;0BL 2>7<>6=>9 2AB@5GC ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2, @01>B0NI8E A A5<L59, 4@C759 A5<L8 ( Speck, Atteneave ,1973) 8;8 A>740=85 "AC@@>30B=>9 A5<L8"( Lifton, Tavantzis , 1979) - !<.B5E=8:C "!C@@>30B=0O A5<59=0O 3@C??0" 2 7-9 3;025. 3-23 !/ (/ 1JOA=5=85 !>;><5==0O 10H=O - MB> C?@06=5=85, 040?B8@>20==>5 5:<0=>< (Peckman, 1984) 87 3@C?>2>9 @01>BK 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. @C??C :;85=B>2 ?@>AOB 27OBL :>@>1>G:C A A>;><:>9, :;59:CN ;5=BC 8 2<5AB5 ?>AB@>8BL A>;><5==CN 10H=N. "0:65 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 8 4@C385 <0B5@80;K, =0?@8<5@, AB@>8B5;L=K5 1;>:8. -B0 B5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?@O<> =01;N40BL :0: G;5=K A5<L8 254CB A51O 2 A8BC0F88, B@51CNI59 A>2<5AB=KE CA8;89. @8 2K?>;=5=88 ?>AB02;5==>9 7040G8 G;5=K A5<L8 254CB A51O B0:65, :0: 8 2 >1KG=>9 687=8. 0@O4C A 4@C38<8 A>F8><5B@8G5A:8<8 B5E=8:0<8, MB> C?@06=5=85 2KO2;O5B ;845@>2 2 A5<L5, C<5=85 C15640BL, BC?8:8 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE, 2708<=CN ?>445@6:C, 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 A>N7K, 87>;8@>20==KE 8=48284>2, 3@0=8FK, 8 4@C3CN A>F80;L=CN 48=0<8:C 2 A8AB5<5 A5<59=KE >B=>H5=89. !B02O ?5@54 :;85=B0<8 7040GC ?>AB@>8BL "A>;><5==CN 10H=N", B5@0?52B ?>;CG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL =01;N40BL ?>2545=85 A5<L8 =5 ?> @0AA:070< ?0F85=B>2, 0 =5?>A@54AB25==> 2 459AB288. @>F54C@0 ;O :064>9 3@C??K, AB@>OI59 A>;><5==CN 10H=N, =C65= ?0:5B A ?@81;878B5;L=> AB0 A>;><8=:0<8 8 :;59:0O ;5=B0. >A;5 B>3> :0: G;5=K A5<L8 A>3;0A8;8AL 2K?>;=8BL ?@54;>65==CN 7040GC, 8< 40NBAO A;54CNI85 8=AB@C:F88: "=5 1K E>B5;>AL, GB>1K 2K 2A5 2<5AB5 27O;8 2>B MBC A>;><:C 8 ?>AB@>8;8 A>;><5==CN 10H=N. / 1K E>B5;0, GB>1K ?@8 ?>AB@>5=88 10H=8 2K ?>?KB0;8AL 1K A>2<5AB=> 4>AB8GL >?@545;5==KE F5;59. 0H0 10H=O 4>;6=0 1KBL >@838=0;L=>9 ?> D>@<5, :@0A82>9, E>@>H> A:>=AB@C8@>20==>9, B> 5ABL A?>A>1=>9 AB>OBL 157 ?>445@6:8, 4>;3>25G=>9 8 ?5@5=>A8<>9 =0 @0AAB>O=85. K 4>;6=K C;>68BLAO 2 >B2545==>5 2@5<O (@5:><5=4C5BAO 10-15 <8=CB)". 0;55 40NBAO @5:><5=40F88 ?5@2K5 ?OBL <8=CB AB@>8BL 10H=N, =5 3>2>@O 4@C3 4@C3C =8 A;>20. -B> B@51>20=85 <>65B C25;8G8BL D@CAB@0F8N 8 ?>72>;8B, >1>94O =5:>B>@K5 10@L5@K, 2KO28BL @07;8G=K5 C@>25=8 2708<>459AB28O 2 MB>9 A5<L5. @>=01;N402 70 ?@>8AE>4OI8< 2 B5G5=85 8-15 <8=CB, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B B0:65 2<5H0BLAO 2 ?@>F5AA, 4020O A>25BK, 2ABC?0O 2 A>N7K A 2=CB@8A5<59=K<8 ?>4A8AB5<0<8, GB>1K ?><>GL 8< C2845BL, GB> >=8 45;0NB, >1JOA=8BL 8< ?@>8AE>4OI55 A ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, B0: GB>1K 8 G;5=K A5<L8 <>3;8 1K B0:65 2:;NG8BLAO 2 87CG5=85 ?@>F5AA0. !5<LO 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B >1AC640NB C?@06=5=85, ?@8 MB>< G;5=K A5<L8 >F5=820NB A2>5 ?>;>65=85 2 A5<L5, 45;OAL 4@C3 A 4@C3>< A2>8< ?>=8<0=85< 70=8<05<>3> 8<8 <5AB0 2> 2=CB@8A5<59=KE >B=>H5=8OE. -B0 B5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 381:> 2;8OBL =0 ?@>F5AA B5@0?88 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, :0:85 0A?5:BK 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O ?A8E>B5@0?52B E>B5; 1K ?@>=01;N40BL, 8 :0:85 AB@C:BC@=K5 87<5=5=8O >= E>B5; 1K ?@>8725AB8 2 40==>9 A5<L5. (!<. =865 @0745; "A?>;L7>20=85".) 4=0:> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>=OBL, :0: ;CGH5 ?@8<5=OBL 40==CN B5E=8:C, =5>1E>48<> 70@0=55 AD>@<C;8@>20BL @01>GCN 38?>B57C. @8<5@ 865 ?@82545=0 A8BC0F8O, ?@>87>H54H0O =0 ?@85<5 C ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 5:<0=0 (1984). #?@06=5=85 1K;> ?@54;>65=> A45;0BL A5<L5, A>AB>OI59 87 G5BK@5E G5;>25:, 2> 2@5<O 8E B@5BL53> 2878B0. 45=B8D8F8@>20==K< :;85=B>< 1K; 59284 - 15-B8 ;5B=89 N=>H0, CG5=8: 10-3> :;0AA0, C;8G5==K9 2 ?@>3C;0E 8 ?@>?CA:0E 70=OB89. 0<0 592840, >@59=, 60;>20;0AL, GB> 59284 =8:>340 55 =5 A;CH05BAO 8 AB0@05BAO 45;0BL B>;L:> B>, GB> =@028BLAO 5<C A0<><C. 0@>;L4, >B5F 592840, @01>B0; =0 42CE @01>B0E >4=>2@5<5==> 8 @57:> A>?@>B82;O;AO 2878BC : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC. K;> 284=>, GB> >= =5 >G5=L A8;L=> 704C<K205BAO > A2>8E 45BOE - 592845 8 53> A5AB@5 !LN70=. !5<LO >B:07K20;0AL 3>2>@8BL > G5<-;81> 4@C3><, :@><5 ?@>1;5< 592840. A8E>B5@0?52B ?>?@>A8; G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?@>45;0BL C?@06=5=85 A 10H=59 8 40; 8< A>>B25BAB2CNI85 8=AB@C:F88. 0@>;L4: "K 0< ?;0B8< =5 70 B>, GB>1K ?@8E>48BL 8 83@0BL A A>;><:>9". A8E>B5@0?52B: "/ =5 ?@>A8; 0A 83@0BL. / E>B5;, GB>1K K 2<5AB5 ?>AB@>8;8 10H=N. / 1K E>B5; C2845BL, :0: K @01>B05B5 2<5AB5 - :0: A5<LO". !LN70=:">65< ;8 <K =0G0BL ?@O<> A59G0A?" 59284:"0?0 ?@02! -B> 3;C?>". A8E>B5@0?52B: "/ =5 E>GC =0AB0820BL, => O =5 AB0; 1K ?@>A8BL 0A A45;0BL GB>-;81>, 5A;8 1K =5 1K; C25@5= 2 =5>1E>48<>AB8 MB>3>. >65B 1KBL, <K =5 1C45< B@0B8BL 2@5<O =0 A?>@K 8 ?@8ABC?8< : 45;C? >B, GB> O 0< A:06C - 5A;8 K @5H8B5, GB> 45;0BL MB>3> 1K;> =5 =C6=>, B> O ?@54>AB02;N 0< 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 15 <8=CB 270<5= ?>B@0G5==>3> =0 83@C 2@5<5=8. >B ;560B A>;><:0 8 :;59:0O ;5=B0". #?@06=5=85 =0G0;>AL A B>3>, GB> 59284 27O; >4=C A>;><8=:C 2 @>B 8 AB0; 4CBL 5N =0 !LN70=. 0<0 2KE20B8;0 A>;><8=:C C =53> 87> @B0 8 =0G0;0 2<5AB5 A !LN70= A>548=OBL A>;><8=:8 2 :204@0B. 59284 65 =0G0; 70?8E820BL :>=FK A>;><8=>: >48= 2 4@C3>9. >340 4;8=0 ?>;CG5==>9 B@C1:8 4>AB83;0 6 DCB>2 (1.80 A<), <0<0 273;O=C;0 =0 592840 8 =0G0;0 C:>@87=5==> :0G0BL 3>;>2>9. =0 ?>:070;0 59284C :>@>1>G:8, :>B>@K5 >=8 A45;0;8 A !LN70=. 59284 ?@>4>;60; A>548=OBL :>=FK A>;><8=>:. 0<0 ?@>4>;68;0 @01>BC A !LN70=. @5<5=0<8 >=0 ?>4=8<0;0 273;O4 =0 592840 8 :0G0;0 3>;>2>9.  B5G5=85 2A53> 157<>;2=>3> 459AB28O 0@>;L4 A845; 8 A<>B@5; =0 592840. >340 ?A8E>B5@0?52B @07@5H8; 8< @073>20@820BL, >@59= =0G0;0 :@8G0BL =0 592840. >@59=: "59284, GB> BK 45;05HL? "K =0< A>2A5< =5 ?><>305HL. "K =8:>340 =5 45;05HL B>3>, > G5< O B51O ?@>HC". 59284: "> O 65 45;0N..." 0@>;L4:"@5:@0B8 ?@5@5:0BLAO A> A2>59 <0B5@LN 8 45;09 B>, > G5< >=0 ?@>A8B". 59284: "'5@B!" 0@>;L4 AE20B8; 4;8==CN B@C1:C 87 A>;><8=>:, ?>AB@>5==CN 59284>< 8 @07>@20; 55 =0 G0AB8. !LN70= 27O;0 @07>@20==K5 G0AB8 8 =0G0;0 AB@>8BL 10H=N. 0@>;L4 AB0; ?><>30BL >@59= A>548=OBL :>@>1:8, 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>AB@>8BL 10H=N. (0H=O B0: 8 =5 A<>3;0 AB>OBL 157 ?>445@6:8). >340 2@5<O 8AB5:;>, <K =0G0;8 15A54C. A8E>B5@0?52B:"B0:, >?8H8B5, ?>60;C9AB0, ?@>87>H54H55?" >@59=:"0: >1KG=>, 59284 =5 AB0; ?><>30BL <=5". 59284: "0H=O ?>;CG8;0AL 1K CAB>9G82>9, 5A;8 1K 2K 45;0;8 ?>-<>5<C". >@59=:""5?5@L K 2848B5, GB> O 8<5;0 2284C, 3>2>@O >1 53> C?@O<AB25". A8E>B5@0?52B:"0@>;L4 - 0 :0:CN @>;L K 83@0;8 2 MB>< C? @06=5=88?" 0@>;L4:"=5 ?@8H;>AL ?>AB028BL 592840 =0 <5AB> 8 ?><>GL >@59=".  E>45 2K?>;=5=8O C?@06=5=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>;CG8;0 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B><, :0: G;5=K A5<L8 2708<>459AB2CNB 4@C3 A 4@C3><, A>>1I0 AB@5<OAL ?>:070BL, GB> 2 B5@0?88 =C6405BA5 8<5==> 59284. @8 MB>< 0@>;L4 ?>AB>O==> AB@5<8;AO 87>;8@>20BLAO >B A5<L8. 48=AB25==K9 @07 0@>;L4 2:;NG8;AO 2 ?@>F5AA AB@>8B5;LAB20, :>340 <0B5@8 8 2A59 A5<L5 =04> 1K;> CB8E><8@8BL 592840. 5@>OB=> >= 4C<05B, GB> 53> >1O70==>ABL 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K ?><>30BL >@59=, :>340 C =55 2>7=8:0NB ?@>1;5<K. >;L 592840 2 A5<L5 - A;C68BL A2O7K20NI59 A8;>9 <564C 0@>;L4>< 8 2A59 A5<L59. 040G0 65 !LN70= 1KBL ?>A;CH=>9 8 2> 2A5< ?>445@6820BL A2>N <0BL. 1O70==>ABL <0B5@8 - A45;0BL B0:, GB>1K 2A5 2 A5<L5 1K;> CAB@>5==> 8 A45;0=> :0: =04>. =0 - 8=8F80B>@ 2A5E =0G8=0=89 8 E>G5B, GB>1K 2A5 45;0;8 B0:, :0: >=0 704C<0;0. 0@>;L4 8 59284 2>AAB0NB ?@>B82 =55. 0@>;L4 - >BAB@0=OOAL >B CG0AB8O 2 45;0E A5<L8, 0 59284 - 45;0O 2A5 =0?5@5:>@ A2>59 <0B5@8. A8E>B5@0?52B >1AC6405B A G;5=0<8 A5<L8 B>, GB> B>;L:> GB> ?@>87>H;> =0 A5AA88, 8=B5@5ACOAL B5<, :0: ?> 8E <=5=8N <>6=> ?><>GL @07@5H8BL A;>682HCNAO A8BC0F8N. =0 0=0;878@C5B @>;8, :>B>@K5 :064K9 27O; 2 A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 @57C;LB0BK ?>2545=8O :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 2 @0<:0E ?>AB02;5==>9 7040G8. 0B5< G;5=>2 A5<L8 <>6=> ?>?@>A8BL A=>20 ?>AB@>8BL 10H=N, 8A?>;L7CO =0 MB>B @07 @57C;LB0BK ?@>2545==>3> >1AC645=8O, 2 =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE B5@0?52B >1CG05B G;5=>2 A5<L8 B5E=8:0< A>2<5AB=>9 @01>BK 8 2708<>?><>I8. A?>;L7>20=85 !CI5AB2CNB <=>3> A?>A>1>2 ?@8<5=5=8O MB>9 B5E=8:8 A>2<5AB=> A 4@C38<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8<8 ?>4E>40<8.  =5:>B>@KE A;CG0OE A5<LO <>65B 1KBL @0718B0 =0 ?>43@C??K, :064>9 87 :>B>@KE ?>@CG05BAO ?>AB@>8BL 10H=N. -B>B A?>A>1 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= 5I5 8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>4G5@:=CBL 8;8 87<5=8BL ACI5AB2CNI85 AB@C:BC@=K5 3@0=8FK, >= B0:65 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO 4;O @01>BK A A5<59=K<8 "B@5C3>;L=8:0<8". 0?@8<5@, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL 0@>;L40 8 >@59= ?>AB>@>8BL 10H=N 42>5<, 0 592840 8 !LN70= ?>->48=>G:5, GB>1K 2K45;8BL 3@0=8FK >B=>H5=89 "@>48B5;8 - 45B8". >6=> A>548=8BL 2 C?@06=5=88 >4=>3> 87 @>48B5;59, ?>@CG82 5<C @C:>2>48BL AB@>8B5;LAB2>< 10H=8, A> A2>8< @515=:>< - 845=B8D8F8@>20==K< :;85=B><, ?@8 MB>< A0<>9 ?@8=8<0O CG0AB85 2 ?@>F5AA5 2 :0G5AB25 B@5=5@0. @8<5@>< ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5@25=F88 2 40==>< A;CG05 <>65B A;C68BL @07@5H5=85 ?OB8;5B=5<C <0;KHC A0<><C @C:>2>48BL :>=AB@C8@>20=85< 8;8 AB@>8B5;LAB2>< 10H=8, GB> ?><>305B @>48B5;O< C2845BL, :0:CN 4>;N 2;0AB8 8 :>=B@>;O >=8 40NB A2>5<C @515=:C. 040=85< 4;O C?@06=5=8O <>65B A;C68BL B>, GB> 1>;55 1;87:> A>>B25BAB2C5B 4CEC A5<L8, =0?@8<5@, A>2<5AB=>5 ?@83>B>2;5=85 ?8I8, 5A;8 540 2 :0:><-B> A<KA;5 A8<2>;878@C5B ;N1>2L.  C?@06=5=88 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL @07;8G=K5 ?@54<5BK 8 83@K, =0?@8<5@, AB@>8B5;L=K5 1;>:8, 70304:8 8 <=>3>5 4@C385. A;8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B E>G5B ?>AB028BL 0:F5=B =0 A>@52=>20B5;L=>< 0A?5:B5 C?@06=5=8O, B> >=> ?@>2>48BAO 2 2845 83@K-A>ABO70=8O. >A;5 B>3>, :0: G;5=K A5<L8 7025@H0B 48A:CAA8N > 2K?>;=5==>< C?@06=5=88, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL ?@>45;0BL 53> A=>20, =0 MB>B @07 4>AB830O 1>;55 2KA>:>9 AB5?5=8 2708<>459AB28O. 3-24. !  !" !" 1>A=>20=85 "!5<59=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>" ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 B5E=8:C, :>B>@0O >15A?5G8205B A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0 206=>9 8=D>@<0F859 ?>-?>2>4C >@30=870F88 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, A :>B>@>9 >=0 @01>B05B, 0 B0:65 MDD5:B82=K< A@54AB2>< B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 8=B5@25=F88. !CBL B5E=8:8 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> :;85=B>2 ?@>AOB =0@8A>20BL ?;0=-AE5<C 8E 4><0, 2:;NG0O 2A5 8<5NI85AO 2 =5< :><=0BK 8 ?><5I5=8O. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O >??5@A<8B0 (Coppersmith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oppersmith,1980). >48B5;O< 405BAO 1>;LH>9 ;8AB 1C<038, D;0<0AB5@K 8;8 :0@0=40H8. E ?@>AOB =0@8A>20BL ?;0= 4><0, 345 >=8 68;8 4> 65=8BL1K 2 A2>8E A5<LOE. 5B8 65 2 MB> 2@5<O A<>B@OB 8 A;CH0NB. A;8 @>48B5;8 68;8 1>;55 G5< 2 >4=>< 4><5, 8E ?@>AOB =0@8A>20BL ?;0= B>3> 4><0, :>B>@K9 =081>;55 70?><=8;AO.  B> 2@5<O, :>340 @>48B5;8 70=OBK @8A>20=85<, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>AB5?5==> 22>48B 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:CN A8BC0F8N A;54CNI85 C:070=8O 8 2>?@>AK: 1. 8ACO, >B<5G09B5 A :0:8< =0AB@>5=85< 0AA>F88@C5BAO C 20A B0 8;8 8=0O :><=0B0. 2. >72>;LB5 A515 >ICB8BL 4><8=8@CNI85 70?0E8, 72C:8, F25B0 8 ;N459 2 4><5. 3. K;0 ;8 2 20H5< 4><5 :><=0B0, A?5F80;L=> ?@54=07=0G5==0O 4;O 2AB@5G 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8? 4. >340 G;5=K 20H59 @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8 ?>A5I0;8 20A, :0:85 :><=0BK 4><0 1K;8 4>ABC?=K 4;O =8E? 5. K;8 ;8 2 4><5 :><=0BK, 2 :>B>@K5 20< 1K;> 70?@5I5=> 70E>48BL? 6. K;> ;8 C 20A :0:>5-B> >A>15==>5 <5AB> 2 4><5? 7. >?KB09B5AL :0: <>6=> OA=55 ?@54AB028BL A515 :0: 2 20H5< @>48B5;LA:>< 4><5 @5H0;8AL 2>?@>AK 1;87>AB8, 48AB0=F88 8 C548=5==>AB8. 8. 0: 1K; @0A?>;>65= 20H @>48B5;LA:89 4>< ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38< 4><0< 2 MB>< :20@B0;5 /?@8<5G0=85 ?5@52>4G8:0(.(.) - 4;O >B5G5AB25==KE A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2 25@>OB=> ?>;57=55 3>2>@8BL > :20@B8@0E, =0 :0:>< >=0 1K;0 @0A?>;>65=0 MB065, :C40 2KE>48;8 >:=0, 8 B.4. - A?5F8D8:0 >G5284=0/. K45;O;AO >= G5<-=81C4L 8;8 =5B? 9. A?><=8B5 :0:>5-B> B8?8G=>5 A>1KB85, ?@>8AE>482H55 2 20H5< @>48B5;LA:>< 4><5. 10. >72>;LB5 A515 CA;KH0BL B8?8G=K5 A;>20, :>B>@K5 3>2>@8;8AL G;5=0<8 20H59 A5<L8. !CI5AB2CNB =5A:>;L:> ?CB59 ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE 40==0O B5E=8:0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL <0<C 8 ?0?C =0@8A>20BL ?;0= 8E @>48B5;LA:8E 4><>2, 0 45B8 4>;6=K 2 MB> 2@5<O =01;N40BL 70 =8<8.  :0G5AB25 4@C3>9 25@A88 - <>6=> 40BL 45BO< 8=AB@C:F8N =0@8A>20BL ?;0= 4><0, 2 :>B>@>< >=8 2 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B 682CB A @>48B5;O<8, 0 <0<0 8 ?0?0 ?@8 MB>< 1C4CB ?@8ACBAB2>20BL 2 :0G5AB25 =01;N40B5;59. "@5B89 20@80=B - 2A5 G;5=K A5<L8 @8ACNB ?;0= 4><0, 2 :>B>@>< A59G0A 682CB. 040205<K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 2>?@>AK =0?@02;5=K =0 2KO2;5=85 2>A?><8=0=89, A2O70==KE A ?@8ACBAB2CNI8<8 2 40==>9 A5<L5 ?@028;0<8 8 8E 8AB>G=8:0<8 2 @>48B5;LA:8E A5<LOE. @><5 B>3> 2>A?><8=0=8O 87CG0NBAO =0 ?@54<5B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> >=8 >B@060NB 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O. !>1@0==0O 8=D>@<0F8O <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=>9 B0:65 4;O 2KO2;5=8O @07;8G=KE 0;LO=A>2 8 @07@K2>2 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2=CB@8 40==>9 A5<L8. @8<5@ >==8 60;C5BAO =0 B>, GB> 53> 65=0 ?>AB>O==> >B25@305B 53> 8 >= =5 <>65B 1>;55 MB> 2K=>A8BL. !N70== 65 :8?8B >B 7;>AB8 87-70 B>3>, GB> >==8 ?>AB>O==> 0B0:C5B 55, 0 B0:65 87-70 B>3>, GB> 45B8 8 <C6 A>2A5< =5 C2060NB 55 =57028A8<>ABL, 8<CI5AB2> 8 2@5<O. A8E>B5@0?52B ?>?@>A8; AC?@C65A:CN ?0@C =0@8A>20BL ?;0=K 8E @>48B5;LA:8E 4><>2 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>OA=8BL 2>?@>A > B><, :0: ?@>1;5<K 1;87>AB8 8 48AB0=F88, C548=5==>AB8 8 55 =54>AB0B:0 @5H0;8AL 2 8E A5<LOE 4> 65=8BL1K. B25B 65=K. " <>59 A5<L5 C548=5==>ABL F5=8;0AL 1>;LH5 2A53>. # 0<K 8 0?K 1K;> ?> A2>59 :><=0B5. # =0A A A5AB@>9 1K;0 >1I0O :><=0B0, => <K >G5=L G5B:> A>1;N40;8 3@0=8FK. =0 83@0;0 =0 A2>59 AB>@>=5, 0 O - =0 A2>59.  <>59 A5<L5 C2060;8AL 70:@KBK5 425@8. 5>1E>48<>ABL ?>A;54=53> 2A5340 >A>15==> ?>4G5@:820;0AL. / 4C<0N, GB> 2A5 =0H8 B5?5@5H=85 ?@>1;5<K A2>4OBAO : B><C, GB> :064K9 87 =0A E>G5B 8<5BL A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> 2 4><5, 0 =5 B>;L:> >?@545;5==>5 <5AB> 70 >1545==K< AB>;>< =0 :CE=5". B25B <C60. "/ ?><=N, GB> <=5 2A5340 ?@8E>48;>AL 45;8BL A2>N A?0;L=N A >4=8< 87 <>8E 1@0BL52, 1K20;8 2@5<5=0, GB> ?@8E>48;>AL 68BL 2 >4=>9 :><=0B5 A@07C A B@5<O 1@0BLO<8. #548=5==>ABL 1K;0 4;O =0A =5?>72>;8B5;L=>9 @>A:>HLN B0: :0: 2 B@5E A?0;L=OE 4>;6=K 1K;8 @07<5AB8BLAO 11 G5;>25:". !C?@C38 ?>=O;8, GB> >1;0ABL ?@>8AE>4OI53> <564C =8<8 :>=D;8:B0 A2O70=0 A >6840=8O<8, :>B>@K5 >=8 ?@8=5A;8 A A>1>9 87 A2>8E @>48B5;LA:8E A5<59. >A;5 B>3>, :0: !N70== ?@8=O;0 CG0AB85 2 C?@065=88, 59 AB0;> OA=>, GB> <C6 8<5; A>25@H5==> >B;8G=K9 >B 55 A>1AB25==>3> >?KB 2 A2>59 @>48B5;LA:>9 A5<L5. 0=55 MB> 1K;> 59 =5 ?>=OB=>. "5E=8:0 >:070;0AL ?>;57=>9 4;O >1>8E AC?@C3>2, ?><>3;0 8< =0G0BL F5=8BL @07;8G8O 4@C3 4@C30 157 AB@0E0 2?0ABL 2 :>=D@>=B0F8N. ;0=K 4><>2 2KABC?8;8 2 :0G5AB25 <5B0D>@ 4;O >1JOA=5=8O ?>B@51=>AB8 !N70== 2 @8384=>9, OA=> >G5@G5==>9 AB@C:BC@5 55 687=5==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 8 4;O >1JOA=5=8O ?>B@51=>AB8 >==8 8A?>;L7>20BL A <0:A8<0;L=>9 MDD5:B82=>ABLN 8<5NI85AO 2 =0;8G88 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==K5 @5AC@AK. ! 53> B>G:8 7@5=8O !N70== A;8H:>< 65AB:0O, M3>8AB8G=0O 8 =5 ?@8=8<0NI0O 4@C38E, >==8 65 A B>G:8 7@5=8O !N70== A;8H:>< =51@56=K9 8 =07>9;82K9. "5E=8:0 ?>72>;8;0 ?0@5 ?@>OA=8BL 8 >1AC48BL @07;8G8O, 8<5NI85 2 :0G5AB25 8AB>G=8:0 8E @07;8G=K9 >?KB 2 @>48B5;LA:8E A5<LOE. 5B8, =01;N40O MB>B ?@>F5AA, A<>3;8 1>;55 OA=> >B40BL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, =0A:>;L:> A0<8 >=8 2>2;5G5=K 2 :>=D;8:B <564C @>48B5;O<8, ?>@>9 ?@8=8<0O 2 A?>@5 BC 8;8 8=CN AB>@>=C. 5B8 B0:65 ?>=O;8, GB> >=8 A0<8 2K@060NB AE>4=K5 B@51>20=8O ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 : @>48B5;O< 8 ?>@>9 >:07K20NBAO 2 AE>4=>< 70<5H0B5;LAB25. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B 4803=>AF8@>20BL 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, 0 B0:65 ?@>2>48BL 8=B5@25=F8N ?CB5< >1AC645=8O 2>7<>6=KE ?CB59 A>2<5AB=>3> 8 8=48284C0;L=>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O A5<59=>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20, A>74020O 4;O A5<L8 25AL<0 F5==K9 >?KB A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. "5E=8:0 >A=>2K205BAO =0 ?0@0;8=328AB8G5A:>< 8 =525@10;L=>< C@>2=5 :><<C=8:0F89, GB> ?@54AB02;O5BAO >A>15==> 206=K< 4;O A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. =0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 4;O 2KO2;5=8O <0B5@80;0, A2O70==>3> A @>;52K< ?>2545=85< 8 <8D0<8 2 @>48B5;LA:8E A5<LOE AC?@C3>2, A:@KBKE ?@028; 2708<>459AB28O 2 40==>9 A5<L5, 0 B0:65 4;O ?@>OA=5=8O :>=5G=KE F5;59 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0.  B>< 55 20@80=B5, :>340 @>48B5;8 2K?>;=ONB C?@06=5=85, 0 45B8 =01;N40NB 70 =8<8, B5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B ?@>G5@G8BL 3@0=8FK <564C ?>:>;5=8O<8 2 A5<L5 8 3@0=8FK <564C @07;8G=K<8 A5<59=K<8 AC1A8AB5<0<8. -B> 2>2;5:05B @>48B5;59 2 B0:>9 @>4 0:B82=>AB8, :>B>@K9 ?>4B25@6405B 8E C=8:0;L=>5 <5AB> 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, B>340 :0: 45BO< 8<?;8F8B=> >B2>48BAO @>;L >1CG0NI8EAO. AB>@8O A5<L8, 2KE>4OI0O =0 ?>25@E=>ABL 2 87;>65=88 @>48B5;59, >?8AK20NI8E 687=L 2 A2>8E @>48B5;LA:8E A5<LOE, 2=>A8B A2>9 7=0G8<K9 2:;04 2 D>@<8@>20=85 GC2AB20 A>?@8G0AB=>AB8 : :C;LBC@=>9 =0A;54AB25==>AB8 40==>9 A5<L8, A?>A>1AB2C5B @0728B8N M<?0B88 8 2708<>2K@CG:8 <564C 55 G;5=0<8. @><5 B>3> 2>;=CNI85 ?0@C 2 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B ?@>1;5<K 8 :>=D;8:BK <>3CB 1KBL ;CGH5 >A25I5=K G5@57 >1@0I5=85 : <0B5@80;C A5<59=>9 8AB>@88. >340 B5E=8:0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 55 2B>@>< 20@80=B5 (2AO A5<LO @8AC5B ?;0= 4><0), ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>;CG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL 4>AB0B>G=> 3;C1>:> 87CG8BL 0:BC0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K 8 :>=D;8:BK 2 A5<L5, 0 B0:65 8<?;8F8B=> ?@8ACBAB2CNI85 2=CB@8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K A@54AB20 8E ?@5>4>;5=8O. A>15==> ?>;575= 40==K9 20@80=B B5E=8:8 ?@8 @01>B5 A A5<LO<8, 2 :>B>@KE @07<KBK 3@0=8FK <564C AC1A8AB5<0<8, 0 B0:65 3@0=8FK <564C A5<L59 8 2=5H=8< <8@><. 57>?0A=>5 2K@065=85 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 @07;8G=KE B>G5: 7@5=8O 8 GC2AB2 =0 ?@>8AE>4OI55 ?>72>;O5B A=878BL 70?CB0==>ABL AC1A8AB5< 8 ?@>OA=8BL 3@0=8FK.  B@5BL5< 20@80=B5 ?@8<5=5=8O B5E=8:8 (45B8 @8ACNB ?;0= 4><0, 0 @>48B5;8 =01;N40NB 70 =8<8) ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2K45;O5B 8 ?>445@68205B 45BA:CN AC1A8AB5<C, C=8:0;L=>ABL B>G5: 7@5=8O 8 GC2AB2 45B59 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2=CB@8A5<59=><C 2708<>459AB28N. "!5<59=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>" <>65B 1KBL B0:65 8A?>;L7>20=> 2 A5<59=>-3@C??>2>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, 2 @01>B5 A @>48B5;LA:8<8 3@C??0<8.  7028A8<>AB8 >B F5;59 3@C??K 2=8<0=85 D>:CA8@C5BAO =0 0:BC0;L=KE 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B0E 8;8 65 =0 8AB>@88 A5<L8. "5E=8:0 405B A5<59=><C B5@0?52BC 8=D>@<0F8N, :>B>@0O =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>;CG5=0 2 E>45 >1KG=>9 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 15A54K. 5B>48:0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 2 E>45 B5@0?88 A 8=482840<8, :>B>@K5 4>AB0B>G=> 7@5;K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>=8<0BL 8 70?><8=0BL 8=AB@C:F88, 045:20B=> >1I0BLAO. "0:8< >1@07>< 55 =5;L7O 8A?>;L7>20BL 2 @01>B5 A <0;5=L:8<8 45BL<8. "5E=8:0 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL 2:;NG8BL A5<LN 2 B0:>9 >?KB 2708<>459AB28O 4@C3 A 4@C3><, :>B>@K9 >4=>2@5<5==> ?>445@68205B :0: 48DD5@5=F80F8N, B0: 8 2:;NG5==>ABL 2 687=L 4@C3 4@C30, GB> >G5=L 206=> 4;O =>@<0;L=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O A5<L8. 3-25. !/ !&  1>A=>20=85 !>F8>3@0<<0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <5B>4 :0@B8@>20=8O 2=CB@83@C??>2KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, >A=>20==K9 =0 ?@54?>GB5=8OE G;5=>2 3@C??K. ;O ?@8<5=5=8O 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 MB0 B5E=8:0 040?B8@>20=0 >15@B>< (5@<0=><. ';5=0< A5<L8 7040NB 2>?@>AK > B><, A :0:8<8 G;5=0<8 3@C??K >=8 1K ?@54?>G;8 45;0BL 8;8 C65 45;0NB :0:85-B> >?@545;5==K5 25I8. 5B>48:0, =0?@8<5@, O2;O;0AL ?>?C;O@=K< A@54AB2>< 2KO2;5=8O ?@82O70==>AB59 8 4@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 H:>;L=>< :;0AA5. =0 2 A>AB>O=88 2KO28BL 0;LO=AK, ;845@>2, >B25@65==KE, 8 B5 @>;8, :>B>@K5 83@0NB @07;8G=K5 G;5=K 3@C??K. !E>4=K< F5;O< <>65B A;C68BL 40==0O B5E=8:0 8 2 @0<:0E A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. B25BK =0 :064K9 87 2>?@>A>2 70=>AOBAO =0 AE5<C 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 2A5 G;5=K A5<L8 <>3CB =5?>A@54AB25==> ?@54AB028BL :0: >@30=87>20=0 8E A5<LO. @8G5< 87CG0NBAO :0: @50;L=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8,B0: 8 8E 8450;L=K5 >1@07K. !>F8>3@0<<0 O2;O5BAO B5E=8:>9, A2O70==>9 A A0<>?@54JO2;5=85<(self-report technic??). 064K9 87 CG0AB=8:>2 CAB=> 8;8 ?8AL<5==> >B25G05B =0 ?@54;>65==K5 2A59 3@C??5 2>?@>AK. 0: 8 2A5 ?>4>1=K5, <5B>4K >=0 >A=>2K205BAO =0 3>B>2=>AB8 : A>B@C4=8G5AB2C 8 G5AB=>AB8 @5A?>=45=B>2. @54?>;0305BAO, GB>, 45;0O 2K1>@K >B=>A8B5;L=> B5E 8;8 8=KE G;5=>2 3@C??K, ;N48 ?@8>B:@K20NB A2>8 C15645=8O, GC2AB20, 459AB28O. @><5 B>3> 2KO2;O5BAO AB@C:BC@=0O >@30=870F8O A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. ';5=K A5<L8 2>2;5:0NBAO 2 0:B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 4@C3 A 4@C3><, 2 A0<KE @07=>>1@07=KE A8BC0F8OE, 8A?>;L7CO A0<K5 @07;8G=K5 @>;8. !8<B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 - ;8HL >48= 87 0A?5:B>2, :>B>@K9 <>65B 1KBL 2KA25G5= A ?><>ILN MB>9 B5E=8:8. @C385 AB>@>=K 687=8 A5<L8 B0:65 ?@>O2;ONBAO 745AL 4>AB0B>G=> 2K?C:;>. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B, GB> 59 1K E>B5;>AL 1>;55 OA=> ?>=OBL :0: 8<5==> DC=:F8>=8@C5B 40==0O A5<LO 8 ?@>A8B 2A5E 55 G;5=>2 40BL >B25BK =0 >?@545;5==K5 2>?@>AK. !?8A>: 2>?@>A>2 3>B>28BAO 70@0=55, 2 A>>B25BAB288 A :>=:@5B=>9 A8BC0F859 2 A5<L5. 1KG=> 7040NBAO 420 @>40 2>?@>A>2: ! :0:8< G;5=>< A5<L8 2K >1KG=>...? ! :0:8< G;5=>2 A5<L8 20< 1K E>B5;>AL...? >B =5:>B>@K5 ?@8<5@K >:>=G0=8O 2>?@>A>2: E>48BL 2 :8=> 3>2>@8BL > ;8G=>< E>48BL 2 3>AB8 A>AB02;OBL ?;0=K 70=8<0BLAO @01>B>9 ?> 4><C A5@48BLAO >1=8<0BLAO 25AB8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=CN 15A54C @01>B0BL 2<5AB5 =5 8<5BL =8G53> >1I53> HCB8BL 8;8 @0AA:07K20BL 0=5:4>BK @C30BLAO 83@0BL >1<0=K20BL =5 @073>20@820BL A<>B@5BL B5;5287>@ 70=8<0BLAO A?>@B>< G8B0BL AB8E8 E>48BL 70 ?>:C?:0<8 C1530BL 87 4><0 ?>5E0BL =0 ?;O6 (70 3>@>4, 2 F5=B@ 3>@>40, 2 3>@K) 8<5BL ?5@54 A>1>9 2 :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 4;O ?>4@060=8O C18@0BLAO 2 4><5 GC2AB2>20BL A51O 70I8I5==K<, :>340 >= @O4>< GC2AB2>20BL A51O E>@>H> 2 53> ?@8ACBAB288 GC2AB2>20BL A51O ?;>E> 2 53> ?@8ACBAB288 GC2AB2>20BL A51O 2>71C645==> 2 53> ?@8ACBAB288 GC2AB2>20BL 3@CABL 2 53> ?@8ACBAB288 GC2AB2>20BL A51O CAB0;K< 2 53> ?@8ACBAB288 B25BK =0 2A5 2>?@>AK =570<54;8B5;L=> 70=>AOBAO =0 AE5<C. A8E>B5@0?52B BI0B5;L=> D>@<C;8@C5B A5@8N 2>?@>A>2, B0:, GB>1K ?@>F5AA 1K; M:>=><=K< A B>G:8 7@5=8O 2@5<5=8, 70B@0G5==>3> =0 =53>. >;CG5==0O AE5<0 >1AC6405BAO A A5<L59 4;O >?@545;5=8O E0@0:B5@0 0:BC0;L=>3> 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 8 8450;L=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > =5< G;5=>2 A5<L8. 0?@8<5@, A5<LN $. ?>?@>A8;8 >B25B8BL =0 A;54CNI89 2>?@>A: "! :0:8<8 G;5=0<8 20H59 A5<L8 20< 1>;LH5 2A53> =@028BAO E>48BL 70 ?>:C?:0<8?" 865 ?@82>48BAO AE5<0, >B@060NI0O >B25BK G;5=>2 A5<L8. 0?0 0<0 !N78(16) -@8:(14) 6>0=(10) = <C6G8=K <-------- = K1>@ 2 >4=>< =0?@02;5=88 = 65=I8=K <--------> = 5F8?@>:=K5 2K1>@K @C38< 20@80=B>< 40==>9 <5B>48:8 O2;O5BAO 83@0 "#30409 :B>" - "B> 2 A5<L5...?" @8<5@K: 1>;LH5 2A53> A:;>=5= : A>AB02;5=8N ?;0=>2, A0<K9 =0G0;LAB25==K9, A0<K9 >48=>:89, A0<K9 7;>9, A0<K9 C<=K9, A0<K9 A<5H=>9, A0<K9 B5?;K9, A :5< ;53G5 2A53> @073>20@820BL, A0<K9 A8;L=K9, A0<K9 ;>2:89, ;CGH89 ?>20@, A0<K9 I54@K9, A0<K9 4>1@K9, =081>;55 A:;>==K9 : <5;0=E>;88, C :>3> A0<K5 C<5;K5 @C:8, A0<K9 1>;LH>9 >?B8<8AB, :@CB>9 ?5AA8<8AB, A0<K9 M=5@38G=K9. "@5B89 20@80=B <5B>48:8, =0?@02;5==K9 =0 1>;55 G5B:>5 >?@545;5=85 0;LO=A>2 8 >B25@65=89, A2O70= A ?@>AL1>9 : G;5=0< A5<L8 2 >B25B0E =0 2>?@>AK A45;0BL ?5@2K9 8 2B>@>9 2K1>@K. B>@>9 2K1>@ ?@8 MB>< <>65B 1KBL >1>7=0G5= =0 AE5<5 4@C38< F25B><. '5B25@BK< 20@80=B>< O2;O5BAO @07@5H5=85 2:;NG5=8O 2 2>7<>6=K5 >B25BK G;5=>2 @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8. 8?>B57>9 745AL O2;O5BAO A;54CNI55: G5< 1>;55 48DD5@5=F8@>20==>9 O2;O5BAO A5<LO, B5< 1>;55 H8@>:8< 2KABC?05B @071@>A 2708<=KE 2K1>@>2 2 >B25B0E =0 7040==K5 2>?@>AK. ">, :>3> O 2K18@0N 4;O B>3>, GB>1K E>48BL 70 ?>:C?:0<8, =5>1O70B5;L=> A <>59 B>G:8 7@5=8O A0<K9 8=8F80B82=K9 G5;>25: 8;8 65 A0<K9 C<5;K9 G5;>25: 2 A5<L5 8 B.4. @8<5@ 0;LD 8 M@8 >1@0B8;8AL : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC A 60;>10<8 =0 ?>AB>O==K5 ABKG:8 8 4@0:8 <564C 8E G5BK@L<O 45BL<8. # AB0@H53> :@><5 B>3> 1K;8 A;>6=>AB8 A 53> A25@AB=8:0<8, :>B>@K5 53> 4@07=8;8. # 2B>@>3> @515=:0, 452>G:8, 1K;8 ?@>1;5<K A 2@0=L5<, :@060<8 8 =5CA?5E0<8 2 H:>;5. =0 O2;O;0AL 845=B8D8F8@>20==K< ?0F85=B><. 0==K9 1@0: O2;O;AO 2B>@K< C >1>8E ?0@B=5@>2. !> AB>@>=K <0B5@8 1K;> B@>5 45B59 - 15-;5B=89 AK=, 13-;5B=OO ?@85<=0O 4>GL (845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 ?0F85=B) 8 5I5 >4=0 4>GL 12-B8 ;5B. # <C60 1K;0 11-;5B=OO 4>GL, :>B>@0O =0E>48;0AL ?>4 >?5:>9 55 <0B5@8, =570<C6=59, => 682CI59 A 4@C3><. K2H89 <C6 65=K =5 8<5; A A5<L59 =8:0:8E :>=B0:B>2. 0 2B>@>9 A5AA88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 7040;0 A5<L5 A;54CNI85 2>?@>AK. 1. . ! :5< 2 20H59 A5<L5 2K >1I05B5AL A C4>2>;LAB285<? >60;C9AB0, 2K15@8B5 42>8E. . ! :5< 87 G;5=>2 20H59 A5<L8 2K 1>;LH5 2A53> E>B5;8 1K >1I0BLAO? B5F 0BL 65:(15) 5@8;(12) ">=8(15, 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B) 8>;>38G5A:89 >B5F ">=8 8>;>38G5A:0O <0BL ">=8 4@8(11, ?>A5I05B >BF0, ?>AB>O==> 6825B A <0B5@LN) 5?@5@K2=K5 ;8=88 ?>:07K20NB 0:BC0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85. 10 2K1>@0 =0 2>?@>A #1 ?>:070=K :0: @02=K5 ?> 7=0G8<>AB8. @5@K28ABK5 ;8=88 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 8450;L=> ?@54AB02;O5<>5 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 A>AB>O=85. G5284=>, GB> ">=8, 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 ?0F85=B, >G5=L 87>;8@>20=0. 8:B> 55 =5 2K1@0;. ">;L:> >4=0 <0BL 2K1@0;0 ?@85<=>3> >BF0, :>B>@K9 :@><5 B>3> 87>;8@>20= >B A2>8E ?@85<=KE 45B59. = 8 53> 18>;>38G5A:0O 4>GL 4@8 2K1@0;8 4@C3 4@C30, B0:8< >1@07>< >1@07CO >B45;L=K9 0;LO=A. 5A<>B@O =0 @072>4, 4@8 2A5 5I5 >G5=L =C6405BAO 2 55 18>;>38G5A:>9 A5<L5.  8450;5 65: 8 ">=8 E>B5;8 1K 1KBL 1;865 : A2>59 <0B5@8, 0 5@8; E>B5;0 1K 1KBL 1;865 : ">=8. 8 65: =8 5@8; =5 2K1@0;8 A2>53> 18>;>38G5A:>3> >BF0. ">=8 2 E>45 A5AA88 =0 A;>20E 2K@060;0 8=B5@5A ?>-?>2>4C A2>59 18>;>38G5A:>9 <0B5@8, => =5 2K1@0;0 55, 2K?>;=OO 40==>5 7040=85 (<0BL 4@8 =5 ?@8ACBAB2C5B =0 2AB@5G5). C6 8 65=0 2K18@0NB 4@C3 4@C30, D>@<8@CO 045:20B=CN @>48B5;LA:CN AC1A8AB5<C, >4=0:> >B5F ?@54?>G8B05B A2>53> @>4=>3> @515=:0 ?@85<=K< 45BO<. 2. . B> 2 20H59 A5<L5 ?@8=8<05B =081>;55 206=K5 @5H5=8O? 0BL 65:(15) 5@8;(12) ">=8(13) B5F 4@8(11) 0BL 4@8 0 AE5<5, ?@54AB02;5==>9 2KH5, <K 2848<, GB> <0<0, :0: @50;L=>, B0: 8 8450;L=> @C:>2>48B 2A5<8 45;0<8 2 A5<L5. A5 G;5=K A5<L8 F5=B@8@>20=K =0 =59. =0 2>A?@8=8<05B A2>53> <C60 :0: ?@8=8<0NI53> =081>;55 206=K5 @5H5=8O 8 2 8450;5 >68405B >B =53> B>3> 65, => >AB0;L=K5 65 G;5=K A5<L8 A MB8< =5 A>3;0A=K, 2:;NG0O 8 55 18>;>38G5A:CN 4>GL. !8;0 65=I8= 2 ?@8=OB88 206=KE @5H5=89 O2;O5BAO ?@028;>< 2 40==>9 A5<L5 8 =5 >A?0@8205BAO.  E>45 >1AC645=8O >B5F ?>60;>20;AO =0 B>, GB> 53> 65=0 ?@82>48B 53> 2 O@>ABL, ?@8=8<0O @5H5=8O ?>-?>2>4C B>3>, GB> 8 :0: 5<C 45;0BL. >340 65 53> A?@>A8;8 > B><, =C6405BAO ;8 >= 2 :>=AC;LB0F8OE ?>-?>2>4C ?@8=OB8O @5H5=89, >= >BABC?8;. %>BO 0;LD 8 M@8 =0E>4OBAO 2 1@0:5 C65 B@8 3>40, >B5F 2A5 5I5 =5 AC<5; 8=B53@8@>20BLAO 2 ACI5AB2CNICN @0=55 A5<LN, 0 AC?@C38 =5 A<>3;8 >@30=87>20BL 4>AB0B>G=> 045:20B=CN =>2CN A5<59=CN A8AB5<C. @85<=K9 >B5F, 53> 4>GL, AK=, 8 ?@85<=0O 4>GL 2A5 5I5 2=5 F5=B@0 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. ">=8 65 O2;O5BAO A0<>9 >48=>:>9. >?>;=8B5;L=K5 40==K5 1K;8 ?>;CG5=K ?>A@54AB2>< 8A?>;L7>20=8O 5I5 42CE 2>?@>A>2, >4=0:> ?@82545==K5 2KH5 AE5<K A0<8 ?> A515 4>AB0B>G=> E>@>H> 8;;NAB@8@CNB ?@8<5=5=85 <5B>40 A>F8>3@0<<K 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. 5AL ?@>F5AA 70=8<05B 2A53> ?>;G0A0 8 ?@82>48B : ?>A;54CNI8< ?;>4>B2>@=K< >1AC645=8O<, >B:@KB8O< 8 ?>4286:0< A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88. A?>;L7>20=85 !>F8>3@0<<0 ?@8<5=O5BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL =530B82=CN =0?@02;5==>ABL 15A54K =0 A5AA88, ?>AB@>5==CN =0 60;>10E G;5=>2 A5<L8, 0 B0:65 4;O 2KAB@0820=8O F5;>;>AB=>9 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>9 :0@B8=K A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. =0 845=B8D8F8@C5B 2708<>459AB285 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 A ?@54JO2;O5<K< A8<?B><><, 0 B0:65 4@C385 ?>78B82=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 8 ?CB8, :>B>@K5 ACI5AB2CNB 2> 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 8 2KO2;O5B B5 87 =8E, :>B>@K5 =C640NBAO 2 C:@5?;5=88. ;O G;5=>2 A5<L8 8=>340 O2;O5BAO >B:@KB85< B>, :0: >=8 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO 4@C38<8 @>4AB25==8:0<8. 5B>4 E>@>H> >?@545;O5B "70?CB0==K5 :;C1:8", ACI5AB2CNI85 2 A5<L5 8 ?>>I@O5B ?@>F5AA 8=48284C0F88 8 48DD5@5=F80F88 2 40==>9 A8AB5<5. ;LO=AK 8 @07@K2K >B=>H5=89 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 2KO2;ONBAO 745AL 2 A0<KE @07;8G=KE >1;0ABOE 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O. "5E=8:0, :@><5 B>3>, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <5B>4 >F5=:8 2=CB@8A5<59=KE @>;59, 0 B0:65 @>;52KE >6840=89. KO2;O5<K5 @07;8G8O <564C MB8<8 42C<O ?>:070B5;O<8 C:07K205B =0 ACI5AB2CNI89 2 A5<L5 ?>B5=F80;L=K9 :>=D;8:B 8;8 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL. "5E=8:0 =081>;55 MDD5:B82=0 2 @01>B5 A 1>;LH8<8 A5<LO<8, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 A A5<LO<8 A 45BL<8, 4>AB0B>G=> 27@>A;KE 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>=OBL A<KA; 7040205<KE 8< 2>?@>A>2. =0 ?>;57=0 B0:65 2 4803=>AB8:5 ?@85<=KE A5<59, >A>15==> B5E, :>B>@K5 >1@07>20=K =0 >1;><:0E @07@CH5==KE 1@0:>2. ;020 4: !" #"# + %+  !B@C:BC@=K5 E>4K ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 B5E=8:8, A>740==K5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>872>48BL 87<5=5=8O 2 >@30=870F8>==>9 AB@C:BC@5 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. B=>A8B5;L=>5 ?>;>65=85, A8;0, @>;8, ;>O;L=>ABL 8 3@0=8FK <564C A5<59=K<8 AC1A8AB5<0<8 O2;ONBAO AC1L5:B0<8 MB8E 87<5=5=89. -B> 65 :0A05BAO ????"A>7257489"-Aonstellation =C:;50@=>9 A5<L8, <5AB0 <56?>:>;5==KE ????"A>7257489"-Aonstellation ?? 8 ?>;>65=8O =5A:>;L:8E ?>:>;5=89 40==>9 A5<L8 2 A>F8C<5.  8AB>@8G5A:>9 ?5@A?5:B825 B0:85 AB@C:BC@=K5 H038 :0: @5:><5=40F8O 87<5=8BL >1AB0=>2:C, @01>BC, H:>;C 8;8 65 A>25B ?><5AB8BL @515=:0 2 45BA:89 4>< O2;O;8AL B@048F8>==K<8 B5E=8:0<8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 >B@0A;8 7=0=8O.  ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 20-E 3>4>2 4;5@, >A=>2K20OAL =0 B>G:5 7@5=8O E>;87<0, >B@8F0; ?@>B82>@5G85 <564C AB@C:BC@0;87<>< 8 DC=:F8>=0;87<><. = >1@0I0; >A>1>5 2=8<0=85 =0 ???..A5<59=K5 ????"A>725748O"-Aonstellation. = 8 53> ?>A;54>20B5;8 87CG0;8 ?>@O4>: @>645=8O 45B59 2 A5<L5, F5==>AB8 8 <56?>:>;5==K5 ?????...guidens lines..?? ...Guidens lines..?? ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 B0:85 8=20@80=B=K5 ?0BB5@=K :0: <C65AB25==>ABL 8 65=AB25==>ABL, ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 8=B5@5AK (187=5A, AD5@0 >1A;C6820=8O, EC4>65AB25==>5 B2>@G5AB2> 8 B.4.), ?@>F5AA ?@8=OB8O @5H5=89, <5B>4K 2>A?8B0=8O 45B59 8 4@C385 B@048F8>==K5 ?CB8 A>E@0=5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 <56?>:>;5==>9 ?@55<AB25==>AB8. -:>;>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O (?A8E>;>38O, ?@82O70==0O : <5ABC) >1@0I05B >A>1>5 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, :0: :;85=BK AC1L5:B82=> 2>A?@8=8<0NB A2>5 ?>;>65=85 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, 8E <5AB> 2 <8@5, 0 B0:65 :0: >=8 254CB A51O ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C ?>4 C3;>< 7@5=8O MB>3> 2>A?@8OB8O (Sherman, Dinkmeyer, in press). 06=0O G0ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 A>AB>O;0 B>340 2 87CG5=88 @>;8 MB>9 M:>;>38G5A:>9 ?5@A?5:B82K 8 55 7=0G5=8O. -:>;>38O 2;8O5B =0 <=>65AB2> D0:B>@>2 8 A0<0 8A?KBK205B 8E 2;8O=85: 1. 0:>4@8: A :>;;530<8 (McGoldrick,Pearce,Giordano,1982) ?>4G5@:8205B 206=>ABL :C;LBC@=KE, MB=8G5A:8E, 35>3@0D8G5A:8E 8 4@C38E A>F8>M:>=><8G5A:8E D0:B>@>2. 2. >@O4>: @>645=8O >15A?5G8205B C=8:0;L=CN :0@B8=C <8@0 8=482840 8 A?5F8D8:C 53> A>F80;L=>9 A8BC0F88 @0728B8O(Ansbacher,Ansbacher,1956,">man,1976). A>1CN @>;L MB> 83@05B 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 8=48284>2, ?@8=04;560I8E : >4=><C ?>:>;5=8N 2 A5<L5 (Minuchin, 1974). 3. >O;L=>ABL G;5=>2 A5<L8 4@C3 : 4@C3 8 : @>48B5;LA:8< A5<LO<(Boszormenyi-Nagy,Spark,1973), C@>25=L 8=48284C0F88 8 48DD5@5=F80F88 A@548 G;5=>2 A5<L8 (Bowen,1978) 8 B2>@G5A:89 687=5==K9 AB8;L 2> 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE (Mozak,1977) ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B><, GB> G;5=K A5<L8 A?>A>1AB2CNB >@30=870F88 8 ?>445@60=8N A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. 4. @C38<8 >A=>2=K<8 M;5<5=B0<8 2 >@30=870F88 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K O2;ONBAO @0A?@545;5=85 2;0AB8, B> :0: 745AL ?@8=8<0NBAO @5H5=8O (Sherman, 1983), :0: @0A?@545;ONBAO 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 @>;8 (<8@>B2>@5F, 70I8B=8:, 24>E=>28B5;L, N<>@8AB, 15A?><>I=K9 8 B.4.), 0;LO=AK 8 A3>2>@K, B@5C3>;L=8:8 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, :>B>@K5 ?@>=8:0NB 2 48048G5A:85 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8, 0 B0:65 C@>25=L D878G5A:>9 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>9 1;87>AB8-48AB0=F88 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 (Hoffman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inuchin,1967, Minuchin, 1974, Minuchin,Fishman, 1981, Minuchin, 1984), ?>=B5 (Aponte,1976, 1980, 1981), !BM=B>= 8 ">44 (Stanton,Todd,1979) ?>4G5@:820NB, GB> 8A?>;L7>20=85 AB@C:BC@=KE E>4>2 =081>;55 A>>B25BAB2C5B 8E B5>@5B8G5A:8< >@85=B0F8O<. @C385 - %59;8 (Haley,1976,1980,1984), 040=5A (Madanes,1981,1984) 8 0?? ( app,1983) 0:B82=> ?@8<5=ONB AB@C:BC@=K5 E>4K 2 @0<:0E A2>8E AB@0B538G5A:8E <>45;59. @>AB@0=AB25==K5 8 AB@C:BC@=K5 D0:B>@K <>3CB >BA;56820BLAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 25@10;L=> 8 =525@10;L=> 2 E>45 55 @01>BK A A5<L59. 0?@8<5@ ACI5AB25==>, :B> A848B @O4>< A :5<, :0: 40;5:> 4@C3 >B 4@C30, :B> =0 :>3> A<>B@8B? B> G0AB> <5=O5B <5AB> 8 :0: 4@C385 @5038@CNB =0 MB>? B> E>G5B ?@82;5GL 2=8<0=85 :>3> 8 :>340? A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 2 ;N1>9 <><5=B 2<5H0BLAO 8 87<5=8BL =01;N405<K9 >1@075F ?>2545=8O, GB> <>65B >:070BLAO 459AB285<, ?>445@6820NI8< A8<?B><. !B@C:BC@=K5 B5E=8:8 O2;ONBAO >A>15==> 206=K<8 =0 =0G0;L=KE AB048OE ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 45AL >A=>2=>5 4;O :064>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 - ?@8A>548=8BAO : A8AB5<5 8 >4=>2@5<5==> =5 1KBL ?>3;>I5==K< 5N. 0: 1K <K =5 =07K20;8 MB> O2;5=85 - @0??>@B><, ?@8A>548=5=85<, ?5@5=>A>< - B0: 8;8 8=0G5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= =09B8 A2>5 <5AB> 345-B> @O4>< A :;85=B0<8. A5 MB> A>7405B =>2CN A8AB5<C - ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:CN, GB> 2:;NG05B 2 A51O AB@C:BC@8@>20=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 (?@028; MB>9 83@K), M<?0B8N, A>3;0H5=85 ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, :0: 1C45B @01>B0BL =>20O 3@C??0, 2 :>B>@CN B5?5@L 2E>48B 8 B5@0?52B. "5@0?52B 405B :;85=B0< 7=0BL, GB> 8E A;KH0B, ?>=8<0NB 8 F5=OB A0<8E ?> A515, 2 8E A0<>F5==>AB8 8 A0<>4>AB0B>G=>AB8. &5;L AB@C:BC@=KE B5E=8:, A>740==KE 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A?>A>1AB2>20BL 87<5=5=8O< 2 A5<L5 - B0: @5>@30=87>20BL A8AB5<C, GB>1K 55 G;5=K 1K;8 A?>A>1=K ?5@59B8 A >4=>3> <5AB0 =0 4@C3>5, >B >4=>9 @>;8 : 4@C3>9, CAB0=>28BL 8 ?>445@60BL 045:20B=K5 3@0=8FK <564C ?>78F8O<8 2 A8AB5<5, B0:8< >1@07>< A?>A>1AB2CO B><C, GB>1K A8AB5<0 @5>@30=87>20;0 A0<0 A51O. @58<CI5AB20 8 8A?>;L7>20=85 !B@C:BC@=K5 B5E=8:8 <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K 4;O <=>38E F5;59. ! 8E ?><>ILN <>6=>: 1.!>74020BL 42865=85. ;85=BK >1KG=> GC2AB2CNB, GB> 70AB@O;8 2 8E 0:BC0;L=>9 A8BC0F88 8 =5 7=0NB :0: 87 =55 2K1@0BLAO. !B@C:BC@=K5 E>4K =5<54;5==> 70?CA:0NB <5E0=87< 42865=8O. -B> <>65B A?>4283=CBL :;85=B>2 : 40;L=59H5<C 42865=8N. A2>1>645=85 @515=:0 >B @>48B5;LA:>9 @>;8 <>65B A>740BL ?@>AB@0=AB2> 4;O <5=55 045:20B=>3> @>48B5;O 8 AB8<C;8@>20BL 53> 42865=85 : 1>;LH59 :><?5B5=B=>AB8 2 ?@8=OB88 =0 A51O @>48B5;LA:>9 @>;8 (?@8=04;560ICN 5<C ?> 5AB5AB25==><C ?@02C). 2.7<5=OBL ?5@A?5:B82C. 3@0O =>2K5 @>;8, :;85=BK 70=8<0NB =>2CN ?>78F8N 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, =0G8=0NB A;54>20BL =>2K< ?@028;0<. -B> AB8<C;8@C5B 8E : B><C, GB>1K A<>B@5BL =0 25I8 A 8=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O 8 =0E>48BL =>2K5 A<KA;K 4;O AB0@KE D0:B>2. 3.!?>A>1AB2>20BL ?>4286:0< 2 87<5=5=88 @0A?@545;5=8O A8;K. @8A>548=OOAL : @07;8G=K< AC1A8AB5<0<, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B C25;8G8BL 7=0G8<>ABL >4=>3> @>4AB25==8:0 4;O 4@C3>3>, ?@5>4>;5BL =5@025=AB2> 8;8 @07@CH8BL BC?8:8, : :>B>@K< ?@825;0 :>=D@>=B0F8O. >445@6:0 @>48B5;59 2 8E @>;8 A>740B5;59 A5<59=KE ?@028; 8 ?>445@6:0 45B59 2 8E ?>B@51=>AB8 C2065=8O 8 1>;LH59 >B25BAB25==>AB8 <>3CB 2KABC?8BL 2 :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@>2 ?>4>1=KE 0;LO=A>2. 4. 07@CH0BL :>0;8F88. =>340 42>5 8;8 1>;LH55 G8A;> ;N459 >1J548=ONBAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>B82>AB>OBL B@5BL5<C. 0?@8<5@ >G5=L G0AB> >48= 87 @>48B5;59 8 @515=>: >1J548=ONBAO 4;O ?@>B82>AB>O=8O 4@C3><C @>48B5;N.  MB>< A;CG05 45;05BAO 2A5 2>7<>6=>5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K @07@CH8BL 40==K9 0;LO=A, ?@5:@0B8BL 2<5H0B5;LAB2> @515=:0 2 45;0 53> @>48B5;59. 5. $>@<8@>20BL =>2K5 0;LO=AK. N4O< <>6=> ?><>GL 2 8E CA8;8OE, =0?@02;5==KE =0 >1J548=5=85 8 A>2<5AB=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL. 0?@8<5@, @>48B5;O< ?><>30NB 4>AB8GL A>3;0H5=8O ?> ?>2>4C 8E @>48B5;LA:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 >ACI5AB2;OBL MB> A>3;0H5=85 =0 ?@0:B8:5. 6. @>OA=8BL 3@0=8F <564C AC1A8AB5<0<8. B> 8 :0:8< >1@07>< 2:;NG5= 2 40==CN AC1A8AB5<C, 8 2 :0:>9 DC=:F88; :B> 70 GB> >B25G05B; C<5=LH5=85 G8A;0 A;8H:>< 65AB:8E 3@0=8F 4;O ?>445@6:8 :>>?5@0B82=KE 2708<>459AB289 - 2>B ?@8<5@K B5E 2>?@>A>2, :>B>@K5 A;C60B 745AL ?@54<5B>< >1AC645=8O. 7. B:@K20BL =>2K5 AB>@>=K 2 "/". 7<5=OO A2>5 <5AB> 2 A8AB5<5 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O ;N48 ?@8>1@5B0NB 2>7<>6=>AB8 >?@>1K20=8O =>2KE ?>2545=G5A:8E >1@07F>2 8 >B:@KB8O =>2KE AB>@>= A2>59 ;8G=>AB8. 0?@8<5@, >1@0I5=85 @>;59 <>65B ?>AB028BL A5@L57=>3> 8 @8384=>3> ?0@B=5@0 ?5@54 =5>1E>48<>ABLN >B25G0BL 70 A5<59=K5 @072;5G5=8O, 0 1>;55 ;53:><KA;5==>3> - A45;0BL >B25BAB25==K< 70 >@30=870F8N A5<59=>3> 187=5A0. 8. >@<0;878@>20BL >?KB =0E>645=8O 2 >?@545;5==>9 ?>78F88. =>340 ;N48 @0AA<0B@820NB A0<8E A51O :0: ?;>E8E, =5A0<>F5==KE 8 15AA8;L=KE B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 70=8<0NB >?@545;5==>5 <5AB> 2 A8AB5<5. "5@0?52B <>65B A:070BL GB>-B> 2@>45 B>3>: "A;8 1K O 1K; =0 0H5< <5AB5, O 1K B>65 1K; 2 45?@5AA88"; 8;8 "N48 2 ?>;>65=88 ?>4>1=>< 0H5<C >1KG=> GC2AB2CNB 8 45;0NB B>65 A0<>5"; 8;8 "0: K 4C<05B5, :0:>2K ?@58<CI5AB20 0H59 ?>78F88?" 9. 5@5D>@<C;8@>20BL A<KA; =0E>645=8O 2 >?@545;5==>9 ?>78F88. CABL >48= 87 :;85=B>2 60;C5BAO =0 =5C4>1AB2> 1KBL AB0@H8< @515=:>< 2 A5<L5. 5?;8:0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0: "0 2 MB>< 5ABL A2>O ?@0240 - 8<5==> B0: A;CG05BAO A 1>;LH8=AB2>< AB0@H8E 45B59. >, 5A;8 273;O=CBL =0 A8BC0F8N A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, <>6=> A:070BL, GB> AB0@H85 45B8 ?>;CG0NB 2 A2>59 A5<L5 E>@>HCN ?>43>B>2:C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K :>340 >=8 2K@0ABCB, 1KBL ;845@0<8 2 1>;LH>< <8@5 8 : B><C, GB>1K >:@C65=85 A<>B@5;> =0 =8E A=87C 225@E". 10. 7<5=OBL A5<59=CN A8AB5<C, @01>B0O A >4=8< 87 55 G;5=>2. CABL ?@54?>;>65=85 > B><, GB> 5A;8 >48= G5;>25: 87<5=8B A2>5 ?>;>65=85 2 A8AB5<5, B> 2AO A8AB5<0 4>;6=0 : MB><C 87<5=5=8N ?@8A?>A>18BLAO 25@=>.  B0:>< A;CG05 B5@0?52B <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL 87<5=5=8N A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, ?>445@602 87<5=5=8O >4=>3> 87 55 G;5=>2.  40==>9 3;025 8<5NBAO ?@8<5@K 1>;LH>3> @07=>>1@078O 4>ABC?=KE A59G0A B5E=8: 4;O ?@>872>4AB20 AB@C:BC@=KE 87<5=5=89 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5: A;565=85, ?>445@6:0 <56?>:>;5==KE 3@0=8F, ?@8A>5485=85 : AC1A8AB5<5, AB@0B538G5A:85 0;LO=AK, A5<59=K5 @8BC0;K, >B?CA:, >1@0I5=85 @>;59, 2K7>2 2708<>4>?>;=8B5;L=>AB8. 4-26.  ! 1>A=>20=85 &5;LN B5E=8:8 "?@>A;56820=85" O2;O5BAO 87CG5=85 2 45B0;OE A?5F8D8G5A:8E ?0BB5@=>2 ?>2545=8O, <KH;5=8O 8 GC2AB2 2 A8AB5<=>< :>=B5:AB5. >6=> ?@>A;548BL B0:85 0A?5:BK ?>2545=8O :;85=B>2 :0: A8<?B><, 459AB285, :><<C=8:0F8O, 8=B5@5A, 8AB>@8O A5<L8, =525@10;L=0O <5B0D>@0. ;85=B>2 ?@>AOB ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL 8;8 >?8A0BL A?5F8D8G5A:85 45B0;8 8E >?KB0, 8A?>;L7CO ?@8 MB>< A>1AB25==K5 A8<2>;K 8 <5B0D>@K. "5E=8:C ?@>A;56820=8O 8A?>;L7CNB 1>;LH8=AB2> B5@0?52B8G5A:8E H:>;. 0?@8<5@, ?A8E>0=0;8B8:8 ?@>A;56820NB A>?@>B82;5=85, 04;5@80=FK - 2=CB@5==NN ;>38:C 8=482840, 4@C385 :>3=8B82=K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52BK - 8@@0F8>=0;L=CN A8AB5<C C15645=89. !B@0B538G5A:85 B5@0?52BK AB@5<OBAO 872;5GL ?0BB5@= ?5B;8 ?>;>68B5;L=>9 >1@0B=>9 A2O78 =0 :>B>@>< 70AB@O;0 A5<LO. !B@C:BC@=K5 B5@0?52BK 8A?>;L7CNB MB>B <5B>4 :0: A?>A>1 ?@8A>548=8BLAO : AC1:C;LBC@5 8 O7K:C A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K 4;O 55 87<5=5=8O 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88. -B8 ?>A;54=85, 2>7<>6=>, 1>;LH5 2A5E =0?8A0;8 >1 MB>9 B5E=8:5 A A8AB5<=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O. ?>=B5 8 0=-5975=(Aponte, Van Deusen, 1981, @.330) C:07K20NB, GB>: "O7K:, @0AA:07K 87 687=8 A5<L8, 0 B0:65 55 8AB>@8O 8 F5==>AB8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 @07;8G=K5 A8<2>;8G5A:85 0A?5:BK A5<59=>9 845=B8G=>AB8" 8 =587<5==> ?@8ACBAB2CNB 2 A>45@60=88 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :><<C=8:0F89. "0:8< >1@07><, ?A8E>B5@0?52B >1I05BAO A A5<L59 8 AB@>8B 2708<>>B=>H5=8O A 55 G;5=0<8, 8A?>;L7CO 8E A>1AB25==K5 A8<2>;K. 8=CE8= 8 $8H<0= (inuchin,Fishman,1981, pp.34-39) >?8AK20NB B5E=8:C ?@>A;56820=8O :0: 206=59H89 M;5<5=B 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?@8A>548=5=8O : A5<L5 8 <O3:>3> =0?@02;5=8O ?>2545=8O 55 G;5=>2 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88. =0 O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< M;5<5=B>< 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 AB@0B5388 MB8E 02B>@>2. '5@57 AB@C:BC@8@>20=85, @07K3@K20=85 @>;59, 2K?>;=5=85 @07;8G=KE 7040=89 B5@0?52B 8 :;85=BK >@30=87CNB 2708<>459AB285 <564C A>1>9. "5@0?52B ?@8A>548=O5BAO : :;85=B0<, ?><>30O 8< @0AA:070BL A>1AB25==CN 8AB>@8N 8 :0: A;54C5B =0AB@>8BLAO =0 ?>=8<0=85 B5E ?@>F5AA>2, :>B>@K5 ?@>8AE>4OB 2 8E A5<L5. "5@0?52B ?@8 MB>< >B<5G05B 402;5=85, >:07K205<>5 =0 =55 A5<L59, :>B>@0O AB@5<8BLAO >@30=87>20BL 55 ?>2545=85 B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K >=> A>>B25BAB2>20;> 8E ?0BB5@=0< 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. !=0G0;0 >=0 2A;CH8205BAO 2 8AB>@8N 8 70B5< ?5@5<5I05B C@>25=L B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2708<>459AB28O >B A>45@60B5;L=>3> : ?@>F5AAC0;L=><C, D>:CA8@COAL =0 ?@8@>45 <56;8G=>AB=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 A5<L5 8 =0?@02;OO :;85=B>2 : >??@>1K20=8N =>2>3> ?>2545=8O. @>F54C@0 8=CE8= (Minuchin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inuchin,Fishman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inuchin,Fishman,1981, @. 35-36). -;5<5=BK B5E=8:8 ?@>A;56820=8O ?@8<5=ONBAO 745AL 2 E>45 2A59 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 15A54K. A8E>B5@0?52B >BA;568205B 60;>1C 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> :;85=B0, 2A:@K20O ?@>F5AA, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> A5<LO ?>445@68205B 53> 2 D@CAB@8@CNI5< ?>;>65=88 - ;>2CH:5, :>B>@0O ?>4:@5?;O5B 45?@5AA82=K5 GC2AB20 <C60 8 53> @>;L ":>7;0 >B?CI5=8O". >340 65 <C6 7;8BAO, >= >3>@G05B 65=C. @>4>;65=85 15A54K C1548B5;L=> ?>:07K205B, GB> 65=0 B0:65 >?0A05BAO 1KBL ?@O<>9 8 G5AB=>9 2 >1I5=88 A <C65< 87-70 1>O7=8 53> @0AAB@>8BL. @O<>, >B:@KB> 8 G5AB=> >B@060O =01;N405<>5 ?>2545=85, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8A>548=O5BAO : A5<L5 8, >4=>2@5<5==>, 1@>A05B 2K7>2 =5DC=:F8>=0;L=>AB8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. !C?@C30< ?>:07K20NB, GB> >1I5=85 =0<5:0<8 8 65;0=85 =5 >3>@G0BL ?0@B=5@0 G0AB> A>7405B ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN ;>2CH:C. A5 MB> 2545B : ?@>4C:B82=><C >1AC645=8N C<5=8O AC?@C3>2 045:20B=> A?>@8BL 8 :@8B8:>20BL 4@C3 4@C30 - MDD5:B82=KE A?>A>1>2 C<5=LH5=8O 45?@5AA88 <C60 8 C4>2;5B2>@5=8O ?>B@51=>AB8 65=K ?;0:0BL =5 B0: G0AB>. >?5@5<5==> ?@8A>548=OOAL B> : >4=><C, B> : 4@C3><C ?0@B=5@C, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>;CG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>445@60BL ;8G=>AB=CN ?>78F8N :064>3> 8, >4=>2@5<5==> 1@>A8BL 2K7>2, ?>AB028BL ?>4 2>?@>A @50;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK 8E ?>2545=8O 8 <56;8G=>AB=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. 45AL :0: 1K 70405BAO 2>?@>A "K 459AB28B5;L=> E>B8B5 >AB0BLAO 2 MB>9 =01;N405<>9 20<8 A59G0A ?>78F88?" A?>;L7>20=85 "@>A;56820=85" AB8<C;8@C5B :;85=B>2 >?8AK20BL 8;8 ?@>83@K20BL 8E ?@>H;K9 >?KB 2 :>=:@5B=KE ?>=OB8OE, 0 =5 ?>A@54AB2>< =5OA=KE >1>1I5=89. -B> 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@5>4>;5BL A5<59=CN <8D>;>38N, >:@C60NICN A8<?B>< 8 ?>72>;O5B G;5=0< A5<L8 C2845BL A8BC0F8N, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 2 40==K9 <><5=B =0E>4OBAO, 2 @50;L=>< A25B5. "5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =01;N40BL 459AB28B5;L=CN ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL A>1KB89 - 2KOA=8BL B>, :0:>9 2:;04 2=>A8B 2 =55 :064K9 G;5= A5<L8, :B> 1C45B C?>@=55 2A53> 1>@>BLAO 70 55 A>E@0=5=85 8 ?@>4>;65=85. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 :0: 2 E>45 B@048F8>==>9 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 15A54K, B0: 8 2 A?5F80;L=KE C?@06=5=8OE - =0?@8<5@, 2 @07K3@K20=88 A>1KB889 87 687=8 A5<L8, 8;8 2 4@C38E 83@0E. "5E=8:0 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO, ?>A@54AB2>< @0F8>=0;L=>3> 2708<>459AB28O, >@30=87>20==>3> ?A8E>B5@0?520B><, 2 @01>B5 A ;N4L<8, ?@8=04;560I8<8 : @07;8G=K< 2>7@0AB=K< 3@C??0<. @>A;565=> <>65B 1KBL 4065 ?>2545=85 <;045=F0. 4-27   +%  &. 1JOA=5=85 =>385 B5E=8:8 ?><>30NB @07;8G8BL ?>4A8AB5<K 2=CB@8 A5<L8. >;LH8=AB2> ?@>70?04=>->@85=B8@>20==KE B5>@89 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 >B<5G0NB 206=>ABL ?>445@6:8 3@0=8F <564C ?>:>;5=8O<8 2 A5<L5 - ?>:>;5=85< 101CH5:-454CH5:, @>48B5;O<8 8 45BL<8. A>15==> MB> :0A05BAO A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2, @01>B0NI8E 2 @0<:0E AB@C:BC@=>9 B5>@88. =8 ?>;030NB, GB> A5<LO 1C45B CA?5H=> DC=:F8>=8@>20BL ;8HL B>340, :>340 1C4CB OA=> ?@>G5@G5=K 3@0=8FK <564C ?>:>;5=8O<8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2=CB@8A5<59=K< ?@028;0<, @0A?@545;5=8N >B25BAB25==>AB8 8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< <564C @>48B5;O<8 8 45BL<8. $>@<8@>20=85 25@B8:0;L=KE <56?>:>;5==KE 0;LO=A>2 8 B@5C3>;L=8:>2 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: <5H0NI55 3>@87>=B0;L=K< 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< 2 A5<L5 (=0?@8<5@, 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C @>48B5;O<8,2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C 45BL<8) 8 45;0NI55 MB8 2708<>459AB28O 48AD=C:F8>=0;L=K<8. 53;0A=>5 @07@5H5=85 >4=><C 87 45B59 70=OBL ?A524>@>48B5;LA:CN ?>78F8N, @02=CN @>;8 >4=>3> 87 @>48B5;59, 8;8 4065 >GCB8BLAO 2 @>;8 @>48B5;O A>1AB25==><C @>48B5;N >?@545;O5BAO :0: 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=K9 2=CB@8A5<59=K9 ?0BB5@=.  :0G5AB25 4@C38E ?@8<5@>2 <>6=> ?@825AB8 70:@KBK5 0;LO=AK, :>340 >48= 87 @>48B5;59 B09=> ?>445@68205B >B:;>=ONI55AO ?>2545=85 >4=>3> 87 45B59, 8;8 :>340 @515=>: CG8B >4=>3> 87 @>48B5;59, :0: 5<C A>2;040BL A 4@C38<, 8;8 :>340 101CH:0 >B<5=O5B =0:070=85, =0;>65==>5 @>48B5;O<8 8 >1@0I05BAO A @>48B5;5< :0: A >4=8< 87 A2>8E 45B59 8;8 2=C:>2.  :064>< 87 MB8E A;CG052 AB@C:BC@0 A5<L8 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: =5DC=:F8>=0;L=0O. A=>2=0O B5>@5B8G5A:0O ?>AK;:0, =0 :>B>@>9 >A=>2K205BAO 40==0O B5E=8:0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> A5<LO ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 A>F80;L=CN AB@C:BC@C, >@30=87>20==CN ?> 85@0@E8G5A:><C ?@8=F8?C. ;O A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0 206=> 42830BLAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K ?>445@60BL 2=CB@8A5<59=CN 85@0@E8N ?CB5< C:@5?;5=8O <56?>:>;5==KE 3@0=8F,>B45;ONI8E @>48B5;59 >B 45B59 - <=>385 20@80=BK ?>4E>40 AB@C:BC@=KE E>4>2 1K;8 A>740=K 8<5==> 4;O MB>9 F5;8. @>F54C@0 >340 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 70<5G05B, GB> 8<55BAO A<07K20=85 8;8 =0@CH5=85 85@0@E8G5A:8E 3@0=8F 2 40==>9 A5<L5, >=0 A>7405B B0:85 AB@C:BC@=K5 E>4K, :>B>@K5 ?5@5@0A?@545;ONB G;5=>2 A5<L8 B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K ?>445@60BL A>>B25BAB2CNI85 AC1A8AB5<K, GB>1K @>48B5;LA:0O 8 45BA:0O AC1A8AB5<K 1K;8 2 4>AB0B>G=>9 <5@5 @07J545=5=K. !E5<0: ?>4A8AB5<0 "101CH5:-454CH5:", @>48B5;LA:0O ?>4A8AB5<0 - (<0<0, ?0?0), 45BA:0O ?>4A8AB5<0: AB0@H0O 4>GL - A@54=89 AK=, <;04H89 AK=. "5E=8:0 2:;NG05B 2 A51O A;54CNI55: 1. 7<5=5=85 ?>@O4:0, 2 :>B>@>< G;5=K A5<L8 A84OB =0 A5AA88 - @>48B5;59 A;54C5B CA048BL 2<5AB5 8 45B59 2<5AB5 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 2. "0: 284>87<5=OBL 7040=8O, GB>1K ?>4G5@:820BL @07;8G8O 2 >B25BAB25==>AB8 @>48B5;59 8 >B25BAB25==>AB8 45B59. 3. @0:B8:>20BL 2AB@5G8 A @>48B5;O<8 (157 45B59) 4;O >1AC645=8O 2>?@>A>2, =0E>4OI8EAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2 @>48B5;LA:>9 :><?5B5=F88. 4. "5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL @07@5H5=85 @>48B5;59 =0 B>, GB>1K ?@>45;0BL GB>-B> A 45BL<8. 5. !B8<C;8@>20BL @0728B85 ?>B@51=>AB8 2 8=48284C0;L=>< ;8G=>AB=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25, =0?@8<5@, ?>A>25B>20BL 225AB8 B0:85 ?@02;8;0 2 4><0H=89 >18E>4, GB>1K 8<5BL 2>7<>6=>ABL 70:@K20BL 425@8 :0: 2 :><=0B5 C @>48B5;59, B0: 8 2 :><=0B5 C 45B59. 6. !>25B>20BL @>48B5;O< 8 45BO< ?@>2>48BL 1>;LH5 2@5<5=8 2 >B45;L=>AB8 4@C3 >B 4@C30. 7. >4G5@:820BL @C:>2>4OI55 7=0G5=85 @>48B5;59 2 A5<L5, 8E >?@545;ONICN @>;L 2 2>A?8B0=88 45B59. 8. >1C640BL @>48B5;59 >1AC640BL A2>8 ?@>1;5<K A 4@C7LO<8 8;8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;0<8 8 =5 2?CBK20BL 2 MB> 45B59. 9. >1C640BL @>48B5;59 : B><C, GB>1K >=8 25;8 A51O A 45BL<8 :0: 27@>A;K5, 0 =5 @53@5AA8@>20;8, =0E>4OAL 2 D@CAB@0F88, : 45BA:><C C@>2=N. 10. >1C640BL @>48B5;59 : B><C, GB>1K >=8 ?>72>;8;8 45BO< 25AB8 A51O 8 459AB2>20BL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 8E 2>7@0AB><. 11. ><>30BL @>48B5;O< ?5@54020BL G0ABL A2>59 >B25BA25==>AB8 45BO< ?@8 4>AB865=88 8<8 A>>B25BAB2CNI53> 2>7@0AB0, :>340 MB8 ?>A;54=85 MBC >B25BAB25==>ABL A<>3CB 8A?>;=OBL. @8<5@ !5<LO . @5H8;0 ?@>9B8 B5@0?8N ?> A>25BC H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30 8E 4>G5@8. A8E>;>3 >B<5B8;0, GB> 8E 4>G:0 8, 12-B8 ;5B, ?;>E> ?>A5I05B H:>;C, @C305BAO, 8, =5A<>B@O =0 A2>8 4>2>;L=> E>@>H85 A?>A>1=>AB8, ?>;CG05B ?>A@54AB25==K5 >F5=:8. =0 ?>15A54>20;0 A A5<L59 8 ?@54?>;>68;0, GB> 2 55 DC=:F8>=8@>20=88 :0: 3@C??K 8<5NBAO A5@L57=K5 ?@>1;5<K. !5<LO A>AB>8B 87 14-;5B=53> "8<>B8, 16-;5B=59 8488, 845=B8D8F8@>20==>9 :;85=B:8 8, 42-E ;5B=53> <8AB5@0 . 8 39-;5B=59 <8AA8A . 0G0;> @01>BK A MB>9 A5<L59 ?>:070;>, GB> ?5@2>=0G0;L=>5 157<>;2=>5 A>3;0H5=85 MB>9 G5BK ?>4@07C<520;>, GB> <C6 4>;65= ?><>30BL 65=5 2 @5H5=88 55 ?@>1;5<, ?>2AN4C A>?@>2>640BL 55, >:07K20BL 59 2=8<0=85 8 ?@>O2;OBL : =59 3;C1>:89 8=B5@5A. @54?>;030;>AL, GB> 8<5==> B0:>5 ?>2545=85 4>;6=> A45;0BL 55 AG0AB;82>9.  A2>N >G5@54L, >=0 4>;6=0 1K;0 1KBL <8;>9 8 ?@8OB=>9, 2A5340 2K@060BL A2>5 2>AE8I5=85 <C65< 8 ?>72>;OBL 5<C 1KBL ;845@><. /A=>, GB> =5A>1;N45=85 ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> A>3;0H5=8O <>65B 2K720BL >B@8F0B5;L=K5 M<>F88 :0: C >4=>3>, B0: 8 C 4@C3>3> AC?@C30. > 2@5<O A5AA89 8 G0AB> ?;>E> A51O 25;0, =0?@8<5@, 1@>A0;0 =0 ?>; D0=B8:8 >B 620G5:. 8AA8A . >1KG=> 45;0;0 59 2K3>2>@ 8 ?@8:07K20;0 >AB0=>28BLAO. 8 65 2 >B25B >3@K70;0AL, <8AB5@ . C;K10;AO, 0 <8AA8A . =5>6840==> 70<>;:0;0. 20 4@C38E @515=:0, "8<>B8 8 848O 1K;8 4>2>;L=> 40;5:8 >B B>3>, GB> ?@>8AE>48;> =0 A5AA88. -B0 A8BC0F8O ?>2B>@O;0AL =5A:>;L:> @07 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 G0AB8 15A54K. A8E>B5@0?52B =0G0;0 @0AA<0B@820BL 10;>2AB2> 4>G5@8 :0: @57C;LB0B 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?>4@>AB:0 2 :0G5AB25 >@C68O 2 :>=D;8:B5 <564C @>48B5;O<8. A8E>B5@0?52B @5H8;0 C:@5?8BL 3@0=8FK <564C ?>:>;5=8O<8, ?>445@602 65=C 2 =0?@02;5=88 55 A1;865=8O A AC?@C3><. 8 2A5 2@5<O 6C5B 620G:C 8 1@>A05B D0=B8:8 =0 ?>;. 0BL =56=K< 3>;>A>< 3>2>@8B: "8, ?5@5AB0=L. -B> =5E>@>H>". 8 3=52=> >B25G05B: " BK =0 <5=O =5 A<>B@8!" B5F <>;G8B, =5 >:07K20O =8:0:>9 ?>445@6:8. "5@0?52B 3>2>@8B 65=5: "K 2K3;O48B5 B0:, :0: 1C4B> A59G0A 0< B@51C5BAO ?><>IL, => K =5 ?@>A8B5 55 C A2>53> <C60". "5@0?52B ?@54;0305B 65=5 8 <C6C A>B@C4=8G0BL 4@C3 A 4@C3><, 254L 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 MB> 1K;> G0ABLN 8E =53;0A=>3> ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> A>3;0H5=8O. 0BL =0G8=05B ?;0:0BL. "5@0?52B A?@0H8205B, ?>G5<C >=0 ?;0G5B? =0 >B25G05B, GB> 55 ?;0G =5 8<55B =8:0:>3> 7=0G5=8O. "5@0?52B >1JOA=O5B: "K >?0A05B5AL, GB> >B =53> =5 4>645HLAO ?><>I8". C6 ?>4B25@6405B MB> ?@5?>;>65=85. 0BL >B25G05B "40" :82:><. ">340 B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B: "0209B5 2KOA=8<". "5@0?52B 3>2>@8B <C6C: "K E>B8B5 ?><>GL?" 45AL B5@0?52B ?>445@68205B CA8;8O 65=K. C6, 8=B5;;5:BC0;878@CO A8BC0F8N, >B25G05B: "/ 2A5340 CABC?0N 59, :>340 <>3C, => <=5 =5>1E>48<> >G5=L <=>3> 2@5<5=8 C45;OBL @01>B5 - 8=0G5 <5=O ?@87=0NB =5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8< 4>;6=>AB8". "5@0?52B A?@0H8205B: "K A59G0A =0E>48B5AL 40;5:>?" =0 =5A:>;L:> @07 ?>2B>@O5B MB>B 2>?@>A. C6 >B25G05B: "0". =0 A?@0H8205B: " A59G0A K =0E>48B5AL =0 1>;LH>< @0AAB>O=88?" C6 >B25G05B: "5B". -B> >7=0G05B, GB> >= E>G5B ?><>GL A2>59 65=5. "5@0?52B 3>2>@8B: "0: =5C40G=>, GB> K GC2AB2C5B5 A51O 1;87:>, 0 A848B5 40;5:> >B =55". "5@0?52B C:07K205B =0 8<5NI55AO 745AL =5A>>B25BAB285. 0G8=0O A<CI0BLAO, <C6 >B25G05B: "/ =5 2A5340 C25@5=, GB> =C65= 59". G5284=> B0:65, GB> >= 745AL G53>-B> 1>8BAO. "5@0?52B CB25@6405B: ">340 >=0 ?>A<>B@5;0 =0 0A, K =5 2?>;=5 ?>=O;8, GB> >=0 8<55B 2 284C". "/ =5 2A5340 55 ?>=8<0N" - >B25G05B <C6. "5@0?52B =0AB08205B =0 B><, GB>1K >= A?@>A8; 55 - 459AB28B5;L=> ;8 >=0 E>G5B GB>1K >= =0E>48;AO >B =55 2 >B40;5=88. C6 A?@0H8205B: ""K 459AB28B5;L=> MB>3> E>G5HL?" 5=0 1KAB@> >B25G05B: "5B". ">340 B5@0?52B ?@54;0305B <C6C A5ABL @O4>< A 65=>9. C6 ?5@5A068205BAO 8 15@5B A2>N 65=C 70 @C:C. "0:8< >1@07>< B5@0?52B C:@5?;O5B 3@0=8FK <564C ?>:>;5=8O<8 2 MB>9 A5<L5. >B>< >=0 A?@0H8205B: " B5?5@L ;CGH5?" 5=0 C;K105BAO. "5@0?52B A?@0H8205B <C60, GC2AB2C5B ;8 >= B5?5@L A51O A?>:>9=55, 8 B>B ?>;>68B5;L=> :8205B 2 >B25B. "5@0?52B 70<5G05B, GB>, A84O B0:8< >1@07>< @O4><, >=8 2K?>;=ONB ?5@2>=0G0;L=>5 AC?@C65A:>5 A>3;0H5=85 8 GB> 2>>1I5 AB@0==> 4;O <C60 8 65=K A845BL >B45;L=> 4@C3 >B 4@C30. =0 B0:65 A?@0H8205B: "K G0AB> A048B5AL @O4>< 4><0, 5A;8 8<55B <5AB> A8BC0F8O ?>4>1=0O MB>9?" C6 >B25G05B: "5B". 0B5< B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B AC?@C30<, GB> >=8 4>;6=K ?>@01>B0BL =04 MB8< 2>?@>A>< A0<>AB>OB5;L=> 8 AB0@0BLAO A;54>20BL A2>5<C ?5@2>=0G0;L=><C A>3;0H5=8N. =0 B0:65 ?>A>25B>20;0 @>48B5;O< ?@>2>48BL <8=8<C< 420 G0A0 2 =545;N, 70=8<0OAL :0:>9-=81C4L 45OB5;L=>ABLN 157 45B59. -B> 5I5 1>;LH5 C:@5?8;> C65 CAB0=>2;5==CN 3@0=8FC. -B0 A5AA8O ?>:070;0 B5@0?52BC, GB> >10 @>48B5;O 1K;8 708=B5@5A>20=K 2 C;CGH5=88 A2>8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8 2 A>1;N45=88 ?@028; ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> A>3;0H5=8O, : :>B>@><C 8< A;54>20;> ?@81;860BLAO ?>MB0?=>. ?8@0OAL B5?5@L =0 >1J548=82H8EAO @>48B5;59, :0: =0 ?>4A8AB5<C, B5@0?52B ?>>I@O5B 8E 242>5< 70=OBLAO 48AF8?;8=>9 8, :>B>@CN 1>;LH5 =5 1C45B ?>445@6820BL >B5F, :>340 >=0 459AB2C5B ?@>B82 <0B5@8. 7<5=5=85 3@0=8F 2 MB>< A;CG05 ?@>8AE>48B 87-70 ?5@5;><0 2 :@>A?>:>;5==KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 8 87-70 A>1;N45=8O 8;8 ?5@5>1AC645=8O 157<>;2=>3> ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> AC?@C65A:>3> A>3;0H5=8O. A?>;L7>20=85 >445@6:0 <56?>:>;5==KE 3@0=8F 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?><>GL G;5=0< A5<L8 70=OBL A2>5 045:20B=>5 <5AB> 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. "5E=8:0 A?>A>1AB2C5B @07@CH5=8N 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 0;LO=A>2, :>B>@K5 ?>445@6820NB 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>ABL A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, >A2>1>6405B @>48B5;59 >B A25@E2:;NG5==>AB8 2 687=L 45B59 8 45B59 - 2 687=L @>48B5;59. @><5 B>3> 40==0O B5E=8:0 =0?@02;5=0 =0 B>, GB>1K >15A?5G8BL 548=AB2> <564C @>48B5;O<8 8 A>3;0A>20==>ABL 2 459AB28OE <564C =8<8. "0:65 >=0 <>65B 2KO28BL 8 8A?@028BL ?A524>2708<=>ABL <564C @>48B5;O<8, :>340 >=8 =0 ?>25@E=>AB=>< C@>2=5 A>3;0H0NBAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 871560BL :>=D;8:B>2. -B8 :>=D;8:BK (acting out) 70B5< ?@>83@K20NBAO 8E 45BL<8. @8 ?@>2545=88 40==>9 <5B>48:8 =5>1E>48<> 8<5BL 2284C @07;8G8O 2 :C;LBC@=KE F5==>ABOE, ?@8ACI8< @07=K< ?>:>;5=8O< 2 A5<L5. 4-28  !  !#!!" 1JOA=5=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 1>;LH5 2A53> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 @0<:0E AB@C:BC@=>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 4;O ?><>I8 2 CAB0=>2;5=88 045:20B=KE 3@0=8F 2=CB@8 A5<L8. ! 55 ?><>ILN <>6=> A45;0BL 2K7>2 ACI5AB2CNI5<C 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=><C @0A?@545;5=8N 2;0AB8 8 B0:8< ?0@0<5B@0< 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O :0: 48AB0=F8O-1;87>ABL. =0 >A>1> MDD5:B82=0 2 A5<LOE "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:", G;5=K :>B>@>9 A;8H:>< B5A=> A?;5B5=K 4@C3 A 4@C3><, 2 :>B>@KE 8<55BAO =5A:>;L:> B@5C3>;L=8:>2, ?@8G5< @515=>: 8;8 1010CH:0 1>;55 4><8=0=B=K, G5< @>48B5;8, 8;8 >48= 87 AC?@C3>2 4><8=8@C5B =04 4@C38<. E>4O 2> 2@5<5==K9 0;LO=A A >4=>9 87 A5<59=KE AC1A8AB5< (@>48B5;LA:>9 8;8 45BA:>9), ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>A2OI05B =0 :0:>5-B> 2@5<O 2A5 A2>8 A8;K, 02B>@8B5B 8 2;0ABL 40==>9 3@C??5 8;8 40==><C :>=:@5B=><C G;5=C A5<L8. >765 >=0 <>65B >ACI5AB28BL 0;LO=A A 4@C3>9 AC1A8AB5<>9, 4;O B>3>, GB>1K C:@5?8BL 55, :>340 C65 ?@>45;0=0 >?@545;5==0O @01>B0 A ?5@2>9, 8 ?>;CG5=K ?>78B82=K5 @57C;LB0BK ?> ?@5>4>;5=8N 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE ?0BB5@=>2 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O.  >A=>25 40==>9 B5E=8:8 ;568B A;54CNI85 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@54?>AK;:8. !5<LO ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 85@0@E8G5A:CN AB@C:BC@C, 2 :>B>@>9 @>48B5;8 2K?>;=ONB DC=:F8N 8A?>;=8B5;L=>9 2;0AB8 8 @C:>2>4OB A2>8<8 45BL<8. 5B8 65 =5 @C:>2>4OB A2>8<8 @>48B5;O<8. 564C A>1>9 @>48B5;8 4>;6=K 2 8450;5 8<5BL @02=K5 ?0@B=5@A:85 >B=>H5=8O - :0: 2 :0G5AB25 AC?@C3>2 B0: 8 2 :0G5AB25 @>48B5;59. 5B8 65 >1@07CNB A>1AB25==CN AC1A8AB5<C, 2 :>B>@>9 @515=>: A >?@545;5==K<8 >A>15==>ABO<8 (=0?@8<5@, 1>;L=>9 8;8 :0?@87=K9) =5 <>65B 2K?>;=OBL @>;L ;845@0. ;0ABL 2 A5<L5, 55 8A?>;L7>20=85 8 @0A?@545;5=85, O2;O5BAO F5=B@0;L=K< <><5=B>< 2> 2A5E 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B0E 8 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE 2708<>459AB28OE 8 ?>MB><C 2KABC?05B 2 :0G5AB25 206=>3> D0:B>@0 2 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5. ;0ABL ?@>O2;O5B A51O G5@57 @07=>>1@07=K5 0;LO=AK 8 A3>2>@K.  :>340 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O 2;0AB=KE DC=:F89 =5>1E>48<> ?@5>4>;5BL ACI5AB2CNI85 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 3@0=8FK - 2>7=8:0NB B@C4=>AB8 8 ?@>1;5<K. !;8H:>< 1>;LH0O 1;87>ABL AC1A8AB5< 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 8E 2708<>?5@5:@KB85 (>BACBAB285 3@0=8F) 8;8, =0>1>@>B, 8E A;8H:>< 1>;LH0O 48AB0=F8O <>65B AB0BL 8AB>G=8:>< AB@C:BC@=KE ?@>1;5<. !;54C5B ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52BC, :>B>@K9 >1>7=0G05B A2>9 ?>4E>4 :0: =59B@0;L=K9 8;8 =548@5:B82=K9, 2@O4 ;8 C40ABAO MDD5:B82=> @01>B0BL A MB>9 B5E=8:>9. @>F54C@0 5@2K9 H03 A>AB>8B 2 >?@545;5=88 B>3>, :0:0O 87 AC1A8AB5< 4>;6=0 1KBL CA8;5=0. 0?@8<5@, @>48B5;8, >:0702H85AO =5MDD5:B82=K<8 2 ?@8CG5=88 : ?>@O4:C A2>8E 45B59, 254CI8E A51O 45280=B=>, <>3CB >:070BLAO AC1J5:B0<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 0;LO=A0. @8A>548=OOAL : @>48B5;O< ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2 :0G5AB25 B@5=5@0 C:@5?;O5B 8E ;845@A:>5 ?>;>65=85 2 A5<L5. !E>4=K< >1@07><, :>340 >48= 87 AC?@C3>2 4><8=8@C5B =04 4@C38< 8 MB> ?@82>48B : 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>AB8 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4;O B>3>, GB>1K MB> 4><8=8@>20=85 ?@5:@0B8BL 8 ?>?KB0BLAO A>740BL 1>;55 @02=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C =8<8, ?@8A>548=O5BAO : B><C, :>3> ?>402;ONB. -B> =0E>48BAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A B5>@859, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 G;5=K AC1A8AB5<K @02=K <564C A>1>9. @8A>5485=85 : AC1A8AB5<5 ?@82>48B : @0710;0=A8@>2:5 ACI5AB2CNI8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 A5<L5 8 ?>4B0;:8205B MBC ?>4A8AB5<C : 1>;55 MDD5:B82=><C 2K?>;=5=8N A2>8E DC=:F89. >340 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8A>548=O5BAO : AC1A8AB5<5, A2O78 <564C 55 G;5=0<8 C:@5?;ONBAO, 0 B0:65 C:@5?;ONBAO 3@0=8FK <564C AC1A8AB5<0<8 2=CB@8 A8AB5<K. "0:85 ?A8E>B5@?52B8G5A:85 0;LO=AK 8 C:@5?;5=8O AC1A8AB5< 2 A5<L5 <>3CB 1KBL 4>AB83=CBK A;54CNI8<8 ?@85<0<8: 1. >6=> A5ABL @O4>< A G;5=0<8 :>=:@5B=>9 AC1A8AB5<K 8 >ACI5AB2;OBL :0:CN-B> 45OB5;L=>ABL 2<5AB5 A =8<8. 2. =8<0B5;L=> A;CH0BL G;5=>2 40==>9 AC1A8AB5<K 8 A?>A>1AB2>20BL B><C, GB>1K G;5=K 4@C38E AC1A8AB5< B>65 8E 2=8<0B5;L=> A;CH0;8, ?@87=020;8 8E ?@02> =0 A0<>AB>OB5;L=K5 2KA:07K20=8O. 3. 0BL 7=0BL ?@54AB028B5;O< >4=>9 87 AC1A8AB5< :0: :>=:@5B=> >=8 8A?>;L7CNB A2>N 2;0ABL 8 B5< A0<K< 4>AB830NB @57C;LB0B0, ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> 65;05<><C. 0?@8<5@, 4><8=8@CNI0O 65=0 ?@>4>;605B @C30BL A2>53> <C60, ?@54JO2;O5O 5<C 702KH5==K5 B@51>20=8O, 4065 :>340 87-70 MB>3> <C6 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 ?0AA82=K<. >48B5;8 B@51C5B >B 27@>A;>3> @515=:0-H87>D@5=8:0, GB>1K >= =0:>=5F AB0; 27@>A;K<, E>BO >=8 8 >1@0I0NBAO A =8< :0: A <;045=F5<. 4. "@5=8@>20BL AC?@C3>2 2 045:20B=>< @>48B5;LA:>< ?>2545=88 8 70AB028BL 8E A@07C 65 ?@8<5=8BL @57C;LB0BK MB>3> B@5=8=30 2> 2708<>459AB288 A @515=:><. A8E>B5@0?52B =5 <>65B 745AL =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 83@0BL @>48B5;LA:C @>;L, B0: :0: MB> ?>4>@25B 2;0ABL ?>A;54=8E. 5.><>GL G;5=0< AC1A8AB5<K OA=> >?@545;8BL A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 8 ?>78F8N 8 45;0BL MB> 2 >B:@>25==> =0?>@8AB>9 <0=5@5. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B A?>A>1ABA2C5B B><C, GB>1K G;5=K 4@C3>9 AC1A8AB5<K ?@>@5038@>20;8 =0 MB> ?@O<> 8 :>=AB@C:B82=> 8 A5<LO 2 F5;>< 2:;NG8;0AL 1K 2 >B:@KBK9 ?5@53>2>@=K9 ?@>F5AA. 6. !>>B=5AB8 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 @>;8 8 7040G8 A OA=> >G5@G5==K<8 3@0=8F0<8 2=CB@8 A5<L8. B> >ACI5AB2;O5B >1I55 @C:>2>4AB2> ?@>F5AA>< 2>A?8B0=8O 45B59? B> A;548B 70 48AF8?;8=>9? 0:>2K >1O70==>AB8 :064>3> @515=:0? 0:>2K >1O70==>AB8 101CH5:-454CH5:, A>F80;L=KE @01>B=8:>2, :064>3> AC?@C30? B> 701>B8BAO > @072;5G5=8OE, A>F80;L=KE :>=B0:B0E, ?@820B=>AB8 A5<59=>9 687=8? 7. A2>1>48BL @515=:0 >B ?A524>@>48B5;LA:>9 @>;8 8;8 ?>78F88, @02=>9 @>48B5;LA:>9, ?@8OB5;LA:>9 ?> >B=>H5=8N : =8<. 515=>: 4>;65= ?@5:@0B8BL 25AB8 A51O B0:, :0: 1C4B> >= @025= @>48B5;O< 8;8 65 ?@52>AE>48B 8E 2 B5@<8=0E 02B>@8B5B0 8 2;0AB8. ;O MB>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>A8B @>48B5;59 45;0BL B>, GB> >1KG=> 45;0NB 45B8. 8. 0?><=8BL G;5=0< :064>9 87 AC1A8AB5< >1 8E 045:20B=>< <5AB5 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 8 ?><>GL G;5=0< A5<L8 >?@545;8BL A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 ?@020, ?@825;5388 8 >1O70==>AB8 2 @0<:0E :064>9 87 AC1A8AB5<. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 87<5=OBL 0;LO=AK 2=CB@8 A5<L8, :>340 2 8E >1@07F0E ?>2545=8O 8 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE ?@>8AE>48B ACI5AB25==K9 A4283. 9 2>7<>6=> ?@845BAO 8 40;LH5 70=8<0BLAO @0710;0=A8@>2:>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K (<>65B 1KBL 5I5 =5A:>;L:> 2AB@5G) 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@825AB8 A5<LN : AB@5AAC, 4>AB0B>G=><C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =0G0;0AL ?>78B82=0O B@0=AD>@<0F8O A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, GB> 40AB 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?>8A:0 =>2KE ?CB59 @07@5H5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B>2. @8<5@ M@8 8 6>=, 55 H5AB8;5B=89 AK=, 682CB A @>48B5;O<8 M@8 A B5E ?>@, :0: B0 @0725;0AL A <C65< 3>4 =0704. A5 G5BK@5 G;5=0 A5<L8 ?@8=8<0NB CG0AB85 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88.  :0G5AB25 ?@>1;5<K, :>B>@CN ?@54AB028;0 A5<LO, 2KABC?8;8 :0?@87K <0;LG8:0.  E>45 ?5@28G=>9 15A54K B5@0?52BC AB0;> OA=>, GB> M@8 =5 C405BAO >ACI5AB28BL MDD5:B82=K9 @>48B5;LA:89 :>=B@>;L =04 ?>2545=85< 6>=0. 5 A>1AB25==K5 @>48B5;8, 454CH:0 8 101CH:0 6>=0, 27O;8 =0 A51O 1>;LHCN G0ABL @>48B5;LA:8E DC=:F89 M@8. @0=8FK <564C M@8 8 6>=>< =5045:20B=> @07<K;8AL. E 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 1K;8 1>;LH5 ?>E>68 =0 >B=>H5=8O 1@0B0 8 A5AB@K ?@8<5@=> >4=>3> 2>7@0AB0, G5< =0 >B=>H5=8O <0B5@8 8 AK=0. "5@0?52B ?>?@>A8; 101CH:C 8 454CH:C A5ABL @O4>< ?> >4=C AB>@>=C >B M@8, B>340 :0: 6>= A5; A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K. -B0 0@0=68@>2:0 ?>A04>G=KE <5AB >B@060;0 >1J5:B82=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 B@5E AC1A8AB5< 2 MB>9 A5<L5 8 2<5AB5 A B5< C:07K20;0 =0 3;025=AB2CNICN @>;L M@8 ?> 2A5< 2>?@>A0<, :0A0NI8<AO 6>=0. "5@0?52B A048BAO 1;865 2A53> : M@8 8 ;8F>< : =59. > 2@5<O A5AA88 >=0 >G5=L 2=8<0B5;L=> A;CH05B M@8, 45<>=AB@8@C5B ?@8=OB85 8 4>25@85 55 @0AA:07C. =0 ?@>A8B M@8 ?>25@=CBLAO : G;5=0< :064>9 87 4@C38E AC1A8AB5< 8 >1JOA=8BL 8<, 2 :0:8E 87<5=5=8OE, A 55 B>G:8 7@5=8O, =C6405BAO A5<LO. 0 2B>@>9 8 ?>A;54CNI8E A5AA8OE B5@0?52B ?>1C6405B M@8 : B><C, GB>1K 27OBL =0 A51O >A>1CN >B25BAB25==>ABL 8 :>=B@>;L 70 @515=:><. =0 - =0 AB>@>=5 M@8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 101CH:0 8 454CH:0, 0 B0:65 A0< <0;LG8:, A>?@>B82;ONBAO MB><C. "5@0?52B A?@0H8205B 101CH:C 8 454CH:C, G59 MB> @515=>: 8 :B> 70 =53> =5A5B >B25BAB25==>ABL. 01CH:0 8 454CH:0 3>2>@OB, GB> >B25AB25==0 M@8 8 GB> >=8 E>B5;8 1K, GB>1K >=0 =0 A0<>< 45;5 27O;0 >B25AB25==>ABL 70 <0;LG8:0 =0 A51O, => M@8 G0AB> ?@>A8B 8E > ?><>I8. "5@0?52B C:07K205B =0 B>, GB> 2 40==>< A;CG05 >B=N4L =5 8<55B <5AB> A8BC0F8O "2A5 8;8 =8G53>". A;8 :B>-B> =C6405BAO 2 ?><>I8, 0 :B>-B> MBC ?><>IL <>65B >:070BL - 40==0O A8BC0F8O =>@<0;L=0 8 MB> A>2A5< =5 ?>E>65 =0 B>, :>340 ?>4 284>< ?><>I8 >4=0 AB>@>=0 ?>;=>ABLN 15@5B :>=B@>;L =04 A8BC0F859. M@8 =C6=> 2A53> ;8HL ?><>GL 2 2K?>;=5=88 B>3> 45;0, 70 :>B>@>5 >=0 =5A5B >B25BAB25==>ABL 8 =8G53> 1>;55. 0B5< B5@0?52B ?@8A>548=O5BAO : 101CH:5 8 454CH:5 8 E20;8B 8E 70 CA8;8O ?> 2>A?8B0=8N A>1AB25==KE 45B59 8 A?>A>1=>ABL >B:;8:0BLAO =0 ?@>AL1K 2 >:070=88 ?><>I8 ?> 2>A?8B0=8N 2=C:>2, :>340 MB> =5>1E>48<>. 0B5< >=0 ?@>A8B M@8 1KBL 1>;55 :>=:@5B=>9 2 2>?@>A5 > B><, 2 :0:>9 8<5==> ?><>I8 A> AB>@>=K 55 @>48B5;59 >=0 =C6405BAO, 0 B0:65 :0:0O ?>445@6:0 A 8E AB>@>=K 59 =5>1E>48<0 2 48AF8?;8=0@=KE CA8;8OE ?> >B=>H5=8N : 6>=C. M@8 40NBAO A?5F80;L=K5 @5:><5=40F88 ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, :0: 25AB8 A51O A 6>=><. 0;55 B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B 6>=C, GB> 59 8725AB=>, GB> >= E>G5B 1KBL E>@>H8< <0;LG8:>< 8 A>25@H0BL ?@028;L=K5 ?>ABC?:8. =0 ?@>A8B 6>=0 ?>4G8=OBLAO B5< ?@028;0<, :>B>@K5 5<C 405B <0<0. 064K9 @07, :>340 <0;LG8: 2545B A51O 045:20B=>, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 3>2>@8B, GB> 8<5==> B0: 4>;65= 25AB8 A51O <0;5=L:89 <0;LG8:. =0 B0:65 ?@8A>548=O5BAO : <0;LG8:C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 4>3>2>@8BLAO > ?@85<;5<>< 2@5<5=8, :>B>@>5 53> >G5=L 70=OB0O, 8 2A5 5I5 ?5@56820NI0O ?>-?>2>4C @072>40, <0<0 <>65B ?>A2OB8BL >1I5=8N A =8<. "5@0?52B B0:65 =0?><8=05B <0<5 > B><, GB> <0;LG8: ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8 A:CG05B ?> A2>5<C >BFC, A :>B>@K< >= ?>A;5 @072>40 ?> ACB8 45;0 =5 2848BAO, 8 MB> 4;O =53> >G5=L B@C4=> ?>=OBL 8 ?@8=OBL. 57C;LB0B>< H5AB8 A5AA89 O28;>AL C<5=LH5=85 G8A;0 :>=D;8:B>2 <564C B@5<O AC1A8AB5<0<8 2 40==>9 A5<L5, 1>;55 OA=K5 ?@028;0 8 >6840=8O, 1>;LH5 ?>@O4:0 2 4><5, <5=LH5 B@52>6=>AB8 A> AB>@>=K @515=:0 8 <0B5@8, 1>;55 4@C65A:85 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, >A>15==> ?> 2>?@>AC > 65;0=8OE 8 ?>B@51=>ABOE 6>=0. B=>H5=8O <564C <0<>9 8 AK=>< AB0;8 B5?;K<8. A?>;L7>20=85 @8A>5485=85 : AC1A8AB5<5 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?5@5@0A?@545;8BL 2;0ABL 2 A5<L5, @07@CH8BL B@5C3>;L=8:8, :>340, =0?@8<5@, :B>-B> 4@C3>9 2<5H8205BAO 2 >B=>H5=8O <564C AC?@C30<8, CAB0=>28BL 045:20B=K5 3@0=8FK <564C AC1A8AB5<0<8. -B> 405B B5@0?52BC 1>;LH5 381:>AB8 4;O <0=52@8@>20=8O 2=CB@8 A8AB5<K. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> A5<LO ?@8E>48B : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC :0: : M:A?5@BC - G5;>25:C, :>B>@K9 2 ?@025 ?@>872>48BL 87<5=5=8O. >MB><C ?@8<5=5=85 40==>9 B5E=8:8 ?>:07K205B A5<L5 206=>ABL 381:>AB8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : @50;L=>9 687=5==>9 A8BC0F88 8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 2@5<O >B 2@5<5=8 ?@>872>48BL 87<5=5=8O 2 A5<59=KE ?@028;0E. "5E=8:0 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 2 @0<:0E AB@C:BC@>9 8 AB@0B538G5A:>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 ?@8 @01>B5 A =5MDD5:B82=K<8 AC1A8AB5<0<8. !>74020O 48A10;0=A 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, B5E=8:0 ?@82>48B : =>2><C ?>;>65=8N G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 : =>2K< 2>7<>6=>ABO< @07@5H5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B>2. "5@0?52B 4>;65= 2?>;=5 >B4020BL A515 >BG5B 2 <5;LG09H8E @07;8G8OE <564C ?>=OB8O<8 "?@8A>548=8BLAO : AC1A8AB5<5" 8 "AB0BL =0 AB>@>=C >4=>9 87 AC1A8AB5<". @8A>548=5=85 : AC1A8AB5<5 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A>7=0B5;L=K5 CA8;8O B5@0?52B0, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 ?5@5@0A?@545;5=85 A8;K 8 2;0AB8 2 40==>9 A5<L5, CAB0=>2;5=85 3@0=8F 8 C<5=LH5=85 <0=8?C;OF859 >4=8E G;5=>2 A5<L8 4@C38<8. !B0BL =0 AB>@>=C >4=>9 87 AC1A8AB5< O2;O5B A>1>9 ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>5 459AB285, 2 :>B>@>< B5@0?52B 845=B8D8F8@C5B A51O A >4=8< 8;8 =5A:>;L:8<8 A2>8<8 :;85=B0<8 ?@>B82 4@C38E A2>8E 65 :;85=B>2. C6=> B0:65 8<5BL 2284C, GB> :>340 B5@0?52B ?@8A>548=O5BAO : >4=>9 87 A5<59=KE AC1A8AB5<, 55 459AB28O <>3CB 1KBL 2>A?@8=OBK A5<L59 :0: 27OB85 >4=>9 87 AB>@>=, => 1C45B 3>@074> EC65, 5A;8 MB> 459AB28B5;L=> ?@>87>945B 2 @50;L=>AB8.(!<.B0:65 B5E=8:C "!B@0B538G5A:85 0;LO=AK", :>B>@0O A;54C5B A@07C 65 70 40==>9). 4-29 !" "'! ,/!+ 1JOA=5=85 "5E=8:0 "AB@0B538G5A:85 0;LO=AK" ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 2AB@5G8 A >4=8< 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 A F5;LN A?>A>1AB2>20BL B0:><C 87<5=5=8N ?>2545=8O MB>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@>5 ?@825;> 1K : ?>78B82=K< ?5@5<5=0< =0 C@>2=5 2A59 A8AB5<K. "5E=8:0 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 AB@0B538G5A:8<8 B5@0?52B0<8 8 >?8A0=0 2 @01>B0E 0F;028:0 8 >8=0 (Watzlawick and Coin,1980), 0F;028:0, 8:;0=40 8 $8H0 ( Watzlawick, Weakland, Fisch,1974). 0B5@80;, ?@54AB02;5==K9 2 40==>< @0745;5 27OB 87 @01>BK @59B, >=-8 8 8;L=5@0( Breit, Won-Gi Im, Wilner, 1983). B45;L=K5 2AB@5G8 A >4=8< 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 A>740NB >A>1>3> @>40 2708<>>B=>H5=8O A =8<. @8 MB>< 40==><C G;5=C A5<L8 405BAO ?@54?8A0=85 25AB8 A51O ?>-=>2><C, GB> 4>;6=> ?>AB028BL MB>3> G5;>25:0 2 8=CN ?>78F8N 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, A>74020O >A>1CN A8BC0F8N, =0 :>B>@CN 4@C385 G;5=K A5<L8 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 4>;6=K ?@>@5038@>20BL.  @57C;LB0B5 <>65B ?@>87>9B8 B0:>5 87<5=5=85 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, :>B>@>5 <>48D8F8@C5B A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85. @54?8A0=85 BI0B5;L=K< >1@07>< ?;0=8@C5BAO 4> A5AA88, 1078@COAL =0 ?>=8<0=88 ACI5AB20 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O 8 2>7<>6=KE 8AB>G=8:>2 ?@>8AE>645=8O A>?@>B82;5=8O. =B5@25=F8O 2 40==>< A;CG05 <>65B 1KBL :0: ?@O<>9, B0: 8 ?0@04>:A0;L=>9. @>F54C@0 AB@5G8 A >4=8< 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 >ACI5AB2;ONBAO 157 254><0 4@C38E G;5=>2. "0:85 2AB@5G8 =5@54:8 2 B@048F8>==KE ?>4E>40E A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88, 345 ?A8E>B5@0?52B >1KG=> 2AB@5G05BAO A :064K< G;5=>< A5<L8 8=48284C0;L=> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A>1@0BL =5>1E>48<CN 8=D>@<0F8N, C7=0BL > "A5:@5B0E A5<L8", 8;8 ?>445@60BL B>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, :>B>@K9 >:070;AO ?>4 1>;LH8< 402;5=85< AB@5AA0 8;8 65 8<55B 1>;55 2K@065==K9 C@>25=L ?0B>;>388. -B> ACI5AB25==K< >1@07>< >B;8G05BAO >B B5E=8:8 AB@0B538G5A:>3> 0;LO=A0, 345 B5@0?52B 8A?>;L7C5B A>N7 A :0:8<-=81C4L G;5=>< A5<L8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >ACI5AB28BL A?5F8D8G5A:CN 8=B5@25=F8N. !B@0B538G5A:85 0;LO=AK <>3CB >:070BLAO =081>;55 CA?5H=K<8, :>340 >=8 >ACI5AB2;ONBAO A A0<K< 74>@>2K< G;5=>< A5<L8, 8=48284><, =045;5==K< A0<K< 1>;LH8< C@>2=5< 2;0AB8, 8;8 65 A B5<, :B> 1>;LH5 2A53> AB@0405B. ;LO=AK ?@>2>4OBAO ?>A;54>20B5;L=> A :064K< 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8, >4=0:> ;N1>9 ?>A;54CNI89 0;LO=A 4>;65= 1KBL A>3;0A>20= A> 2A5<8 ?@54K4CI8<8, 8 2A5 MB> 2<5AB5 27OB>5 4>;6=> ?><>GL A5<L5 2 55 42865=88 : DC=:F8>=0;L=><C, 74>@>2><C A>AB>O=8N. CB5< D>@<8@>20=8O B0:8E 0;LO=A>2 >48= 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 AB028BAO 2 >A>1>5 ?@825;838@>20==>5 ?>;>65=85 8 53> <>B820F8O B0:8< >1@07>< C25;8G8205BAO. -DD5:B82=>ABL 2<5H0B5;LAB20 <>65B 1KBL 745AL 4>2>;L=> 1>;LH>9 5I5 8 ?>B><C, GB>, 2 MB>< A;CG05, A B>G:8 7@5=8O 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 25:B>@ 87<5=5=89 8AE>48B >B >4=>3> 87 55 G;5=>2, 0 =5 >B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. @8G5< B>, GB> 8< :065BAO ?@>87>H54H8< A?>=B0==>, 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 O2;O5BAO BI0B5;L=> A?;0=8@>20==K<. ACI5AB2;OO AB@0B538G5A:89 0;LO=A A >4=8< 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8, B5@0?52B CG8B 53> A0<>3> 1KBL ?>78B82=K< AB@0B53>< (=5 <0=8?C;OB>@><!), GB> B>65 4>;6=> A?>A>1AB2>20BL >74>@>2;5=8N A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. @8<5@  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 @59B A :>;;530<8(Breit, Won-Gi Im, Wilner, 1983) >?8AK205B A5<LN, A>AB>OICN 87 >BF0, <0G5E8 8 15-;5B=59 4>G5@8, :>B>@>9 ?@8H;>AL 68BL A >BF>< 8 <0G5E>9 2>?@5:8 55 65;0=8N 2 B5G5=88 >4=>3> 3>40. >MB><C >=0 83=>@8@>20;0 8E, >B:07K20;0AL A =8<8 @073>20@820BL, 45<>=AB@0B82=> =5 E>B5;0 702>48BL 4@C759 8 ?@>AB> ?>;CG0BL C4>2>;LAB285 >B 687=8. "0:8< >1@07>< 452>G:0 ?KB0;0AL =0:070BL AC?@C3>2, ?>:07K20O 1;87:8<, :0:0O >=0 =5AG0AB=0O. 0G5E0 =5A:>;L:> @07 157CA?5H=> ?KB0;0AL 702>520BL 55 ?@82O70==>ABL. 5A<>B@O =0 >3@><=K5 CA8;8O A 55 AB>@>=K, 452>G:0 =0>B@57 >B:07K20;0AL 2ABC?0BL A =59 2 :>=B0:B. B5F >128=O; 65=C 2 =5AG0ABL8 4>G5@8, CB25@640O, GB> >=0 =5 C<55B >1@0I0BLAO A 45BL<8, >G5=L AB@>30, 3@C10 8 @57:0.  =0G0;C B5@0?88 65=0 8A?KBK20;0 A8;L=CN B@52>6=>ABL 8 O@>ABL 87-70 CAB0=>2:8 <C60 2>7;>68BL =0 =55 >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?>2545=85 452>G:8. A8E>B5@0?52B GC2AB2>20;0, GB> >B5F =525@=> 8=B5?@5B8@C5B <0=8?C;OB82=>5 ?>2545=85 452>G:8 :0: 8<5NI55 A2>8< 8AB>G=8:>< ?;>E85 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, :>B>@K5 A;>68;8AL <564C 53> 65=>9 8 4>G:>9. >A:>;L:C 4;O MB>9 A2>59 CAB0=>2:8 >= =0E>48; ?>4B25@645=85 2 :>=:@5B=KE D0:B0E >184K 4>G:8, A2O70==KE A 65=>9, >= =5 <>3 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> A:>@@5:B8@>20BL A;>682HCNAO A8BC0F8N. A8E>B5@0?52B @5H8;0 AD>@<8@>20BL AB@0B538G5A:89 0;LO=A A <0G5E>9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K AB8<C;8@>20BL 87<5=5=8O 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE >BF0 8 4>G:8. AB@5B82H8AL A =59 >B45;L=>, >=0 ?5@540;0 59 A2>8 >?0A5=8O ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB> 4>G:0 =530B82=> 2;8O5B =0 1@0: MB>9 65=I8=K A 55 >BF><, 8 4;O A>E@0=5=8O 1@0:0 59 A;54C5B 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8 >3@0=8G8BL A2>8 :>=B0:BK A 452>G:>9. 9 1K;0 40=0 8=AB@C:F8O 1>;55 =5 4>1820BLAO @0A?>;>65=8O 8 ?@82O70==>AB8 4>G:8, 0 B0:65 4020BL A2>5<C <C6C :0:85-B> 1K B> =8 1K;> A>25BK ?>-?>2>4C 53> 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A 452>G:>9. K?CBK20OAL 87 MB8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89, >=0 =5 B>;L:> A>E@0=O5B A2>9 1@0:, => B0:65 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 >A2>1>6405BAO >B 1>;8 8 >B25@65=8O A> AB>@>=K A2>59 ?04G5@8FK, 0 B0:65 >B :@8B8:8 A2>53> <C60. =5=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 >1;53G8;> 55 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85 8 >=0 A 3>B>2=>ABLN AB0;0 A;54>20BL 53> ?@54?8A0=8O<. =B5@25=F8O B0:8< >1@07>< ?@825;0 : 65;05<><C MDD5:BC. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 AB@0B538G5A:>3> 0;LO=A0 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@5>4>;5BL F8:;8G5A:85, ?>445@6820NI85 A0<8E A51O ?0BB5@=K 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O, >A2>1>640O >4=>3> 87 F5=B@0;L=KE 459AB2CNI8E ;8F 2 A5<59=>9 4@0<5 >B 402;5=8O MB8E ?0BB5@=>2. =48284 A ?><>ILN ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 A>7405B =>2K9 =01>@ ?>2545=G5A:8E >1@07F>2 270<5= AB0@>3>. '5@57 AB@0B538G5A:89 0;LO=A 87<5=O5BAO 10;0=A A8; 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5, ?@5>4>;5205BAO A>?@>B82;5=85 87<5=5=8O<, 22>4OBAO =>2K5 2>M<>6=>AB8 2 >@30=870F8N A8AB5<K. @54?8A0=85, A45;0==>5 ?@820B=> >4=><C 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8, G0AB> 1K205B >G5=L =5>6840==K< 4;O 4@C38E G;5=>2, 70AB020O 8E 2@0A?;>E 8 B0:8< >1@07>< >A2>1>640O >B AB0@KE CAB0=>2>:. !>740=85 0;LO=A0 - MB> =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 ?@8?8AK20=85 28=K >4=><C 87 ?0@B=5@>2. -B> >7=0G05B ;8HL, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= 1KBL >G5=L >AB>@>6=K<, 2A5340 4>?CA:0O 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>4A>7=0B5;L=>3> ?5@5=>A0. 4-30 !+ "# 1>A=>20=85 !5<59=K9 @8BC0; - MB> B5E=8:0, ?@8720==0O 87<5=8BL ?@028;0 ACI5AB2CNI59 A5<59=>9 83@K ?@8 ?><>I8 87<5=5=8O AB@C:BC@K A5<L8 8 CAB>9G82KE A?>A>1>2 2708<>459AB28O 2 =59. ?8A0==K9 =865 20@80=B <5B>48:8 @07@01>B0= 8;0=A:>9 H:>;>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 (Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin, Prata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alazzoli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inuchin, Fishman, 1981). 0==0O B5E=8:0 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 !5;L28=8 0;077>;8 A :>;;530<8 2 @0<:0E AB@0B538G5A:>9 B5@0?88 (Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin, Prata, 1978) - @>48B5;O< ?@54?8AK20;>AL ?>:8=CBL 4>< 8 >B?@028BLAO =0 =545;N 8;8 1>;LH5 2 >B?CA:. -B>B AB@C:BC@=K9 E>4 AB8<C;8@C5B @515=:0 - =>A8B5;O A8<?B><0 ?>701>B8BLAO > A0<>< A515, :0:-B> =0;0482 >B=>H5=8O A> A2>8<8 1@0BLO<8-A5AB@0<8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: @>48B5;8 <>3CB A?>:>9=> =0A;0640BLAO 687=LN 2=5 4><0.  @57C;LB0B5 A0< @515=>: 8 53> A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 >B>42830NBAO =0 ?5@8D5@8N 2=8<0=8O :;85=B>2. >48B5;8 <>3CB >1I0BLAO <564C A>1>9 2 >B=>A8B5;L=> 157<OB56=>9 >1AB0=>2:5 157 B>3>, GB>1K 45B8 ?>AB>O==> 2<5H820;8AL 2 8E 45;0 8 >1;040NB AB@C:BC@8@>20==>9 872=5 2>7<>6=>ABLN ?5@5A<>B@5BL =5:>B>@K5 <><5=BK A2>59 AC?@C65A:>9 687=8. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 2K@078BL 15A?>:>9AB2> ?> ?>2>4C 4><8=0=B=>3>, 70?CB02H53>AO 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A 1;86=8<8 G;5=0 A5<L8, ?>4G5@:820O B5 B@51>20=8O, :>B>@K5 ?@54JO2;ONBAO : =5<C, 53> >3@><=K5 CA8;8O, 8 B>, GB> >= 65@B2C5B A>1>9 4;O 1;030 4@C38E - 5<C :0: 1K 1>;LH5 2A5E 2 A5<L5 =04>. 0B5< >=0 ?@54;0305B MB><C G5;>25:C >B4>E=CBL, 254L >= 70A;C68; ?5@54KH:C 8 >B4KE 5<C ?@>AB> =5>1E>48<. 0==><C G;5=C A5<L8 ?@54?8AK205BAO ;81> ?>;=>ABLN >A2>1>48BLAO >B A2>8E 4><0H=8E >1O70==>AB59, ;81> ?@>25AB8 >B?CA: >B45;L=> >B A5<L8. !@548 B8?8G=KE D>@< A8<?B><0B8G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O 745AL 2K45;ONBAO ?@848@:8 : 4@C38< G;5=0< A5<L8 ?> A0<K< @07=K< ?>2>40<, ?@>B5:F8>=87< ?> >B=>H5=8N : 1;86=8<, >1A;C6820=85 4@C38E, 8 2 MB> 65 A0<>5 2@5<O =565;0=85 ?>;CG8BL =8G53> 4;O A51O ;8G=>.  :0G5AB25 4@C3>3> =0?@02;5=8O ?@8<5=5=8O 40==>9 <5B>48:8 <>65B A;C68BL A;CG09 A;8H:>< B5A=>9 A2O70==>AB8 :0:>3>-B> 8=482840 A 2=5H=8<8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : A5<L5 D0:B>@0<8 (2 G0AB=>AB8, A;C651=K<8 >1O70==>ABO<8), :>B>@K5 >B40;O5B 40==>3> G5;>25:0 >B A5<L8. 45AL ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= ?>445@60BL 70@01>B02H53>AO G5;>25:0 2 B><, GB>1K =0 :0:>5-B> 2@5<O >BAB@0=8BLAO >B A2>59 @01>BK 8 ?@>25AB8 >B?CA: A> A2>59 A5<L59. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B A?@>A8BL A5<LN, GB> >=8 2A5 <>3CB A45;0BL 4;O B>3>, GB>1K :0:-B> 8A?@028BL A8BC0F8N. >3CB ;8 >=8 27OBL =0 A51O =0 >?@545;5==K9 ?5@8>4 >1O70==>AB8 MB>3> G5;>25:0? >B>< >1AC6405BAO :0:8< >1@07>< 2A5 <>65B 1KBL >@30=87>20=>, A>AB02;O5BAO A?8A>: B>3>, :0:>9 2:;04 2 A>AB>O=88 2=5AB8 2 40==>5 <5@>?@8OB85 :064K9 G;5= A5<L8. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54C?@56405B, GB> MB> <>65B 1KBL A>2A5< =5?@>AB>. =0 ?@54A:07K205B, GB> G5;>25:, 27O2H89 ">B?CA:", 2>7<>6=> 1C45B ?KB0BLAO 2<5H820BLAO 2 A5<59=K5 45;0 8 GB> >AB0;L=K5 G;5=K A5<L8 8A?KB0NB A>1;07= ?@5@20BL >B?CA: 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 25@=CBL 40==>3> G5;>25:0 : 53> >1KG=K< >1O70==>ABO<. <5AB5 A B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B =0AB08205B =0 206=>AB8 >B?CA:0 8 =5>1E>48<>AB8 4;O 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 A>1@0BL 2A5 A8;K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K <5@>?@8OB85 C40;>AL. > 2B>@>9 25@A88 40==>9 B5E=8:8, 2 A;CG05 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>3> @515=:0, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2AB@5G05BAO B>;L:> A @>48B5;O<8, :>B>@K< 405BAO ?@54?8A0=85 C5E0BL 87 4><0 =0 :>=5F =545;8 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> 8=D>@<8@>20=8O 45B59 >1 MB><. >48B5;8 ;8HL >AB02;ONB 45BO< 70?8A:C > B><, GB> =0E>4OBAO 2 >B?CA:5, => =5 A>>1I0NB :C40 :>=:@5B=> C5E0;8. >=5G=>, <0;5=L:85 45B8 4>;6=K 2 MB> 2@5<O =0E>48BLAO ?>4 A>>B25BAB2CNI8< =047>@><. "5E=8:0 O2;O5BAO 1>;55 MDD5:B82=>9 2 @01>B5 A> 27@>A;K<8 45BL<8 8 ?>4@>AB:0<8, :>B>@KE <>6=> >AB028BL 4><0 157 2AO:>3> =047>@0. @8<5@ 708<>>B=>H5=8O !N70= 8 55 H5AB8;5B=53> AK=0 >15@B0 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:". @C3 !N70=, @53, 6825B A =8<8 2 B5G5=88 >4=>3> 3>40 8 !N70== 2 1;8609H5< 1C4CI5< ?;0=8@C5B 2K9B8 70 =53> 70<C6. 4=0:> @53 8 >15@B <0;> :>=B0:B8@CNB 4@C3 A 4@C3><. >15@B A <;045=G5AB20 =8:>340 =5 2AB@5G0;AO A> A2>8< >BF><, !N70== ?@8=O;0 =0 A51O ?>;=CN >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 53> 2>A?8B0=85. @>1;5<0, A :>B>@>9 ?@8H;0 A5<LO - >B:;>=ONI55AO ?>2545=85 >15@B0 2 H:>;5. @53 A>>1I8;, GB> >15@B B@51C5B ?>AB>O==>3> 2=8<0=8O <0B5@8 8 8<5==> 2 MB>< ?@8G8=0 53> ?;>E>3> ?>2545=8O. !N70== A:070;0, GB> 59 ?@8E>48BAO 2A5 2@5<O 1>@>BLAO A >15@B><, ?> A0<K< @07=K< ?>2>40<. "= ?@>AB> >B:07K205BAO A>B@C4=8G0BL A> <=>9" - 3>2>@8B >=0. A8E>B5@0?52B: 0, !N70==, BK 2K3;O48HL >G5=L CAB0;>9, B515 ?@8H;>AL <=>3> ?>2>78BLAO A >15@B><. -B> 1K;0 A;>6=0O =545;O? !N70==:  40. !>7405BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> >15@B ?@>AB> AG8B05B A51O >1O70==K< A:0=40;8BL A> <=>9 ?> 2AO:><C ?>2>4C. / ?@>AB> =5 7=0N GB> <=5 ?@54?@8=OBL. A8E>B5@0?52B: / =5 4C<0N, GB> BK <>65HL 45;0BL 1>;LH5 B>3>, GB> C65 45;05HL. "K ?>;=>ABLN >B40;0 A51O <0;LG8:C 8 A>2A5< 87<CG8;0AL A =8<. "K 45;05HL 2A5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 1KBL E>@>H59 <0<>9. "K :0:-1K 65@B2C5HL A>1>9 @048 AK=0.(>2>@0G8205BAO 2 AB>@>=C @530). / 15A?>:>NAL ?> ?>2>4C !N70==. =0 68;0 2A5 MB> 2@5<O ?>4 1>;LH8< 402;5=85< AB@5AA0 8 O =5 7=0N, :0: 4>;3> >=0 5I5 <>65B B0: ?@>45@60BLAO. >9 2>?@>A A>AB>8B 2 B><, 2 A>AB>O=88 ;8 <K :0:-B> ?><>GL 59. >15@B: / 1C4C AB0@0BLAO 25AB8 A51O E>@>H>. A8E>B5@0?52B: 0 >15@B, MB> <>65B >:070BLAO >G5=L ?>;57=K<. > 1K20NB 2@5<5=0, :>340 BK 459AB28B5;L=> =C6405HLAO 2 ?><>I8 27@>A;>3>, 0 <0<0 B0: CAB05B. @53: =5 :065BAO O <>3C GB>-B> A45;0BL 2 40==>< =0?@02;5=88 . A8E>B5@0?52B: (>1@0I0OAL : !N70==). 'B> BK 4C<05HL >1> 2A5< MB><? 0: @53 <>65B ?><>GL? !N70==: 0?@O65==55 2A53> A8BC0F8O >:07K205BAO A@07C ?>A;5 C68=0. / : B><C 2@5<5=8 >G5=L CAB0N, 0 >15@B =0G8=05B :0?@87=8G0BL.  B><C 65 5I5 >AB05BAO <=>3> 4><0H=8E 45;, 8 5I5 >15@B0 A@>G=> =C6=> :C?0BL, ?>B>< C:;04K20BL A?0BL. @53:  GB> 5A;8 O :064K9 25G5@ 1C4C >B25G0BL 70 4><0H=85 E;>?>BK 8 :C?0=85? !N70==: C, O =5 7=0N. >15@B 2 MB> 2@5<O 8<55B >1K:=>25=85... A8E>B5@0?52B: >15@B, GB> BK 4C<05HL ?> MB><C ?>2>4C? >65< ;8 <K ?>72>;8BL <0<5 :064K9 25G5@ =5<=>3> >B4>E=CBL? >15@B: 0 A8E>B5@0?52B: '5< :>=:@5B=> BK <>65HL ?><>GL? >15@B: / <>3C A0< 45;0BL A2>8 4><0H=85 7040=8O, @0745BLAO 8 ?@8=OBL 20==C. C<0N, 2A5 1C45B 2 ?>@O4:5, 5A;8 B>;L:> <0<0 ?@845B ?>65;0BL <=5 A?>:>9=>9 =>G8, :>340 O C65 1C4C 2 ?>AB5;8. A8E>B5@0?52B: %>@>H>, 2A5 2K3;O48B B0:, :0: 1C4B> :064K9 87 20A ?>?KB05BAO 25AB8 A51O =0 MB>9 =545;5 ?>-=>2><C. > 7=05B5, O 7040;0 20< =5 A;8H:>< ;53:CN 7040GC. 0?@8<5@, !N70==, :>340 BK CA;KH8HL, GB> @53 8 >15@B @C30NBAO, B515 A:>@55 2A53> 70E>G5BAO 2<5H0BLAO, => 4;O A5<L8 206=>, GB>1K BK =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 ?@5@K20;0 A2>53> >B?CA:0. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> B515 2A5 MB> 1C45B >G5=L A;>6=> >ACI5AB28BL. A;8 ;8 C B51O :0:85-B> 8458 ?>-?>2>4C B>3>, :0: B515 ;CGH5 ?@>25AB8 A2>9 >B?CA:? !N70==: / 4C<0N, GB> <>3;0 1K ?@8=OBL ?5=8ABCN 20==C 8 ?>G8B0BL. A8E>B5@0?52B: 2CG8B =5?;>E>. > 7=05B5, >15@B 8 @53, 20< 1C45B 459AB28B5;L=> B@C4=> 2=0G0;5 A?@02;OBLAO A 45;0<8 157 ?><>I8 !N70==. 5; 1C45B >G5=L <=>3>. > 4065 2 MB>< A;CG05, @53, =5 <>3 1K BK A45;0BL 5I5 >4=C 206=CN 25IL - ?@83;0A8BL !N70== AE>48BL :C40-=81C4L >4=064K 25G5@><, GB>1K >=0 <>3;0 ?>;CG8BL =5<=>3> C4>2>;LAB28O?  A>3;0A8BLAO ;8 >15@B, GB>1K :B>-=81C4L 4@C3>9 (=0?@8<5@, ?@8E>4OI0O =O=O) >48= @07 =0 MB>9 =545;5 =0:>@<8;0 53> C68=>< 8 C;>68;0 A?0BL? 'B> <C6G8=K A:06CB ?> MB><C ?>2>4C? @53: >=5G=>. >15@B: 5B ?@>1;5<. A8E>B5@0?52B: %>@>H>, =0 A;54CNI59 =545;5 =0< 1C45B GB> >1AC48BL. A2>1>482 !N70== >B 56525G5@=59 AC5BK, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?><>305B A5<L5 ?>AB@>8BL ?@>G=K5 3@0=8FK <564C AC1A8AB5<0<8 8 >B40;8BL =0 ?@85<;5<>5 @0AAB>O=85 <0<C 8 >15@B0.  ?@>F5AA5 2K?>;=5=8O 40==>3> 7040=8O >15@B AB0=5B 1>;55 =57028A8<K<, A0<>4>AB0B>G=K<. >340 5<C ?>B@51C5BAO, >= <>65B >1@0B8BLAO : @53C. "0:8< >1@07>< ?@56=85 65AB:85 3@0=8FK, :>B>@K5 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 8E @0745;ONB, 1C4CB >A;01;5=K 8 >=8 AB0=CB 1;865 4@C3 : 4@C3C. A8E>B5@0?52B 2>2;5:05B 2AN A5<LN 2 2K?>;=5=85 ?>AB02;5==>9 7040G8 8, 2<5AB5 A B5<, ?@54A:07K205B 2>7<>6=>ABL 2@5<5==>3> =5CA?5E0 2 55 2K?>;=5=88. 5A<>B@O =0 A8;>2CN 83@C, 8<5NICN <5AB> 2 MB>9 A5<L5, 745AL 8<5NBAO =0;8F> B0:65 B5=45=F88 : :>>?5@0F88, 0 @>;L 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> ?0F85=B0 ?5@5E>48B >B >15@B0 : <0B5@8. ?@545;OO >15@B0 8 @530 :0: <C6A:CN ?>4A8AB5<C, ":0: <C6G8=", :>B>@K5 >1O70=K 45;0BL >?@545;5==K5, ?>4>10NI85 A8;L=><C ?>;C, 45;0, ?A8E>B5@0?52B A>7405B =>2K9 ?>78B82=K9 A>N7 2 MB>9 A5<L5. A?>;L7>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 AB@C:BC@=>9 8 AB@0B538G5A:>9 B5@0?88 A ;N1>9 A5<L59, 2 :>B>@>9 ?@8ACBAB2C5B ?> :@09=59 <5@5 >4=0 =5045:20B=0O 70?CB0==0O 3@0=8F0 <564C ?>4A8AB5<0<8. -B> MDD5:B82=K9 A?>A>1 ?><>I8 G;5=0< A5<L8 87<5=8BL A2>8 ?>78F88 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 A>740BL 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O =>2KE @5H5=89 :>=D;8:B>2 <564C =8<8. "B?CA:" B0:65 MDD5:B82=K9 <5B>4 >A2>48BL 42C>@  \ ` x | * , LNJL 8:XZ ""##&&0(2(((j)l)P+R+l.n.//11F2H222`4b46677.90999B;D;(=*===@@h9CJNHOJQJh9CJmH sH  h9CJh9CJOJQJV>@ \ ^ ` z | `XzhZ&.(35: $$`a$$`a$rww:?6ALAPARATAVAXAAAD HTL~RSX$Z]^^__dHi"k$k`kbk$`a$@(A*ALAXAAABBDDEEFFII~JJKKLL,N.NnOpONQPQVVXXZZX[Z[[[.]0]z^|^^^__V`X```aa2b4bddZg\ggghh:i$&h9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJ\Hv<| l |"\%d'(+l-X.13x:=$`a$  !!""@#B###$$\%`%%%&&`'d'''(())$*&*++F,H,,,..00003344667788h:j:;;;;:<<<x>z>@@rBtBCChDjDEEFFFF GG(G*G\H^HHHIIjK h9CJh9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJV=DAćƇ@B:<rtVX46ʖ̖ ؘ֘HJJLjlBDƤȤHJثګz|68ֲزvxܵ޵ȶʶܶ޶lnBD$&Ⱥʺ h9CJh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJZ~ؘ֘HJܟ2ȶʶܶ޶@&$`a$DF̾ξpr>@hj@BRT46npdf DF68vxZ\\^RT& h9CJh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJZ&<nDFjl~.&l 8 $`a$&(JLjl~TV24DF tvdfRT      , . TV:<Z\rt(*Z\&(`bV X !!# #6#8###&&' h9CJh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJZ8 :<Z\(*z# #6#8#%4'),X-r.00.0002$`a$''f(h())"*$*//00.000l1n12233T4V444V8X888p;r;<<????@@AAvExE@FBF`FbFFFGG.H0HK K,O.OVOXOrOtOPP$S&SSSUUUUUUWWWW`XbXXXYY6Z8Z __@`B`|a~ab h9CJh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJZ2z6:>jB@FBF`FbFPIxM,O.OVOXOrOtOUUUUH[[T^ __aTdVd$`a$bbdcfcTdVdfdhdee:f@JL`f68:<vx ":<dfh9CJOJQJ h9CJh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJVpTڽܽJLdf:< z$`a$   `b`b>@`d,.6868|~<> <>TV  &(XZbh9CJOJQJh9CJNHOJQJh9CJOJQJ h9CJVv"bb LJd$`a$hL<>TV.   ,   $`a$*P&&(l>XZbd|$`a$bd&&&&..2/4/L/N/3344::x?z?????z@|@(A*AFAHA(B*BCCIIPPPPQQ,[.[D[F[hhjh|h~hЉ҉ԍ֍ `b^`pr(*$&@B  `h`fh9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJ h9CJ[#@%&&&&..2/4/L/N/334446l6:: <`>x?z??$`a$????z@|@(A*AFAHA(B*BCCCDDEFFGDHHHII\NPP$`a$PPPQQUY,[.[D[F[\aehhjh|h~h l~nq uyЉ҉$`a$҉ԍ֍6 Ȝ b^`pr6 8$`a$(*$&@Bh>  fhf$`a$fxz(*HJ>@Z\ TVlnZtv$`a$fxz(*HJ>@Z\TVlnrtv6$8$$$$$1111`9d9====SS4S6SJ^L^^^^^*nxnnnnnnnnnzq|qqqރz|©h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJmH sH  h9CJh9CJOJQJU6$8$$$$$)11117d9:====>zCHFJlM OSS$`a$S4S6SSTUVnWXXYzZ[H\~]J^L^^^^^pdLmzq|qqq$y~$`a$~ރvD`ҌԎ \z|ԥ*©$`a$^`pr<T$BDbdZ\tv$`a$^`prBDbdZ\tv02np.26|~,,33>>0?2?AAEErGtGTIVIZK\K`KKKlOnO,U.UVVLVNVfVhVBiDiZi\i‡ć  *,:<24LN8:h9CJmH sH h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJ h9CJW 02Bnp"J$b N `   $`a$.246|~#'),,t-N.P/601d233j79<$`a$<>>0?2?AAEErGtGTIVIZK\KKKlOnO,U.UVVLVNVfVhVB\>a$`a$>aeBiDiZi\iLmptxvDzZ}b~|`Ăޅ‡ćČR$`a$  *,pشR:<24LNl8:PR44hj$`a$:PRhj|~<>VXD#F#V#X#hdhhhoooooouuuu~~*,JL,.`bTV02pr<$>$T$V$62h9CJOJQJmH sH  h9CJh9CJOJQJYj|~h*6D<>VX^ $`a$l6 !"D#F#V#X#.2;A8FQUn]dbhdhhhoo$`a$ooooouuuufz{~~~|X\ڗ£Z$`a$*,JLp©nNz.ֱ~*4jZz"N,.$`a$.bdttTV$`a$@< 02Zpr "<$>$T$$`a$T$V$%+-6282H2J228(9B:B;=zC|CZDEEGII(JJ0KQUU$`a$6282H2J2zC|CUUVVbbbbccnnnn2r4rzzƁȁ`fƭȭ½Ľ  FHVX8:`j))****^.`.D0h9CJmH sH h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJ h9CJWUVV]8abbbbcc8innnn2r4rrrs(ttnuLvvXyyzz$`a$z~Ɓȁăxf**p8ƭȭ޴$`a$޴½Ľ  FH~d$$`a$h~VX8:~T$`a$Bx@N  jx!'))****^.`.D0F033Z6$`a$D0F033Z6\6N8P8::==$A&ADD|G~GIIJ J$J&J\\\\RrTrdrfrzzzzzzz{،ڌ&(@Bޛprҟԟ`dتڪ:<Z\t v   % % h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJmH sH h9CJOJQJ h9CJUZ6\6N8P8::==$A&ADD|G~GIIJ J$J&JBMQT\\\\]fd$`a$fdkm6oRrTrdrfr4tuuv6wwyLz{{~،ڌ&($`a$(@BޛprҟԟРd>تڪ$`a$ֽn:<Z\,H$`a$ z  t v      |" % % >% @% * v, <3 >3 x3 z3 3 3 7 < $`a$ % >% @% <3 >3 x3 z3 3 3 < = = = jJ lJ |J ~J <[ >[ \[ ^[ b b Db Fb `b bb zv |v v v     6 8 r t V X h j ` f ` d R T z | ` d | ~ δ д ` | Uh9CJOJQJ h9CJh9CJOJQJZ< = = = A jJ lJ |J ~J NQ <[ >[ \[ ^[ b b Db Fb `b bb e >k p zv |v v v ~  $`a$     J B ~ \   6 8  r t $`a$  V X h j  : f `  j  Z T ( d z R $`a$E G;5=>2 A5<L8 >B =530B82=>3> 2;8O=8O =0 8E A>N7 A> AB>@>=K B@5BL53>, GB> 2 @0AA<>B@5==>< ?@8<5@5 1K;> E>@>H> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20=> - >15@B O2=> 2<5H820;AO 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8O !N70== 8 @530. ! ?><>ILN MB>9 B5E=8:8 <>6=> B0:65 >A;018BL A8;>2CN 83@C, :>B>@0O 8<55B <5AB> <564C 42C<O G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8;8 A5<59=K<8 AC1A8AB5<0<8, ?@54AB02;ONI8<8 A>1>9 "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:". =0 70<5=O5B A5<59=K5 A?>@K =0 25A5;>5 2@5<O?@5?@>2>645=85. 4-32  / 1JOA=5=85 1<5= @>;O<8 O2;O5BAO >4=>2@5<5==> <5B>48:>9, >B=>AOI59AO : A>F8><5B@8G5A:8<8 AB@C:BC@=K< H030< 8 ?A8E>4@0<0B8G5A:>9 B5E=8:>9, ?>72>;ONI59 >F5=8BL 65;0=85 8;8 A?>A>1=>ABL :;85=B0 ?>A<>B@5BL 3;070<8 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, M<>F8>=0;L=> 8 D878G5A:8 >ICB8BL @>;L 4@C3>3>, 2>9B8 2 >1@07 4@C3>3>. ">, :0: :;85=B 8A?>;=O5B MBC @>;L, ?>:07K205B, :0: >= 2848B A51O 8 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0. -B0 B5E=8:0 ?><>305B :;85=BC 70<5B8BL @07=K5 0A?5:BK ?>2545=8O 8 405B 5<C =>2CN B>G:C 7@5=8O. @><5 B>3>, >=0 ?>72>;O5B :;85=BC 4C<0BL, GC2AB2>20BL 8 ?>ABC?0BL, @50;L=> 2708<>459AB2CO A 4@C38<8,2 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 ?;>A:>AB8, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K ;8HL 3>2>@8BL >1 MB><. "5E=8:0 >1<5=0 @>;O<8 - >4=0 87 <=>65AB20 B5E=8:, @07@01>B0==KE >@5=> (Moreno,1940, 1946, 1951) 8 53> :>;;530<8 2 ?A8E>4@0<5 8 A>F8>4@0<5. 45AL >=0 040?B8@>20=0 : @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8 8 A5<LO<8. AE>4=>5 ?@54?>;>65=85 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >:@C60NI89 <8@ 8 A5<59=K5 A2O78 @0AA<0B@820NBAO 8 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO ?>-4@C3><C, :>340 G;5=K A5<L8 <5=ONBAO <5AB0<8. 57C;LB0B>< O2;O5BAO 2>7@0AB0=85 M<?0B88 8 ?>=8<0=8O :0: 4@C3>9 ;8G=>AB8, B0: 8 B>3>, :0:85 GC2AB20 A>1AB25==>5 ?>2545=85 :;85=B0 8 53> ?>78F8O 2K7K20NB 2 MB>< 4@C3><. @87=0=>, GB> @5F8?@>:=K5 @>;8 2>7=8:0NB 2 B0:8E >B=>H5=8OE :0:: ;845@-?>A;54>20B5;L, ?@5A;54>20B5;L-C1530NI89, A?0A0B5;L - :>75; >B?CI5=8O, A25@E045:20B=K9-=5045:20B=K9 8 B.4. @8 ?>2B>@ONI5<AO :>=D;8:B5 :064K9 G;5= 4804K 5I5 1>;LH5 2E>48B 2 C65 ?@8=OBCN @0=55 @>;L 8 702O705B 2 A2O70==KE A =59 H01;>=0E ?>2545=8O. 0AB0282 A5<59=CN ?0@C 2 E>45 A5AA88 8/8;8 2 :0G5AB25 4><0H=53> 7040=8O >1<5=OBLAO @>;O<8, <>6=> @0718BL A;>682H89AO ?0BB5@=. 0?@8<5@, 2 A;CG05, :>340 >48= 87 ?0@B=5@>2 - >15A?>:>5==K9 45OB5;L ("E;>?>BC="), 0 4@C3>9 >128=O5BAO 2 B><, GB> >= 157>B25BAB25==K9 "H0;>?09", ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= G5B:> >?@545;8BL 8A?>;=O5<K5 8<8 @>;8 (A<. 3;. 6) 8 A=0148BL 8E =0720=8O<8, >4=C - :0: "B>3>, :B> 25405B @01>B>9" 8 4@C3CN - :0: "B>3>, :B> 25405B @072;5G5=8O<8". >B>< ?A8E>;>3 ?@>A8B AC?@C3>2 >1<5=OBLAO @>;O<8. %;>?>BC= ?>;CG05B 7040=85 >@30=87>2K20BL A5<59=K5 @072;5G5=8O, 0 157>B25BAB25==K9 H0;>?09 - >@30=87>2K20BL 2K?>;=5=85 4><0H=8E >1O70==>AB59. @8 MB>< 4>AB830NBAO A;54CNI85 F5;8: a) >B>@20BL 8E >B ?@82KG=>3> ?>2545=G5A:>3> H01;>=0; 1) ?>?@>1>20BL =>2K5 284K ?>2545=8O, O2;ONI85AO G0ABLN =>2>9 @>;8; 2) >?@545;8BL 4;O :064>3> >1;0AB8, =C640NI85AO 2 :>@@5:F88 8 ?>445@6:5; 3) C<5=LH8BL :>=D;8:B <564C AC?@C30<8; 4) A>740BL =>2K5 F5;8 2> 2708<>459AB288 8 5) 40BL :064><C ?>1KBL 2 H:C@5 4@C3>3>. >7=8:05B B0:65 ?0@04>:A0;L=K9 MDD5:B, :>340 A25@E04520B=0O ;8G=>ABL AB0=>28BAO <5=55 >B25BAB25==>9 8 >BABC?05B, >AB02;OO 20:CC<, 70AB02;ONI89 <5=55 045:20B=>3> 2>9B8 2 =53> 8 53> ?@5>4>;5BL. "> 65 A?@0254;82> 8 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 @5F8?@>:=KE @>;59, 2 A;CG05, :>340 >158< AB>@>=0< >1O70B5;L=> 2K?>;=8BL 7040GC F5;8:><. @>F54C@0. 1<5= @>;O<8 <>65B >:070BLAO MDD5:B82=K< 8=AB@C<5=B><, :>340 :;85=BK =5 ?>=8<0NB 4@C3 4@C30 8;8 >GCB8;8AL 2 BC?8:5 ?@8 ?>?KB:0E @07@5H5=8O @07=>3;0A89, 8;8 8<55B <5AB> =530B82=>5 2>7459AB285 >4=>3> =0 4@C38E. A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= A:070BL >B>1@0==K< CG0AB=8:0<: "0209B5 ?>A<>B@8<, =5 C40ABAO ;8 =0< =09B8 A?>A>1 @5H8BL MBC ?@>1;5<C. C4LB5 4>1@K, ?>A<>B@8B5 2=8<0B5;L=> >48= =0 4@C3>3> 8 ?>4C<09B5, :0:>2> 1K 1K;> 20< 1KBL 2 8E H:C@5 2 >1AC6405<>9 =0<8 A8BC0F88. (0C70) >GC2AB2C9B5, GB> 2K 2 A0<>< 45;5 2>H;8 2 B5;> 4@C3>3>. !B0=LB5 8<. (0C70)  B5?5@L, ?>60;C9AB0, ?><5=O9B5AL <5AB0<8. (=8 <5=ONBAO <5AB0<8) >60;C9AB0, 1C4LB5 MB8< 4@C38< 8 3>2>@8B5 4@C3 A 4@C3>< :064K9 - :0: MB>B 4@C3>9". A8E>B5@0?52B O2;O5BAO 745AL B@5=5@><, ?>>I@OO :;85=B>2 3>2>@8BL ?> >G5@548 8 C45@6820O 8E 2 8E =>2KE @>;OE. =0 >B<5G05B 25@10;L=>5 8 =525@10;L=>5 A>45@60=85 ?>2545=8O, 4>2>48B 53> 4> A2545=8O :;85=B>2, 70405B 2>?@>AK, 8A?KBK205B, ?@>A8B ?>OA=5=89 8 8=B5@?@5B8@C5B. =0 <>65B B0:65 ?>?@>A8BL 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 ?><>30BL 8A?>;=8B5;O< @>;59 8;8 A;C68BL 8< 2 :0G5AB25 "4@C38E O". =0 70405B 2>?@>AK B8?0: "0: ?>-20H5<C, :>340 >= B0: 2545B A51O 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8?", "'B> 2K ?>-=0AB>OI5<C E>B8B5 A59G0A A45;0BL?", "0: ?>-20H5<C, 2K CA;KH0=K 8 ?>=OBK?", "'B> 1K 2K E>B5;8, GB>1K 4@C3>9 A59G0A A45;0; 8=0G5?", "0: ?>-20H5<C, GB> 2K <>65B5 A45;0BL ?>-4@C3><C?". >A;5 8A?>;=5=8O @>;59 ?A8E>;>3 A?@0H8205B, G5<C :064K9 =0CG8;AO, GB> :064K9 GC2AB2C5B >B=>A8B5;L=> 4@C3>3> 8 :0:85 87<5=5=8O >=8 E>B5;8 1K ?@>8725AB8. 0B5< 2 :0G5AB25 @01>BK 4><0 8< ?@54?8AK205BAO 2K@01>B:0 A>3;0A8O =0AG5B 87<5=5=89. >7<>65= 8 B0:>9 20@80=B - B5@0?52B 70O2;O5B, GB>, =025@=>5, 1K;> 1K =5?;>E>9 84559 4;O CG0AB=8:>2 >1<5=OBLAO 45;0<8 8 >B4>E=CBL >B B>3>, GB> A>AB02;O5B 8E >1KG=K9 :@C3 >1O70==>AB59. 0;55 >=0 ?@54?8AK205B 8<, GB>1K :064K9 ?@8=O; =0 A51O ?>78B82=> ?5@5>?@545;5==CN :@8B8G5A:CN @>;L 4@C3>3>, A2O70==CN A A8<?B><><. #G0AB=8:>2 ?@>AOB ;81> @07K3@0BL AF5=:C BCB 65 =0 <5AB5, ;81> 8A?>;=OBL ?@8=OBK5 =0 A51O @>;8 4><0, 4> A;54CNI53> A50=A0. >6=> ?>?@>A8BL :064>3> 87 CG0AB=8:>2 2:@0BF5 70?8AK20BL, GB> >= 45;05B, GB> 4C<05B 8 GC2AB2C5B ?> MB><C ?>2>4C 8 :0: 1K >= E>B5;, GB>1K 2A5 ?@>8AE>48;> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. @8<5@. 6>= 8 M@8 - @>48B5;8 @530 (15 ;5B), -<8 (13 ;5B) 8 68= (11 ;5B). 45=B8D8F8@>20==K< :;85=B>< 745AL O2;O5BAO @53. = =5 45;05B C@>:>2, ?@>3C;8205B H:>;C 8 =5 ?><>305B ?> 4><C. 0BL @530 8 >= A0< G0AB> :@8G0B 4@C3 =0 4@C30 87-70 B>3>, GB> @53 =5 45;05B 4><0H=8E 7040=89. "5@0?52B: K =5 2>7@0605B5 ?@>B82 B>3>, GB>1K >1<5=OBLAO @>;O<8 8 ?>A<>B@5BL, :0:>2> 1KBL 4@C38<? 0209B5 =0G=5< A B>3>, GB> 2K >1<5=O5B5AL ABC;LO<8 8 AO45B5 B0:, :0: 2K 2848B5 >1KG=> A84OI8< 4@C3>3>? (0BL A048BAO, =51@56=> @0720;82H8AL, @53 2K?@O<;O5BAO =0 ABC;5, A;>2=> 0@H8= ?@>3;>B8;). @53 (87>1@060O <0BL): 5=O @074@0605B, :0: BK A848HL, 2K?@O<8 A?8=C! 0BL (87>1@060O @530):  B515-B> GB>? @53:  2>B B>! "K 157>B25BAB25==K9, E>G5HL, GB>1K 2A5 A0<> A>1>9 45;0;>AL! 0BL:  BK <5=O 157 :>=F0 4>=8<05HL - "!45;09 B>, A45;09 MB>!" C<05HL, :@><5 B51O 1>;LH5 =8:B> =8 > G5< =5 4C<05B? (10, <0BL 8 AK=, @0AE>E>B0;8AL) "5@0?52B: "5?5@L AB0=LB5 A0<8<8 A>1>9. '5<C 20A =0CG8; MB>B >?KB? @53: / ?>=O;, GB> 4>;65= 1K; 1K >1JOA=8BL 59, GB> <=5 2>2A5 =5 "=8 4> G53> =5B 45;0". 0BL:  <=5 =5 A;54C5B 4>=8<0BL 53> 157 :>=F0 =>B0F8O<8 > B><, GB> 8 :0: 45;0BL.  2KH5?@82545==>< ?@8<5@5 G;5=K A5<L8 A<>3;8 A> AB>@>=K C2845BL A>1AB25==CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 8 B>, GB> 8<?;8F8B=> 70AB02;O;> 8E ?@845@6820BLAO A2>53> AB8;O ?>2545=8O. "!B02" 4@C38< 8 87>1@060O 53>, >=8 A<>3;8 C2845BL 8 ?@>GC2AB2>20BL ?@>8AE>4OI55 A 4@C3>9 B>G:8 4@5=8O. "3@0" AB0;0 8< OA=0, >=8 70A<5O;8AL 8 ?>=O;8, GB> :064><C =5>1E>48<> :>5-GB> 87<5=8BL 2 A2>5< ?>2545=88. A?>;L7>20=85. "5E=8:0 >1<5=0 @>;O<8 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 4;O @07@5H5=8O 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :>=D;8:B>2. ! 55 ?><>ILN <>6=> @01>B0BL A ;N1K< G;5=>< A5<L8, :>B>@K9 A?>A>15= ?@8=OBL =0 A51O @>;L 4@C3>3> ;8F0. =0 ?>72>;O5B ?>;CG8BL 8=D>@<0F8N > <KA;OE, GC2AB20E 8 459AB28OE, 7=0G8<KE 2 :>=B5:AB5 40==>9 ?@>1;5<K. =0 ?>:07K205B, =0A:>;L:> G;5=K A5<L8 AB@5<OBAO ?>=8<0BL 8 =0A:>;L:> E>@>H> >=8 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?>=8<0NB 4@C3 4@C30, 0 =5 ?@>5F8@CNB =0 4@C38E A>1AB25==K5 GC2AB20 8 C15645=8O. =0 2KO2;O5B B0:65 65;0=85 8;8 =565;0=85 25@8BL B><C, GB> A;>20 8 ?>2545=85 4@C3>3> 459AB28B5;L=> 8A:@5==8, 8;8 65 B><C, GB> >=8 O2;ONBAO A>7=0B5;L=K< 8;8 15AA>7=0B5;L=K< 70I8B=K< <0=52@><. "5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B :;85=B0< M:A?5@8<5=B8@>20BL A 4@C38<8 @>;O<8 8 4@C38<8 A?>A>10<8 ACI5AB2>20=8O 2 >:@C60NI5< <8@5. C:>2>4O 8A?>;=5=85< @>;59, B5@0?52B <>65B ?@825AB8 CG0AB=8:>2 : =>2><C ?>=8<0=8N 8 =>2K< 459AB28O<. 4-33 + ",!" 1JOA=5=85. "5>@5B8G5A:89 DC=40<5=B AB@C:BC@=>9 <>45;8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 >A=>2K205BAO =0 C15645=88 2 B><, GB> "F5;>5 8 G0AB8 <>3CB 1KBL 4>;6=K< >1@07>< >1JOA=5=K B>;L:> 2 B5@<8=0E A>>B=>H5=89, :>B>@K5 ACI5AB2CNB <564C G0ABO<8" (Lane,1970).  AB@C:BC@=>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 4;5@0 >4=>9 87 F5;59 O2;O5BAO >ACI5AB2;5=85 ?><>I8 G;5=0< A5<L8 G5@57 8E >A>7=0=88 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 : >A>1>9 F5;>AB=>AB8, :>B>@0O 1>;LH5, G5< 8=48284C0;L=>5 /. =48284C0;L=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O :>=F5=B@8@C5BAO =0 8=482845 :0: F5;><, =>, :>340 8=48284K AB0=>2OBAO G0ABLN F5;>3> (=0?@8<5@, 2 A;CG05 A5<L8), 2KOA=O5BAO, GB> 4@C385 G0AB8 MB>3> F5;>3> 2;8ONB =0 ?>2545=85 2A5E 4@C38E G0AB59. A5 G;5=K A5<L8 2=>AOB A2>9 >A>1K9 2:;04 2 CAB0=>2;5=85 A>>B25BAB2CNI53> AB8;O 687=8, :>B>@K9 4;O 40==>9 A5<L8 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 30@<>=8G=K<. ?8AK205<0O 745AL B5E=8:0 27OB0 3;02=K< >1@07>< 87 @01>B !0;L204>@0 8=CE8=0 (Minuchin,1974; Minuchin, Fichman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inuchin, Fichman, 1981, A. 194). @>F54C@0. 8=CE8=K< 8 $8H<0=>< >?8A0=0 A;54CNI0O ?@>F54C@0 ?@>2545=8O 40==>9 <5B>48:8 (Minuchin, Fichman, 1981). 1. @>1;5<0, A :>B>@>9 ?@8E>48B A5<LO ?>425@305BAO A><=5=8N. A8E>B5@0?52B ?>425@305B A><=5=8N B>G:C 7@5=8O A5<L8 > B><, GB> ACI5AB2C5B ;8HL >48= >?@545;5==K9 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B. =0 =01;N405B :0: 459AB2CNB ;N48 8 :0: CAB@>5=0 A5<59=0O A8AB5<0. =>340 B5@0?52B, 70=8<0O 85@0@E8G5A:CN ?>78F8N M:A?5@B0, 45;05B CB25@645=85 B8?0: "/ 286C =5GB> 8=>5, ?@>8AE>4OI55 2 A5<L5, :>B>@>5 >?@>25@305B 20H5 <=5=85 > B><, GB> 2K 1>;L=K". =>340 >=0 @0AH8@O5B ?@>1;5<=>5 ?>;5, 2:;NG0O 2 =53> 1>;LH5 >4=>3> G5;>25:0: "# 20H59 A5<L8 ?@>1;5<K 2 B><, :0: 2K >1I05B5AL 4@C3 A 4@C3><." =>340 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B <>65B 1KBL ?@54AB02;5= :0: "A5<59=K9 8AF5;8B5;L", B0: :0: :>=F5=B@0F8O =0 =5< 2=8<0=8O A5<L8 >B2;5:05B 8E >B 8=KE ?@>1;5<, =0?@8<5@, :>=D;8:B>2, ACI5AB2CNI8E <564C 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 (B0< 65, @.194-195). 2. !><=5=85 2 =5?>A@54AB25==>AB8 :>=B@>;O. "5@0?52B 45;05B 2K7>2 <=5=8N A5<L8 > B><, GB> >48= 87 55 G;5=>2 2 A>AB>O=88 :>=B@>;8@>20BL 2AN A5<59=CN A8AB5<C. 0?@8<5@, B5@0?52B E0@0:B5@87C5B ?>2545=85 >4=>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 8 ?@8?8AK205B >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 =53> 4@C38<. =0 <>65B A:070BL ?>4@>AB:C: ""K 2545HL A51O B0:, :0: 1C4B> B515 G5BK@5 3>40" 8, ?>25@=C2H8AL : @>48B5;O< A?@>A8BL: "0: 20< C40;>AL A>E@0=8BL 53> AB>;L N=K<?" "0:8< >1@07>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?@8A>548=O5BAO : AC1J5:BC, :>B>@>3> >=0 :0:-1C4B> 0B0:C5B. @8 MB>< G;5= A5<L8, ?>2545=85 :>B>@>3> >?8A0=> :0: 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>5, =5 A>?@>B82;O5BAO B0:><C >?8A0=8N, B0: :0: >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 =53> 45;538@>20=0 4@C38<. "0:0O 65 B5E=8:0 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O 8=D>@<8@>20=8O A5<L8 > ?@>87>H54H5< C;CGH5=88. "!59G0A BK ?>ABC?05HL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A> A2>8< 2>7@0AB><," - <>65B A:070BL B5@0?52B @515=:C, 0 70B5< ?>60BL @C:8 @>48B5;O<, 3>2>@O: ">=OB=>, GB> 2K A45;0;8 GB>-B>, GB> ?>72>;8;> 6>=C ?>27@>A;5BL. K <>65B5 @0AA:070BL, :0: 20< MB> C40;>AL?". >4B0;:820O :;85=B>2 : B><C, GB>1K >=8 ?@8?8A0;8 A515 70A;C3C ?>78B82=KE 87<5=5=89, ?@>87>H54H8E A >4=8< 87 =8E, B5@0?52B ?>445@68205B A5<LN :0: F5;>5 2 ?@8=OB88 2708<>4>?>;=8B5;L=>AB8 :064>9 87 A>AB02;ONI8E 55 AC1A8AB5< (B0< 65, @.197). 3. !><=5=85 2 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 A>1KB89, :>B>@CN ?@54JO2;O5B A5<LO. " "5@0?52B ?>425@305B A><=5=8N A5<59=CN M?8AB5<8>;>38N, 22>4O 1>;55 H8@>:CN 2@5<5==CN ?5@A?5:B82C, 8 B0:8< >1@07>< ?><5I0O ?>2545=85 8=482840 2 F5;>AB=K9 :>=B5:AB (B0< 65,@.197). =0 >1CG05B A5<LN 2845BL F5;>AB=K5 ?0BB5@=K <56;8G=>AB=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 1>;LH59 <5@5, =565;8 459AB28O >B45;L=>3> 8=482840. 0==0O B5E=8:0, =5ACI0O 2 A515 @0AH8@5=85 ?5@A?5:B82K, O2;O5BAO, ?> A2>59 ACB8 :>3=8B82=>9. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=85 G;5=>2 A5<L8 =0 B>, GB> 8E <56;8G=>AB=K5 2708<>459AB28O ?>4G8=ONBAO ?@028;0<, :>B>@K5 >B=>AOBAO =5 : >B45;L=K< 8=482840<, 0 : A8AB5<5 2 F5;><. 0?@8<5@, 2 A5<L5 A> A<5H0==K<8 3@0=8F0<8 AC1A8AB5< @515=>: G8E05B,0 <0BL ?5@5405B >BFC =>A>2>9 ?;0B>: 4;O =53>. "5@0?52B 3>2>@8B: "C4LB5 74>@>2K, A<>B@8B5, :0: >4=> G8E0=85 ?@825;> 2 459AB285 2A5E. !@07C 284=>, GB> 2 20H59 A5<L5 ;N48 ?><>30NB 4@C3 4@C3C" (A.198). -B> CB25@645=85 @0AH8@8;> :>=B5:AB 8 ?@8>B:@K;> B>B D0:B, GB> ?>2545=85 A5<L8 2 F5;>< 2KE>48B 70 @0<:8 ?>2545=8O 55 >B45;L=KE G;5=>2. @8<5@. 8=CE8=, $8H<0= (1981,@.198-206) 8A?>;L7>20;8 A;54CNI89 ?@8<5@ (745AL >= A>:@0I5=) 4;O 8;;NAB@0F88 40==>3> ?@>F5AA0. -11>BFK - AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0, :>B>@K< 70 B@84F0BL, 1K;8 2 @072>45 2 B5G5=88 >4=>3> <5AOF0. C6, >AB0282 65=C 8 42>8E <0;5=L:8E 45B59, ?5@55E0; 2 >B45;L=CN :20@B8@C, =0E>4OAL 2 A>AB>O=88 ?>8A:>2 A0<>3> A51O. @53>@8 (-11>BF): ... ">, GB> A;CG8;>AL 2 =0H8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A 65=>9 1K;> 2K720=> <>59 45?@5AA859, :>B>@0O 70AB028;0 <5=O ?>:8=CBL 4><, B5?5@L O =0E>6CAL 2 <5=LH59 45?@5AA88. "5@0?52B: K A:070;8, GB> ?@8G8=>9 45?@5AA88 1K;0 MB (53> 65=0)? .: / =5 2>7;030N =0 =55 MBC >B25BAB25==>ABL. / C65 4>2>;L=> 4>;3> GC2AB2>20; A51O =5206=>. ".: >3>48B5! K A:070;8, GB> :>340 2K 1K;8 2<5AB5 A 65=>9 4><0, C 20A 1K;0 45?@5AA8O, 70B5< 2K ?>:8=C;8 4>< 8 AB0;8 <5=55 45?@5AA82=K. >6=> ;8 20A ?>=OBL B0:8< >1@07><, GB> MB> MB 2K720;0 C 20A 45?@5AA8N? .: 5B, 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 B>;L:> O =5AC >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 B>, GB> C <5=O 1K;0 45?@5AA8O - B>;L:> O. / =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 2>7;030N >B25BAB25==>ABL =0 =55. ".: >4>648B5, A;548B5 70 <>59 <KA;LN. # 20A 45?@5AA8O 8 20H0 65=0 =5 ?><>305B 20< A?@028BLAO A =59 - B0: <>6=> 20A ?>=OBL? .: @028;L=>. ".: >G5<C 65 >=0 2A5-B0:8 =5 ?><>305B 20<? .: =5 :065BAO 2A5 ?@>87>H;> 87-70 B>3>, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> <>8E ?>B@51=>AB59 =8:>340 =5 1K;> C4>2;5B2>@5=>. / GC2AB2>20; A51O >G5=L D@CAB@8@>20==K<... ".: >65B5 ;8 2K 1KBL 1>;55 :>=:@5B=K<? / =5 <>3C ?>=OBL, :0: 8<5==> 20H0 65=0 =5 ?><>305B 20<. .: K ?;0=8@>20;8 ?@>25AB8 >B?CA: 2> $;>@845 2 45:01@5, 8 C =0A 2>7=8:;> <=>3> ?@>1;5< A2O70==KE A >BJ574>< 8 ?>8A:>< =O=8 4;O 45B59. ".: K E>B5;8 ?@>25AB8 >B?CA: 157 45B59, B>;L:> 242>5< A 65=>9? .: 0... ".(>1@0I0OAL : MB): 0: 2K ?@54AB02;O;8 A515 MB> A<5;>5 ?@54?@8OB85? .: ;O <5=O >G5=L 1>;57=5==> ?>:8=CBL 45B59, 254L >=8 5I5 B0:85 <0;5=L:85... => <=5 459AB28B5;L=> E>B5;>AL ?>5E0BL, ?>B><C, GB> >= MB>3> E>B5;, 8 <K >1AC640;8 MB> 2 B5G5=88 4>;3>3> 2@5<5=8. 59AB28B5;L=>, 1K;> >G5=L BO65;> @07;CG8BLAO A =8<8. ".: B0:, 2K A59G0A B>65 2 45?@5AA88? .: 0, C <5=O >G5=L ?;>E>5 =0AB@>5=85 A59G0A. / >G5=L 45?@5AA82=0 A B5E ?>@, :0: >= CH5;. ".: 'B> 20H <C6 B0:>3> A45;0;, GB>1K 8A?>@B8BL 20< =0AB@>5=85? .: = G0AB> 3>2>@8; > B><, GB> C945B, 8 O GC2AB2>20;0, GB> =5 =C6=0 5<C. ".: / E>GC GB>1K 2K >10 >14C<0;8 2A5 MB> 1>;55 45B0;L=>. 'B> >= B0:>3> A45;0; 20<, GB> 70AB028;> 20A 4C<0BL > =5>1E>48<>AB8 @072>40? ( @53>@8) 'B> >=0 20< A45;0;0, GB> 70AB028;> 20A GC2AB2>20BL, GB> 2K E>B8B5 ?>:8=CBL 55? >3>2>@8B5 4@C3 A 4@C3>< >1 MB>< (A.198-201). "5@0?52B 45;05B 2K7>2 B>G:5 7@5=8O :064>3> 87 :;85=B>2 8 ?>:07K205B, GB> :064K9 87 ?0@B=5@>2 2 45?@5AA88. <5H0B5;LAB2>, A2O70==>5 A 8=48284C0;L=>9 48=0<8:>9, A>AB>8B 745AL 2 B><, GB>1K =5 4020BL 2>7<>6=>ABL :064><C 87 AC?@C3>2 4C<0BL > 4@C3>< ;8HL :0: > :>=B5:AB5 4;O A2>8E A>1AB25==KE GC2AB2, 8, :0: > 3;02=>9 ?@8G8=5 A2>53> A>1AB25==>3> 87<5=5=8O. K720==>5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 2708<>459AB285 <564C AC?@C30<8 ?>:065B :064><C ?0@B=5@C, GB> >=8 4>;6=K 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 ?><>GL 4@C3 4@C3C, 87<5=OOAL A0<8 8 87<5=OO A2>5 >B=>H5=85 : 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< <564C A>1>9. A?>;L7>20=85. "5E=8:0 "2K7>2 4>?>;=8B5;L=>AB8" <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 ;N1>9 <56;8G=>AB=>9 A8AB5<5 2708<>459AB28O 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?><>GL 55 G;5=0< >?@545;8BL A2>N 4>;N >B25BAB25==>AB8 70 2=CB@8A8AB5<=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O, 27OBL =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 87<5=5=8O, 8 ?><>GL 4@C38< 87<5=8BLAO, 459AB2CO A0<8< ?>-4@C3><C. -B> <>65B ?>4>@20BL >A=>2C 4;O A>740=8O ":>7;>2 >B?CI5=8O" 8 A8;>2KE 83@ 2 MB>9 A5<L5 8;8 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5. -B> B0:65 ?>4@K205B 2AN A>1;07=8B5;L=>ABL A0<><C 1KBL 01A>;NB=> ?@02K<, 0 4@C38E >128=OBL 2 =5?@02>B5 A> 2A5<8 A>?CBAB2CNI8<8 GC2AB20<8 <>@0;L=>3> ?@52>AE>4AB20 8 B5E O@;K:>2, :>B>@K5 ?>O2;ONBAO C B>3>, :B> 7=05B, GB> 8<5==> >= ?@02. 0;55, MB> ?>72>;O5B B5@0?52BC ?@8A>548=OBLAO : :064>9 2=CB@8A58<59=>9 AC1A8AB5<5 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> =0@CH0BL ACI5AB2CNI55 =530B82=>5 @02=>25A85 2;0AB8, A>>B25BAB2CNI8< >1@07>< 87<5=OO 85@0@E8G5A:CN AB@C:BC@C A8AB5<K 2 F5;><. ;0205: '! ' 2545=85  >?@545;5==>< A<KA;5 2A5 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 B5E=8:8 O2;ONBAO ?>2545=G5A:8<8.  :>=B5:AB5 =0AB>OI59 3;02K ?>2545=G5A:85 B5E=8:8 >?@545;ONBAO :0: 8<5NI85 2 :>3=8B82=>< ?;0=5 45;> A> A;54CNI8<: 0) >?@545;5=85 ?@>1;5<K, ?@>OA=5=85 F5;8, ?@>OA=5=85 F5==>AB59, ?@>OA=5=85 3@0=8F; 1) @5H5=85 ?@>1;5<, ?;0=8@>20=85, 845=B8D8:0F8O @07;8G89 8 ?5@53>2>@K ?> 8E ?>2>4C; 2) B5@0?52B8G5A:85 :>=B@0:BK, A>AB02;5=85 8 2K?>;=5=85 A>3;0H5=89 8 B.4. "5@0?52B 8 :;85=B 8<5NB 45;> =5?>A@54AB25==> A 15A?>:>OI59 :;85=B0 ?@>1;5<>9, 0 =5 AB@5<OBAO ?@>8725AB8 87<5=5=8O G5@57 B>B 8;8 8=>9 284 <5B0:><<C=8:0F88, :0: MB> >=8 45;0NB, @01>B0O A B5E=8:0<8 =0 >A=>25 2>>1@065=8O 8 ?0@04>:A0;L=K<8 B5E=8:0<8. >2545=G5A:85 B5E=8:8 8AE>4=> >@85=B8@>20=K =0 459AB285 - :;85=B >1O70B5;L=> 4>;65= 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 @01>BK GB>-B> 45;0BL. 0==K5 B5E=8:8 8<5NB 2 A2>59 >A=>25 =5A:>;L:> @07;8G=KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E >@85=B0F89: 1. 8E528>@87< 8 :;0AA8G5A:>5 >1CA;02;820=85, >?5@0=B=>5 >1CA;02;820=85 8 B5>@88 A>F80;L=>3> =0CG5=8O; 2. "5>@88 :>3=8B82=>9 ?A8E>;>388 A 8E D>:CA8@>2:>9 =0 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA0E; 3. "5>@88 A>F80;L=>3> >1<5=0, :>B>@K5 @0AA<0B@820NB G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 ?>4 C3;>< 7@5=8O B>3>, GB> 8=48284K A>25@H0NB 2708<=K5 2:;04K 2 45OB5;L=>ABL 4@C3 4@C30; 4. "5>@88 >1I5=8O, :>B>@K5 ?>4G5@:820NB 25@10;L=>5 ?>2545=85, A;CH0=85, @07;8G=>3> @>40 >1AC645=8O 8 ?5@53>2>@K, 0 B0:65 =525@10;L=K5 D>@<K 2708<>>B=>H5=89; 5. "5>@88 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<, =0?@8<5@, 2 B0:8E >1;0ABOE :0: >1@07>20=85 8 C?@02;5=85 2 187=5A5, :>B>@K5 >1@0I0NB 2=8<0=85 =0 ?>ABC?5=G0BK9 0=0;87 7040G8, "<>73>2K5 0B0:8", ?;0=8@>20=85 8 >F5=:8. 0 2A5<8 ?>2545=G5A:8<8 B5E=8:0<8 ;560B A;54CNI85 DC=40<5=B0;L=K5 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@54?>;>65=8O: 1. N1><C >1@07FC ?>2545=8O, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 =>2><C 4;O 40==>3> AC1J5:B0 <>6=> >1CG8BLAO; 2. ;85=BK, >?8@0OAL =0 8=B5;;5:B 8 M<>F88, 2 A>AB>O=88 >?@545;8BL A2>8 ?>B@51=>AB8 8 >6840=8O, @07<KH;OBL > A2>8E ?@>1;5<0E, >B:@K20BL =>2K5 @5H5=8O, >ACI5AB2;OBL MB8 @5H5=8O 2 A2>59 45OB5;L=>AB8, 0 B0:65 @0F8>=0;L=> >F5=820BL @57C;LB0BK ?>A;54=59; 3. 01;N40O A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 <KA;8 8 459AB28O, :;85=BK 2 A>AB>O=88 845=B8D8F8@>20BL =5;>38G=K5, 8@@0F8>=0;L=K5 <KA;8B5;L=K5 8 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK; 4. 565;0B5;L=K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK :;85=B0 <>3CB 1KBL ?@5>4>;5=K: 8E 8=B5=A82=>ABL C<5=LH5=0, AD>@<8@>20=K 8;8 CA8;5=K =>2K5, ?>78B82=K5 >1@07FK ?>2545=8O; 5. ;85=BK - =>@<0;L=K5 ;N48 A ?@>1;5<0<8, :>B>@K5 ?@8=F8?80;L=> <>3CB 1KBL @07@5H5=K; 6. "5@0?52B ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 0:B82=>3> ;845@0, :>=AC;LB0=B0, D0A8;8B0B>@0 8;8 G5;>25:0, 2;045NI53> @5AC@A0<8. @8<5=5=85 ?>2545=G5A:8E B5E=8: 45;05B 2>7<>6=K< 4;O CG0AB=8:>2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 >ACI5AB2;OBL <>73>2K5 HBC@<K 8 >1<5=820BLAO 845O<8, 2 157>?0A=KE CA;>28OE ?@0:B8:>20BL =>2K5 ?>78B82=K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK. 064K9 B5>@5B8: <>65B 040?B8@>20BL 40==CN B5E=8:C : A2>59 A>1AB25===>9 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 :>=AB@C:F88, 5A;8 4;O MB>3> 8<5NBAO ?>4E>4OI85 CA;>28O, 8 B5>@8O, :>B>@>9 >= ?@845@68205BAO, 5<C MB> ?>72>;O5B. !CI5AB2C5B >G5=L <=>3> 4>2>4>2 70 ?@8<5=5=85 ?>2545=G5A:8E B5E=8: 2 A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88. 1. =8 E>@>H> >@30=87>20=K 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> AB@C:BC@8@>20=K, B0:8< >1@07>< C<5=LH0O @8A: ?@>20;0 2 @5H5=88 B5@0?52B8G5:8E 7040G. KAB@K9 CA?5E 2 A2>N >G5@54L >15A?5G8205B ?>78B82=K9 =0AB@>9 :;85=B>2 C65 =0 =0G0;L=KE AB048OE B5@0?88, 8E C25@5==>ABL 2 A515. !B@C:BC@8@>20==>ABL C<5=LH05B E0>A 8 >15A?5G8205B CA;>28O 4;O A>740=8O @50;L=> @01>B0NI59 <>45;8. 2. =8 ?>4G5@:820NB ?>78B82=K5 AB>@>=K G5;>25G5A:>3> 1KB8O - 74>@>2L5, :><?5B5=B=>ABL, A8;C 45;0BL GB>-B>, ?>445@6820NB :;85=B>2 2 8E 42865=88 : A>AB>O=8N "". 3. =8 ?@>7@0G=K 4;O @07C<0, 2 =8E =5B =8G53> <8AB8G5A:>3>, 8@@0F8>=0;L=>3>. 2>4OBAO MB8 B5E=8:8 =0 >A=>25 >1I5C?>B@518<>9 ;5:A8:8 8 ?>MB><C 157 B@C40 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO >1CG0NI8<8AO, 8E B0:65 ;53:> ?@5?>4020BL 4@C38<. 4. =8 ?@5@K20NB =530B82=K9 70<:=CBK9 :@C3 - G5;>25: @0AAB@08205BAO - 60;C5BAO =0 687=L - @0AAB@08205BAO >B MB>3> 5I5 1>;LH5. <5AB> MB>3> CAB0=02;8205BAO ?>78B82=K9 F8:; 2708<>459AB28O - :;85=BK =0G8=0NB >ACI5AB2;OBL A5@8N ?@54?8A0==KE :>=AB@C:B82=KE 459AB289. 5.  ?@>F5AA5 ?@8<5=5=8O B5E=8: :;85=BK ;53:> 70<5G0NB ?@>3@5AA 2 8E A>AB>O=88 8 1KAB@>5 ?@>42865=85 2 @5H5=88 70O2;O5<>9 ?@>1;5<K. #A?5E 8E >1>4@O5B. 6. =8 >1CG0NB :;85=B>2 <5B>4>;>388 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>9 B@C4=>AB8 ?@5>4>;520NBAO G5@57 :><<C=8:0F8N A 4@C38<8 8=482840<8. "0:>9 ?>4E>4 405B :;85=B0< <>45;L 4;O @5H5=8O ?>4>1=KE ?@>1;5< 8 :>=D;8:B>2 2 1C4CI5<, :>340 A5<LO 1C45B 40;55 42830BLAO G5@57 =>@<0;L=K5 AB0488 687=5==>3> F8:;0. >2545=G5A:85 B5E=8:8, :>B>@K5 >1AC640NBAO 2 40==>9 3;025 2:;NG0NB 2 A51O "!C?@C65A:CN :>=D@5@5=F8N 8 A5<59=K9 A>25B" - D>@<0;L=K5 2AB@5G8 A5<L8 4;O C;CGH5=8O :><<C=8:0F89 8 1;87>AB8 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE; "!B@C:BC@8@>20==K9 B@5=8=3 >1I5=8O" - A?5F80;L=K9 :C@A >1CG5=8O 045:20B=><C A;CH0=8N 8 3>2>@5=8N; "!8<2>;87< 8 ?>40@:8" - >1CG5=85 =525@10;L=K< A@54AB20< >1I5=8O 8 2K@065=8O ?>78B82=KE GC2AB2; "=8 701>BK" - B@5=8=3 4>AB02;5=8O ?@8OB=>3> 4@C3 4@C3C "=51>;LH8<8 ?>@F8O<8"; ">78B82=K9 >1<5=" - 845=B8D8F8@>20=85 8 ?>78B82=>5 ?5@5>?@545;5=85 65;0=89 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8; "!B@C:BC@8@>20==K5 7040=8O 2> 2@5<O A5AA88" - 2>2;5G5=85 A5<L8 2 ?@>F5AA :>=AB@C:B82=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 4@C3 A 4@C3>< (?A8E>B5@0?52B 2 MB> 2@5<O 70=8<05BAO 4803=>AB8:>9 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, ;81> >1I0OAL A A5<L59 2 E>45 2K?>;=5=8O 7040=8O ?@>872>48B B5@0?52B8G5A:CN 8=B5@25=F8N 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C);"!C?@C65A:89 :>=B@0:B" - =0AB>;L=0O 83@0 4;O >1CG5=8O AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K >ACI5AB2;5=8O ?5@53>2>@=>3> ?@>F5AA0; "'B5=85 2A;CE 2 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88" - 181;8>B5@0?8O 4;O C;CGH5=8O :><<C=8:0F89 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8; 8 "1CG5=85 >A>7=0=8N 2K1>@0". >;LH8=AB2> ?>2545=G5A:8E B5E=8: ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A?5F80;L=K5 <5B>4K C<5=LH5=8O :>=D;8:B>2 8 AB8<C;8@>20=8O 2708<>?>4:@5?;O5<KE 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>459AB289 G5@57 ?@54?8A0==K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 7040=8O, :>B>@K5 2K?>;=ONBAO =5?>A@54AB25==> =0 A5AA88 8;8 4><0. >2545=G5A:85 B5E=8:8 2>2;5:0NB :;85=B>2 2 AB@C:BC@8@>20==CN ?>78B82=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O =5<54;5==KE 87<5=5=8O 2 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>< A?>A>15 ?>2545=8O. >2K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK ?@8 MB>< <>45;8@CNBAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. A8E>B5@0?52B 2?@025 A>740BL ;N1>5 A@54AB2>, :>B>@>5 ?><>3;> 1K A5<L5 8;8 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 DC=:F8>=8@>20BL 1>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=>. 040=8O, 2K?>;=O5<K5 =5?>A@54AB25==> =0 A5AA88 40NB 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =01;N40BL >1@07FK 2708<>459AB28O <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8 B@5=8@>20BL 55 G;5=>2 =5 ?C30BLAO =5>6840==KE ?5@5<5= 2 ?@>F5AA5 @01>BK. =8 B0:65 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 A2>51@07=CN @5?5B8F8N DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O =>2KE ?>78B82=KE ?>2545=G5A:8E >1@07F>2.  B> 65 2@5<O 4><0H=85 7040=8O =0?@02;5=K =0 CAB0=>2;5=85 =>2KE ?0BB5@=>2 ?>2545=8O, :><<C=8:0F88 8 ?>78B82=>3> ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :;8<0B0 2 4><5. @C3>5 2>7<>6=>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 MB8E B5E=8: - >1CG5=85 45<>:@0B8G5A:8< <5B>40< @5H5=8O ?@>1;5< 8 ?><>IL A5<L5 2 4>AB865=88 1>;LH53> C@>2=O @025=AB20 8 A?@0254;82>AB8 2 8E ;>:0;L=>9 A>F80;L=>9 A8AB5<5 8 B0:8< >1@07>< A?>A>1AB2>20=85 3;>10;L=>9 45<>:@0B870F88 >1I5AB20. @8 MB>< A;54C5B 8<5BL 2284C, GB> @025=AB2> - =5 B>645AB25==> >48=0:>2>AB8, 2 G0AB=>AB8, >=> =5 C=8GB>605B <56?>:>;5==KE 3@0=8F. @8=F8? @025=AB20 ;8HL CB25@6405B, GB> :064K9 8=48284 2 @02=>9 AB5?5=8 A0<>F5=5=, E>BO 70=8<05B A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 <5AB> 2 A8AB5<5, 8 ?@>872>48B A2>9 A>1AB25==K9 C=8:0;L=K9 2:;04 2 55 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 :0: F5;>3>. >2545=G5A:85 B5E=8:8 ?><>30NB B0:65 G;5=0< A5<L8 A1;878BAO, 5A;8 >=8 A;8H:>< 48AB0=B=K, 8;8 >BJ548=8BAO 4@C3 >B 4@C30, 5A;8 >=8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:". @><5 B>3> ?>2545=G5A:85 B5E=8:8 <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2 CAB0=>2;5=88 045:20B=KE <56?>:>;5==KE 3@0=8F. -B8 <5B>4K <>3CB 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 @01>B5 A ;N1K<8 A5<LO<8, A?>A>1=K< A;54>20BL ?@54?8A0=8O<. A>15==> >=8 MDD5:B82=K 2 A5<LOE, 345 25@10;L=>5 ?>2545=85 =5 =0 2KA>B5 8 :>B>@K< 1>;LH5 ?>4E>4OB B5E=8:8, >@85=B8@>20==K5 =0 459AB28O. 5-34. !# #!/ $ &/  !+ !" 1>A=>20=85 "!C?@C65A:0O :>=D5@5=F8O 8 A5<59=K9 A>25B" ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 2AB@5G8, ?@>2>48<K5 =0 @53C;O@=>9 >A=>25 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@>9 8;8 A5<L59, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@KE >15A?5G820NBAO @02=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 CG0AB8O 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8. =8 - ACBL <5B>4K, A:>=AB@C8@>20==K5 A F5;LN C;CGH8BL 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 8 ?>2KA8BL 8E 8=B5=A82=>ABL. @54;>65=K A5<59=K<8 B5@0?52B0<8 04;5@80=A:>3> =0?@02;5=8O 8 >A=>20=K =0 ?@8=F8?0E, A>45@60I8EAO 2 B5>@5B8G5A:8E ?@54AB02;5=8OE ?>A;54=53>. 45O "A5<59=>3> A>25B0" 1K;0 ?>?C;O@878@>20=0 @59:CA>< 8 53> :>;;530<8 ( Dreikurs, 1948; Dreikurs, R., Corsini, R. J., Lowe, R., and Sonstegard, 1959; Dreikurs and Soltz 1964; Dreikurs, Gould and Corsini, 1974; Corsini, and Rigney, 1970; Dinkmeyer,Pew and Dinkmeyer, 1979; Manaster and Corsini, 1982). >;LH8=AB2> AC?@C65A:8E ?0@ 8 A5<59, 70E20G5=K 1>@L1>9 70 2;0ABL, :>B>@0O @07K3@K205BAO 2>:@C3 >?@545;5==>3> :>=D;8:B0, ?@54JO2;O5<>3> 8<8 2 :0G5AB25 A8<?B><0, ?@8 MB>< =5 2848BAO =8:0:8E 2>7<>6=>AB59 2:;NG8BLAO 2> 2708<>459AB285 ?@8=F8?80;L=> 4@C3>3> @>40. ?KB :064>3> =5 A;KH8BAO, =5 ?>=8<05BAO 8 =5 ?@87=05BAO 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8. "8?8G=>5 >1AC645=85 745AL - >48= 3>2>@8B, >AB0;L=K5 ?5@51820NB 53>, CE>4OB >B >1AC6405<>9 ?@>1;5<K, 2@07=>1>9 ?@54;030NB A2>8 2>?@>AK 4;O >1AC645=8O. 064K9 65 ?> ACB8 45;0, 42865BAO 2 @CA;5 ;8HL A2>8E 8=B5@5A>2. <5AB> 2A53> MB>3> =0 :>=D5@5=F8OE, :064K9 G;5= A5<L8 ?>;CG05B 8=AB@C:F8N C45;OBL ?@8AB0;L=>5 2=8<0=85 4@C38< ( 4@C3><C ). !0<> 2=8<0B5;L=>5 A;CH0=85 >:07K205B >G5=L ACI5AB25==>5 2;8O=85 =0 B5E 8=48284>2, :>B>@K5 2:;NG5=K 2 >1I5=85. > 0=0AB5@C 8 >@78=8, ACI5AB2C5B ?> :@09=59 <5@5 G5BK@5 ?@8G8=K, 87-70 :>B>@KE A;54C5B ?@>2>48BL !5<59=K9 A>25B: 1. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 40BL 2>7<>6=>ABL G;5=0< A5<L8 A2>1>4=> >1I0BLAO <564C A>1>9. 2. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 871560BL =0A8;8O 2 A5<L5. 3. ;O >1CG5=8O G;5=>2 A5<L8, :0: 45B59, B0: 8 27@>A;KE, 45<>:@0B8G5A:8< ?@85<0< @07@5H5=8O :>=D;8:B>2. 4. ;O ?>445@60=8O 30@<>=88 8 <8@0 2 A5<L5 (Manaster and Corsini, 1982,@.231) !5<59=K9 A>25B >A=>2K205BAO =0 B0:8E D8;>A>DA:8E ?@8=F8?0E, :>B>@K5 ?@54?>;030NB, GB> 45<>:@0B8G5A:85 <5B>4K, 22545==K5 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C, ?>2KAOB C2065=85 <564C 2A5<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8, :>>?5@0F8N <564C =8<8, B0: :0: 2A5 1C4CB 8<5BL 3>;>A 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O, C25;8G8BAO 8=B5@5A G;5=>2 A5<L8 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 ?>=8<0=85 4@C3 4@C30 - 2A5 1C4CB @50;L=> 2:;NG5=K 2 ?@>F5AA 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. @><5 B>3> MB8 D8;>A>DA:85 ?@8=F8?K <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL A>740=8N GC2AB20 2=CB@83@C??>2>9 845=B8G=>AB8 8, 2 B> 65 2@5<O, AB8<C;8@>20BL >B:@KB>5 ?@87=0=85 8=48284C0;L=>AB8 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, 8E A0<>4>AB0B>G=KE 2:;04>2 8 A0<>F5==>AB8. "5@0?52B =07=0G05B :;85=B0< :>=D5@5=F8N 8/8;8 A>25B 2 :0G5AB25 4><0H=53> 7040=8O, ?>B>< >=8 <>3CB AB0BL @8BC0;0<8 40==>9 A5<L8. =0 BI0B5;L=> 8=AB@C:B8@C5B G;5=>2 A5<L8 >B=>A8B5;L=> 2A5E 45B0;59 MB8E <5@>?@8OB89 8 8E ?@028; ?@>2545=8O 2 4><0H=59 >1AB0=>2:5. >=AC;LB0=BK AC?@C65A:8E ?0@ 8 A5<59 04;5@>2A:>3> =0?@02;5=8O =07=0G0NB MBC B5E=8:C 2 :0G5AB25 @072820NI53> 8 >1>30I0NI53> A5<LN ?@>F5AA0, 0 B0:65 :0: MDD5:B82=>3> B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> A@54AB20. @>F54C@0 "!C?@C65A:>9 :>=D5@5=F88". >340 B5@0?52B ?@8E>48B : C15645=8N, GB> 5ABL =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 C;CGH5=88 >1I5=8O <564C AC?@C30<8, >=0 ?@54;0305B AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 >14C<0BL 2>7<>6=>ABL @53C;O@=KE 2AB@5G (2@5<O, <5AB> 8 G0AB>B0 >3>20@820NBAO >A>1>). @5<O >B2545==>5 4;O :>=D@5=F88 AC?@C38 4>;6=K ?>;=>ABLN ?>A2OB8BL 4@C3 4@C3C, 8A:;NG8BL :0:85-;81> ?>AB>@>==85 2<5H0B5;LAB20. A;8 MB0 845O ?@8=8<05BAO, AC?@C38 >1AC640NB C4>1=>5 4;O >1>8E 2@5<O, :>B>@>5 >=8 <>3CB ?>A2OB8BL >1I5=8N 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 ?@8 MB>< 1KBL 2 E>@>H5< D878G5A:>< 8 ?A8E8G5A:>< A>AB>O=88, =5CAB02H85 8 =58AB>I5==K5.  5I5 >=8 A>3;0H0NBAO A;54>20BL ?@028;0<, A?8A>: :>B>@KE 2@CG05BAO B5@0?52B>< BCB 65 =0 2AB@5G5. -B8 ?@028;0 <>3CB 20@L8@>20BLAO B5@0?52B>< 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 040?B8@>20BL 8E : A?5F8D8G5A:8< ?@>1;5<0< 8 ?>B@51=>ABO< 40==>9 A5<L8. 1KG=> A?8A>: ?@028; ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@8<5@=> A;54CNI55: 1. !C?@C38 2AB@5G0NBAO 2 CA;>2;5==>5 2@5<O 8 2 CA;>2;5==>< <5AB5 2 ?5@8>4 <564C =0AB>OI8< <><5=B>< 8 A;54CNI59 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A5AA859. AB@5G0 4>;6=0 ?@>8AE>48BL 2 CA;>28OE, :>340 =5B =8:0:8E 2;8O=89 872=5 (=5>1E>48<> ?@>2>48BL :0: <8=8<C< >4=C ?>4>1=CN 2AB@5GC 2 =545;N). 2.48= AC?@C3 =0G8=05B 8 <>65B 2 B5G5=88 :0:>3>-B> D8:A8@>20==>3> 2@5<5=8 (>1KG=> ?>;G0A0), ?> 53> CA<>B@5=8N, 3>2>@8BL 8;8 A>E@0=OBL <>;G0=85, 53> 65 ?0@B=5@ C45;O5B 5<C 2 B5G5=88 2A53> MB>3> ?5@8>40 100% A2>53> 2=8<0=8O. @8 MB>< <>6=> @0AA:07K20BL > G5< C3>4=> - > A=0E, ?;0=0E, 1>;OG:0E, 65;0=8OE, ?>B@51=>ABOE. 0@B=5@ 65 =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 4>;65= ?5@51820BL, =5 8<55B ?@020 :C@8BL, 42830BLAO 2704-2?5@54 ?> :><=0B5 8 45;0BL GB>-;81>, GB> <>3;> 1K =0@CH8BL ?@>F5AA >1I5=8O. = >1O70= ;8HL 2=8<0B5;L=> A;CH0BL. ">G=> 2 >?@545;5==>5 2@5<O ?5@2K9 ?0@B=5@ >AB0=02;8205BAO. 3. B>@>9 ?0@B=5@ A@07C 65 4>;65= :@0B:> (2 B5G5=88 B@5E <8=CB) 70D8:A8@>20BL B>, GB> >= CA;KH0; 2 <>=>;>35 ?5@2>3> 8 GB>, :0: >= ?>;0305B, ?5@2K9 8<5; 2A5< MB8< 2284C. >78F8O 3>2>@82H53> ?@87=05BAO :0: 8<5NI0O ?@02> =0 ACI5AB2>20=85 8 =0 40==>< MB0?5 2AB@5G8 =8:0: =5 0B0:C5BAO 8 =5 :@8B8:C5BAO. 4. >A;5 MB>3> 2B>@>9 ?0@B=5@ A@07C 65 ?@8ABC?05B : 8A?>;L7>20=8N ?>;>65==>3> 5<C ?>;CG0A0, 0 ?5@2K9 - >1O70= 2A5F5;> ?@8=04;560BL 5<C, B>G=> B0:65 :0: 1K;> 2 ?@54K4CI85 ?>;G0A0. B>@>9 B0:65 <>65B A>>1I8BL GB> E>G5B 8 :0: E>G5B. 5. >A;5 B>3>, :0: 2B>@>9 ?0@B=5@ 70:>=G8B A2>9 <>=>;>3, ?5@2K9 2 B5G5=88 B@5E <8=CB 4>;65= @57N<8@>20BL CA;KH0==>5 8 ?>4B25@48BL, GB> ?>78F8O 4@C3>3>, @02=> :0: 8 53> A>1AB25==0O, 8<55B ?@02> =0 ACI5AB2>20=85, 0 B0:65, GB> >= 2>A?@8=O; 55 045:20B=>. 6. 1AC645=85 4>;6=> 70:>=G8BLAO 2 AB@>3> >?@545;5==>5 2@5<O. 7. >?@>AK, >1AC6405<K5 =0 :>=D5@5=F88, =5 4>;6=K ?>4=8<0BLAO 2?;>BL 4> A;54CNI59 :>=D5@5=F88. 8.  =0G0;5 A;54CNI59 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A5AA88 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 >BG8BK205BAO > B><, GB> ?@>87>H;> 2 ?@><56CB>: <564C A5AA8O<8. "5@0?52B, 8A?>;L7CO <0B5@80;K A5AA88, 87<5=O5B 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 0:BC0;L=>9 A8BC0F859 ?@028;0 ?@>2545=8O ?>A;54CNI8E :>=D5@5=F89 8 5I5 @07 ?>2B>@O5B A2>5 7040=85. !;54C5B ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> AC?@C65A:0O :>=D5@5=F8O >B=N4L =5 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 B5E=8:C, =0?@02;5==CN =0 ?@8=OB85 @5H5=8O. 5 F5;L - A45;0BL >1I5=85 <564C ?0@B=5@0<8 1>;55 >B:@KBK<, :>=AB@C:B82=> C25;8G8BL 1;87>ABL <564C =8<8 8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, A=878BL C@>25=L A8;>2KE 83@ <564C =8<8. @>F54C@0 "!5<59=>3> A>25B0". >340 B5@0?52B ?@8E>48B : 70:;NG5=8N, GB> <5B>48:0 "!5<59=K9 A>25B" <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=>9 4;O C;CGH5=8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 40==>9 A5<L5 8 55 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?@8=8<0BL @5H5=8O, >=0 7=0:><8B A 84559 @>48B5;59 8;8 65 2AN A5<LN. @8G5< B5@0?52B, ?@54284O B@C4=>AB8 2 >ACI5AB2;5=88 40==>3> <5@>?@8OB8O, B0: :0: >=> =5 A>>B25BAB2C5B >1KG=> ?@8=OB><C 2 A5<LOE A?>A>1C >1AC645=8O B@C4=KE 2>?@>A>2 8 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<, 2<5AB5 A B5< C156405B A5<LN 2 53> =5>1E>48<>AB8 - ?>4G5@:8205BAO, GB> !5<59=K9 A>25B ?@8>B:@K205B @O4 =>2KE 2>7<>6=>AB59 C;CGH5=8O AB8;O A5<59=>9 687=8. =0 <>65B 2K1@0BL A;54CNI89 A?>A>1 ?>>I@5=8O 8E : 53> ?@>2545=8N - A:070BL, GB> 4> A8E ?>@ A5<LO 45<>=AB@8@>20;0 C4828B5;L=K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 : 2708<>459AB28N, A>3;0H0OAL A@060BLAO 4@C3 A 4@C3><, E>BO MB8 65 A0<K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =0CG8BLAO ?@8E>48BL : 2708<=><C A>3;0A8N. A;54 70 MB8< B5@0?52B >?8AK205B ?@028;0 ?@>2545=8O !5<59=>3> A>25B0. 1. ?@545;8B5 >?@545;5==>5 2@5<O 8 <5AB> 2AB@5G8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =5 1K;> =8:0:8E D0:B>@>2, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K 59 ?><5H0BL. 2. !>25B D>@<0;L=> 2:;NG05B 2 A51O 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8, >4=0:> =8:>3> =5;L7O 70AB028BL ?@8ACBAB2>20BL =0 =5<, =0A8;L=> ?>=C640BL : MB><C. <5AB5 A B5<, B>B, :B> >BACBAB2C5B 4>;65= A>3;0A8BLAO A;54>20BL B5< @5H5=8O<, :>B>@K5 1C4CB ?@8=OBK. 5;05BAO 2A5 2>7<>6=>5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2A5 <>3;8 ?@8ACBAB2>20BL =0 2AB@5G5. 3. 5H5=8O, ?@8=OBK5 =0 !>25B5 =5 <>3CB 1KBL 2 >4=>AB>@>==5< ?>@O4:5 =0@CH5=K 8;8 65 ?@>83=>@8@>20=K. A;8 B0:>5 ?@>8AE>48B, MB> 4>;6=> >1AC640BLAO =0 A;54CNI5< A>1@0=88. 4. 064K9 <>65B ?@54;>68BL 2>?@>AK 4;O >1AC645=8O.  =5:>B>@KE A5<LOE ACI5AB2C5B >1KG09 :;0ABL ;8AB 1C<038 A> A?8A:>< 2>?@>A>2, B@51CNI8E 2A5>1I53> >1AC645=8O 2 A0<>< C4>1=>< 4;O 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8 <5AB5, =0?@8<5@, =0 E>;>48;L=8:5 - 4;O B>3>, GB>1K :0: B>;L:> :><C-B> 2 3>;>2C ?@845B A>>B25BAB2CNI0O 845O - 55 A@07C <>6=> 1K;> 1K 70D8:A8@>20BL. 4. !?8A>: 2>?@>A>2 <>65B ?@54AB02;OBL A>1>9 2A5, GB> A2O70=> A 1;03>?>;CG85< 45B59, A5<59=KE ?@>3C;>: 8 ?8:=8:>2, B> 5ABL B5E @5H5=89, :>B>@K5 8<5NB >B=>H5=85 : A5<L5 :0: F5;><C. @8 MB>< @>48B5;O< :>=5G=> 65 =5 AB>8B ?@83;0H0BL H5AB8;5B=53> AK=0 4;O >1AC645=8O B>3>, A;54C5B ;8 2=5AB8 45=L38 2 =542868<>ABL 8;8 =0 AG5B 2 10=:5, =C6=> ;8 5<C E>48BL 2 H:>;C - 8 B.4. >48B5;8 >1AC640NB A 45BL<8 8 4>1820NBAO 8E A>3;0A8O ?> B0:8< 2>?@>A0< :0: @01>B0 ?> C1>@:5 4><0, ?@028;0, A2O70==K5 A> 2@5<5=5< 2>72@0I5=8O 4><>9, ?>2545=8O 2> 2@5<O ?>A5I5=8O 4><0 4@C7LO<8. 5B8 <>3CB 2:;NG8BL 2 A?8A>: B0:85 2>?@>AK :0: 2>7<>6=>ABL C548=5=8O, 1>;LH59 =57028A8<>AB8, 1>;LH59 381:>AB8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4><0H=59 @01>B5 8 2@5<5=8, :>B>@>5 8< <>6=> C45;8BL B5;5287>@C. 5B8 <>3CB B0:65 ?>?@>A8BL > ?><>I8 2 C;06820=88 @07;8G=>3> @>40 :>=D;8:B>2 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 5:>B>@K5 ?C=:BK :0A0NBAO =5 ?@8=OB8O :0:8E-;81> @5H5=89 - G;5=K A5<L8 45;OBAO A2>8<8 <KA;O<8, GC2AB20<8, =045640<8, 4>AB865=8O<8, >?KB><, @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<, A :>B>@K<8 8< ?@8H;>AL AB>;:=CBLAO. 5AB> ?@54A540B5;O !>25B0 4>;6=> ?5@5E>48BL >B >4=>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 : 4@C3><C 87 G8A;0 B5E, :B> MB8 >1O70==>AB8 2 A>AB>O=88 2K?>;=OBL. 8F>, 2K?>;=ONI55 >1O70==>AB8 ?@54A540B5;O 4>;6=> 45;0BL 2A5 2>7<>6=>5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2>20BL @>;8 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> ;845@0 A5<59=>9 3@C??K. @8 MB>< @>48B5;8 =5 8<5NB ?@020 2AB020BL 2 ?>78F8N 5@E>2=>9 ;0AB8. @>2545=85 !5<59=>3> A>25B0 4>;6=> >ACI5AB2;OBLAO =0 >A=>25 >1I58725AB=KE ?@028; ?@>2545=8O ;N1>3> 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> A>1@0=8O. 4=0:> =C6=> 8<5BL 2284C, GB> 4>AB865=85 2A5>1I53> :>=A5=ACA0 O2;O5BAO 1>;55 ?@85<;5<K<, G5< @5H5=85 =0 >A=>25 1>;LH8=AB20 3>;>A>2. 6. A5 4>;6=K ?@8=8<0BL CG0AB85 2 2K?>;=5=88 B5E @5H5=89, :>B>@K5 ?@8=OBK - ?> 1C:25 8 ?> 4CEC, ?@8G5< <5;>G=0O ?@848@G82>ABL 745AL =5?@85<;5<0. 7. 0: @>48B5;8, B0: 8 45B8 4>;6=K 1KBL C25@5=K 2 B><, GB> >=8 8<5NB 2 A5<L5 A2>9 ?>4;8==K9 3>;>A, GB> A:070==>5 8<8 1C45B CA;KH0=>, ?@8=OB> 8 A> 2A59 A5@L57=>ABLN @0AA<>B@5=>.  :0G5AB25 ACI5AB25==>3> ?>4A?>@LO ?@8 ?@>2545=88 !>25B0 <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< >?@545;5==0O AB5?5=L @0728B8O A?>A>1=>AB8 : E>@>H5<C N<>@C, A?>A>1=>ABL A<5OBLAO =04 =54>AB0B:0<8 ;N459, 0 =5 =04 A0<8<8 ;N4L<8. 8. !5<59=K9 A>25B ?@>2>48BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K @5H0BL ?@>1;5<K, 0 =5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>425@30BL =0?045=8N :>=:@5B=KE ;N459. !5<LO 4>;6=0 1KBL ?@54C?@5645=0 > B><, GB> 2AB@5G0 =5 <>65B 1KBL CA?5H=>9 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 :064K9 G;5= A5<L8 =5 =0CG8BLAO 8A?>;L7>20BL !>25B :0: MDD5:B82=>5 A@54AB2> @5H5=8O A2>8E A>1AB25==KE ?@>1;5<. 0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88 A5<LO 45;8BAO A B5@0?52B>< >?KB>< ?@>2545=8O !>25B0 8 >= 70B5< >1AC6405BAO. >;CG5==K9 2 E>45 MB>3> >1AC645=88 <0B5@80; 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O 40;L=59H59 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 @01>BK =0 A5AA88. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B 5I5 @07 ?5@5A<0B@8205B ?@028;0 ?@>2545=8O !5<59=>3> A>25B0, ?><>305B A5<L5 @5H8BL =5:>B>@K5 D>@<0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K, A2O70==K5 A 53> ?@>2545=85< 8 AB8<C;8@C5B 8E : ?@>4>;65=8N ?@>2545=8O ?>4>1=KE A>1@0=89. A?>;L7>20=85. 0==0O B5E=8:0 >15A?5G8205B B5@0?52B0 A@54AB20<8 =0CG8BL A5<LN ?@85<0< 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> >1AC645=8O 2>?@>A>2, :>B>@K5 <>6=> ?@0:B8:>20BL 2 4><0H=59 >1AB0=>2:5. ! 55 ?><>ILN A>3;0H5=85 1>@>BLAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< ?@5>1@07>2K205BAO 2 A>3;0H5=85 1KBL >B:@KBK<8 8 >1AC640BL 4065 A0<K5 B@C4=K5 8 1>;57=5==K5 2>?@>AK. =0 405B 1>30BK9 <0B5@80; 4;O ?>A;54CNI8E ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E A5AA89, OA=> C:07K205B =0 B>, 345 8<5==> 70AB@O;8 :;85=BK.  :>=B5:AB5 8A?>;L7>20=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>:070BL G;5=0< A5<L8, GB> >1AC645=85 B>G:8 7@5=8O 4@C3>3> 405B ;8HL =>2CN 8=D>@<0F8N, 0 =5 O2;O5BAO >B25@65=85< 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 8;8 2K@065=85< =5=028AB8 : =5<C. 2830OAL : @025=AB2C 2 A5<L5, <K B0:8< >1@07>< <>65< A?>A>1AB2>20BL 4>AB865=8N @025=AB20 2 >1I5AB25 2 F5;><. 5-35.   "!# #! " "" 1>A=>20=85 -B0 83@0 >?8A0=0 ;5E<0=>< 8 018=><(Blechman,Rabin,1980) A F5;LN ?><>GL ?0@B=5@0< =0CG8BLAO >1AC640BL 8 @5H0BL 8E ?@>1;5<K =081>;55 @0F8>=0;L=K< A?>A>1><. !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 :0: ?@028;> 83@05B 2 "AC?@C65A:89 :>=B@0:B", 2=5 ?@8ACBAB28O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. 3@0 ?@>2>F8@C5B CA?5H=K5 >B:@KBK5 >1AC645=8O @50;L=KE ?@>1;5< AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. 0@0 <>65B 83@0BL 2 MBC 83@C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K @5H8BL ACI5AB2CNI89 C =8E 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O :>=D;8:B 8;8 65 4;O >B@01>B:8 AB@0B5388, :>B>@0O <>3;0 1K ?><>GL 8< @07@5H0BL @07=>>1@07=K5 :>=D;8:BK 8=B5@5A>2 2 1C4CI5<. 3@0 405B AC?@C30< G5B:89 A2>4 ?@028;, =0 >A=>25 :>B>@KE <>3CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO >1AC645=8O A;>6=KE ?@>1;5< 8 ?@8<5@K B>3>, GB> :>=:@5B=> ?@8>1@5B0NB ?0@B=5@K, :>340 A;54CNB B0:8< ?@028;0<. -<?8@8G5A:85 40==K5 ?>4B25@640NB, GB> 83@0 >15A?5G8205B MDD5:B82=>5 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5< 8 C4>2;5B2>@ONI55 >1>8E AC?@C3>2 2708<>459AB285 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 3@0 2 A2>8E B5>@5B8G5A:8E 8AB>:0E A2O70=0 A A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8<8 B5>@8O<8 >1<5=0 8 B>@3>2;8. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> 2 A>F80;L=>< 2708<>459AB288 ACI5AB2C5B >?@545;5==0O 2708<>A2O7L <564C B5<, GB> ;N48 "40NB" 8 GB> >=8 "?>;CG0NB" 270<5=. ";O B>3>, GB>1K ?>;CG8BL B>, GB> <=5 E>G5BAO, <=5 206=> 7=0BL, GB> E>G5BAO B515". 0@80=B MB>9 B5E=8:8, >?8A0==K9 2 40==>< @0745;5, 27OB =5?>A@54AB25==> 87 @01>BK ;5E<0=0 8 018=0. @>F54C@0 3@0 =0G8=05BAO A B>3>, GB> AC?@C30< ?>:07K20NB =01>@ ?@>?8A0==KE ?@028;. -B> 45;05B ?A8E>B5@0?52B. =0 B0:65 >1JOA=O5B 8< ACBL 83@K, >B25G05B =0 2>?@>AK, 0 :>340 >=8 70:0=G820NB 83@0BL, 0=0;878@C5B A>3;0H5=8O, 4>AB83=CBK5 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@>9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K AB8<C;8@>20BL 8E CA?5H=>5 2>?;>I5=85 2 @50;L=>ABL. A8E>B5@0?52B =0 >A=>25 ?>;CG5==KE M<?8@8G5A:8E 40==KE > E>45 83@K @5H05B A:>;L:> >=0 4>;6=0 4;8BLAO. =0 <>65B B0:65 ?@>25AB8 ?@>1=CN 83@C 8 ?>A;5 MB>3> CE>48B 87 :><=0BK, >?@545;82 >?@545;5==>5 2@5<O 4;O 55 ?@>2545=8O - =0?@8<5@, 20 <8=CB. 0B5@80;K 83@K 2:;NG0NB 2 A51O =01>@ ?@028;,....????? - =5 ?>=OB=>...??? :>@>1:0 4;O 83@K A 20-<8=CB=K<8....????... ?@54=07=0G5==K<8 4;O GB5=8O 2A;CE 83@>:0<8 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >=8 42830NB A2>8 D8H:8, <8=CB=K5 B09<5@K 2>7;5.... ???... ?? A5<L 1>;LH8E :0@B, =0720==KE >25@85, 50;L=K5 @>1;5<K, &5;8-1@07FK, 8A:, @5<8O, ><?@><8AK->1@07FK, '8ABK5 :0@BK ><?@><8AA0 8 :>=B@0:B=0O D>@<0. 0@B>G:8 A ?@>1;5<0<8 ?@54>AB02;ONBAO :064><C ?0@B=5@C 5I5 4> =0G0;0 83@K. 0 :0@B>G:0E =0?5G0B0=K B8?8G=K5 AC?@C65A:85 60;>1K. 064K9 ?0@B=5@ 4>;65= @0A?@545;8BL :0@B>G:8 =0 ?OBL :0B53>@89 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@8<5@=> >?@545;8BL :>;8G5AB2> CA8;89, :>B>@>5 B@51C5BAO 4;O @5H5=8O 40==>9 ?@>1;5<K(1-B@51C5BAO <0;> CA8;89, 5 - B@51C5BAO <=>3> CA8;89). @>1;5<K, ?>;CG82H85 @59B8=3 :0: =C640NI85AO 2 1>;LH8E CA8;8OE 2 A;CG09=>< ?>@O4:5 @0A?@545;ONBAO =0 :0@B5 @50;L=KE ?@>1;5< (4;O @07@5H5=8O 2 B5G5=88 ?>A;54CNI8E 83@). @8<5@ ;5E<0= (BleAhman,1980) ?@82>48B B0:>9 A;CG09: 8AB5@ 8 <8AA8A . @5H8;8, GB> 8< =C6=> ?>B@5=8@>20BLAO 2 @5H5=88 AC?@C65A:8E ?@>1;5<. E <=5=8O 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE @0AE>48;8AL 8 >=8 G0AB> AA>@8;8AL. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 2AB@5G8 AC?@C38 >?8A0;8 ?@>1;5<K, :>B>@K5 >=8 E>B5;8 1K >1AC48BL. 1I8< <><5=B>< 4;O 2A5E 8E ABKG5: 1K;0 2708<=0O :@8B8:0. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 A5AA88 AC?@C30< 1K;0 ?@54;>65=0 83@0 "!C?@C65A:89 :>=B@0:B". 8AB5@ . 2K1@0; 2>?@>A "2K@065=85 GC2AB2 A;>20<8" 8 A@07C ?@54;>68;, 2 :0G5AB25 >A=>20=8O 4;O A>3;0H5=8O, GB>1K 53> 65=0 45;0;0 5<C :><?;8<5=BK =5 <5=55 B@5E @07 2 45=L. # <8AA8A . 1K;8 =5:>B>@K5 A;>6=>AB8 A >B25B>< =0 MB> ?@54;>65=85. !=0G0;0 >=0 2KA:07K20;0AL =5>?@545;5==>, 2@>45: "BK 4>;65= 1@0BL =0 A51O 1>;LH5 @01>BK ?> 4><C". > ?@028;0 83@K 2A5-B0:8 2K=C48;8 55 2KAB028BL 459AB28B5;L=> ;8G=>AB=>5 B@51>20=85. > 2@5<O A2>53> "E>40" <8AA8A . 2K1@0;0 2>?@>A "45=L38 8 4><0H=55 E>7O9AB2>" 8 745AL >?OBL 2>7=8:;8 ?@>1;5<K A 55 =5:>=:@5B=>ABLN. 7-70 A2>8E =5>?@545;5==> 2K@065==KE B@51>20=89 >=0 ?@>4>;60;0 B5@OBL 45=L38 8 2KBO3820BL :0@B>G:8 "@8A:". 0:>=5F, >=0 A:070;0: "/ E>GC, GB>1K <C6 :@8B8:>20; <5=O ?> ?>2>4C 45=53 =5 G0I5, G5< @07 2 =545;N". %>BO ?> ?@028;0< 83@K ?@54?>GB8B5;L=>, GB>1K 70O2;5=85 1K;> =5 >B@8F0B5;L=K<, <8AA8A . A45;0;0 1>;LH>9 H03 2?5@54, ?5@5<5=82 A2>5 =5>?@545;5==>5 =54>2>;LAB2> =0 :>=:@5B=>5 ?@54;>65=85. 8AA8A . 1K;0 @040, GB> 59 =5 =C6=> >1>A=>2K20BL A2>5 B@51>20=85.  ?@>H;>< AC?@C38 ?>4@>1=> >1JOA=O;8 4@C3 4@C3C :064>5 70O2;5=85.  B0: :0: <8AB5@C . ;CGH5 C4020;>AL >BAB0820BL A>1AB25==K5 C15645=8O, <8AA8A . :0: ?@028;> A4020;0AL 8 AB0@0;0AL 871560BL A?>@>2. #7=02, GB> 4;O @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K B@51C5BAO 55 >?@545;5=85 8 45B0;870F8O, 0 =5 >1JOA=5=85, AC?@C38 >:070;8AL ?@8<5@=> 2 @02=>< ?>;>65=88. 0 A;54CNI59 =545;5 G5BC . ?>?@>A8;8 ?@>25AB8 =5A:>;L:> =5D>@<0;L=KE 48A:CAA89, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@KE >=8 4>;6=K 1K;8 8A?>;L7>20BL B>B :><<C=8:0F8>==K9 ?>4E>4, :>B>@K9 ?@8<5=O;8 2 83@5.  @57C;LB0B5 C =8E ?@>87>H;> B@8 ?@>4C:B82=KE 48A:CAA88. !;54CNICN =545;N >=8 ?@>25;8 ?@5:@0A=>. < B0:65 40;8 8=AB@C:F8N 8A?>;=OBL B5 A>3;0H5=8O, : :>B>@K< >=8 ?@8H;8 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 A5AA88. 4=0:>, >=8 =5 A;54>20;8 CA;>28O< A2>8E :>=B@0:B>2, B.:. 1K;8 =0AB>;L:> ?>3;>I5=K A0<>9 83@>9, GB>, ?>4?8AK20O A>3;0H5=8O, =5 2>A?@8=8<0;8 8E A5@L57=>. > 2@5<O 2B>@>9 A5AA88 AC?@C38 42064K 83@0;8 2 "!C?@C65A:89 :>=B@0:B" 157 ?><>I8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 8 ?@8 B>< >1@0I0;8 1>;LH5 2=8<0=8O =0 A>45@60=85 ?5@53>2>@>2. 8AA8A . ?@8 MB>< ?@54JO2;O;0 AC?@C3C OA=K5, G5B:85 B@51>20=8O. > ?@028;0< 83@K, 5A;8 >48= ?0@B=5@ =5 A>3;0A5= A @5H5=85<, ?@54;>65==K< 4@C38<, >= 4>;65= A45;0BL :>=B@-?@54;>65=85. ! ?><>ILN MB>3> ?@85<0 G5B0 . 871530;0 4;8==KE >1JOA=5=89, GB> ?>72>;8;> <8AA8A . AB0BL @02=>?@02=K< 8 B2>@G5A:8< ?0@B=5@>< 2 ;N1>< @073>2>@5. !C?@C38 A>>1I8;8, GB> >=8 2>A?>;L7>20;8AL :>=B@0:B><, ?>4?8A0==K< 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 A5AA88,8 >= ?><>3 8< @5H8BL A2>8 ?@>1;5<K. "5?5@L >=8 ?>;030;8, GB> A<>3CB >1I0BLAO 157 :>=D;8:B>2. A?>;L7>20=85. -B0 B5E=8:0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2 @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8 8 =0 A5AA88 4>;6=K ?@8ACBAB2>20BL >10 AC?@C30. =8 4>;6=K 1KBL <>B8@>20=K =0 >1CG5=85 A?>A>10< ?@5>45;5=8O @07;8G89 <564C A>1>9 8 ?>4G8=OBLAO :0: 8=AB@C:F8O< ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, B0: 8 ?@028;0< 83@K. >A;54=55 AB028B ?@545;K ?@>O2;5=8O =5A>3;0A8O <564C AC?@C30<8 8 A=8605B 1>;LHCN G0ABL B@52>6=>AB8 8 3=520 2 8E 2708<>459AB288. "5E=8:0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 25AL<0 ?@8OB=K9 A?>A>1 =0CG8BL AC?@C65A:CN ?0@C :0: >1I0BLAO 2 A>AB>O=88 :>=D;8:B0 8 AB0@0BLAO 53> ?@5>4>;5BL. @028;0 A>740NB B0:65 @025=AB2> 4;O >1>8E AC?@C3>2. 48= =5 4>;65= @0AA<0B@820BL A51O 2KH5 4@C3>3>, B0: :0: >10 8<5NB @02=K5 H0=AK 2 83@5 8 :>>?5@0B82=>5 ?>2545=85 I54@> 2>7=03@06405BAO. @><5 B>3>, B5E=8:0 ?>72>;O5B AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 845=B8D8F8@>20BL :>=:@5B=K5, >?5@0F8>=0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K 8 8E @50;L=>->1>7@8<K5 2 40==K9 <><5=B @5H5=8O, : :>B>@K< <>6=> 42830BLAO ?>AB5@5==>, H03 70 H03><. -B> ?><>305B AC?@C30< ?@5>4>;5BL >ICI5=85, GB> 8E :>=D;8:BK =5?@5>4>;8<K 8 =5@5H05<K (!<. B0:65 B5E=8:C ">78B82=K5 >1<5=K" 2 MB>9 3;025). 5-36.  "+ 1>A=>20=85 !C?@C65A:85 ?0@K G0AB> =0G8=0NB B5@0?8N, 87<CG5==K5 AA>@0<8 8 :>=D;8:B0<8, 1>;55 2>A?@88<G82K<8 : =530B82=K< AB>@>=0< >1I5=8O G5< : B><C ?>78B82=><C, GB> ACI5AB2C5B 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C =8<8. "=8 701>BK" ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 B5E=8:C, ?@54;>65==CN !BN0@B (Stuart,1980) 2 @0<:0E <>45;8 A>F80;L=>3> =0CG5=8O 8 ?>2545=G5A:>9 B5@0?88, F5;LN :>B>@>9 O2;O5BAO 4>AB865=85 ?>78B82=KE 87<5=5=89 C65 =0 @0==8E MB0?0E B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. !C?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 40NB ?>4@>1=CN 8=BAB@C:F8N G0AB> ?@>O2;OBL 7=0:8 2=8<0=8O 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 459AB2CO 2 >?@545;5==K5 4=8 ":0: 1C4B>" 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 2A5 70<5G0B5;L=>. -B> =5<54;5==>5, CA?5H=>5 8 ?>440NI55AO 87<5@5=8N 87<5=5=85 2 >?KB5 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K <>65B A;C68BL E>@>H8< <>B820F8>==K< D0:B>@>< 4;O ?>A;54CNI53> ?@>F5AA0 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, 53> 4>;3>A@>G=KE ?>78B82=KE MDD5:B>2, 0 B0:65 A?>A>1AB2C5B D>@<8@>20=8N GC2AB20 >1O70B5;LAB20 2 1@0:5. 1KG=> =>A8B5;L A8<?B><0 AB@0405B >B =87:>3> C@>2=O ?>;>68B5;L=>3> ?>4:@5?;5=8O. >25@85 65 2 A5<L5 AB@>8BAO =0 >A=>25 ?>78B82=KE <><5=B>2 2 >1I5=88 55 G;5=>2 8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ;048BL 4@C3 A 4@C3>< =5>1E>48<> =0CG8BLAO 045:20B=> ?@8=8<0BL 701>BC 8 7=0:8 2=8<0=8O >B 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0(Lott,Lott,1968). @58<CI5AB2> 40==>9 B5E=8:8 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> >=0 >G5=L E>@>H> @01>B05B 2 A0<>< =0G0;5 B5@0?88, =0G8=0O C65 A ?5@2>9 A5AA88 8 >A=>2K205BAO =0 ?>78B82=>9 <>45;8 ?>2545=8O.  ?@>F5AA5 ?@8<5=5=8O B5E=8:8 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 >1CG05BAO 8A?>;L7>20BL O7K:, >@85=B8@>20==K9 =0 87<5=5=8O 8 =0 A>1AB25==>< >?KB5 C156405BAO 2 B><, GB> GC2AB20 <>3CB AB0BL 8=K<8 G5@57 2=5H=85 87<5=5=8O ?>2545=8O. @>F54C@0 @82545==0O ?@>F54C@0 27OB0 87 @01>BK !BN0@B0 (Stuart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tuart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inuchin et al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atzlawick, 1966). A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>A8B A5<LN 2K?>;=8BL >B45;L=>5 C?@065=85 8;8 A5@8N C?@06=5=89. 0B5< >=0 ?>:8405B :018=5B 8 70=8<05B <5AB> =01;N40B5;O 70 >4=>AB>@>==8< 75@:0;><. 1KG=> ?@54;030NB A;54CNI85 7040=8O: 1) 0:068B5 54C (=0?@8<5@, >154), 8A?>;L7CO :0:>9-B> >3@0=8G5==K9 =01>@ 1;N4, =0?@8<5@, >4=> 1;N4> 87 <OA0, 420 >2>I=KE A0;0B0, :0:>9-B> >48= =0?8B>: 8 >48= 45A5@B. !5<LO >1AC6405B <5=N 8 4>3>20@8205BAO > 2K1>@5, :>B>@K9 CAB@>8; 1K 2A5E. 2) 1AC48B5 8 @5H8B5, :B> 2 20H59 A5<L5 2K3;O48B =081>;55 =0G0;LAB25==>, :B> A0<K9 1>;LH>9 =0@CH8B5;L A?>:>9AB28O, A0<0O 1>;LH0O ?;0:A0, A0<K9 1>;LH>9 15745;L=8:. 3)  20H5< @0A?>@O65=88 5ABL =5:0O AC<<0 45=53, =0?@8<5@, 425AB8 4>;;0@>2 - :0: 2K 5N @0A?>@O48B5AL? 4) A?><=8B5 ?>A;54=NN ?5@5?0;:C, :B> 55 =0G0;, :B> 2 =59 CG0AB2>20;, 0 :B> - =5B, GB> =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?@>8AE>48;> 8 G5< 2A5 70:>=G8;>AL. 5) @54;>68B5 20H8 8458 > B><, GB> :064K9 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 <>65B A45;0BL, GB>1K 4>AB028BL 4@C38< C4>2>;LAB285. 6) >AB@>9B5 8;8 A45;09B5 GB>-=81C4L 2<5AB5. !5<LO ?@8 MB>< >15A?5G8205BAO <>45;LN 4;O ?>4@060=8O 8;8 ?@8<5@><. 45AL <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= ;N1K9 284 ?>4A>1=>3> <0B5@80;0 - AB@>8B5;L=K5 :C18:8, 83@CH:8 8 B.4. (A<. B5E=8:C "!>;><5==0O 10H=O" 2 3;.3) 7) >B 83@CH:8, 2K15@8B5 ?>=@0282HCNAO 8 ?@>AB> ?>83@09B5 (A<.B5E=8:C "!5<59=>5 :C:>;L=>5 8=B5@2LN 2 3;.2). 8) K15@8B5 >48= 87 B@5E ?>40@:>2 4;O 2A59 A5<L8. 0@80=BK: 0) 2 83@C 2>2;5G5=0 3@C??0; 1) ?>40@>: <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO B>;L:> >4=8< G5;>25:><; 2) ?>40@>: ?@54=07=0G5= :><C-=81C4L 87 ?>68;KE G;5=>2 A5<L8 8;8 @515=:C. 9) 0< ?@54;>65=K ?@>4C:BK 4;O 453CAB0F88 (=0?@8<5@, ?8@>6=K5, =0?8B:8 8 B.4. - ?@8G5< :>;8G5AB2> 548=8F <5=LH5, G5< G;5=>2 A5<L8) - ?>AB0@09B5AL A0<8 @0745;8BL <564C A>1>9 @01>BC ?> 453CAB0F88 /=0 >A=>25 40==>3> C?@06=5=8O =01;N405BAO >B=>A8B5;L=0O 4>;O :>>?5@0F88 8 A>@52=>20=8O 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8/. 10) 0745;8B5 45B59 8 @>48B5;59 8 ?>?@>A8B5 @>48B5;59 >?@545;8BL 7=0G5=85 :0:>9-B> ?>A;>28FK, =0?@8<5@: ">4 ;560G89 :0<5=L 2>40 =5 B5G5B". >A;5 B>3>, :0: AC?@C38 ?@8E>4OB : >1I59 B>G:5 7@5=8O, ?@83;0A8B5 45B59 2 :018=5B 8 ?>?@>A8B5 @>48B5;59 >1JOA=8BL 4;O =8E A<KA; ?>A;>28FK. >;CG5==0O 8=D>@<0F8O >1@010BK205BAO =0 >A=>25 A;54CNI8E D0:B>@>2: ;845@AB2> (:B> O2;O5BAO =0?@02;ONI59 A8;>9, 45;05B 70:;NG5=85, 22>48B 2 701;C645=85), 70?@>A =0 ;845@AB2>, ?>2545=G5A:89 :>=B@>;L (:B> :>=B@>;8@C5B :>3>), @C:>2>4AB2> 2 2K?>;=5=88 7040=89, ?>445@6820NI85 70<5G0=8O, ?@54;>65=8O, A>3;0H5=8O, 03@5AA8O, ?@82O70==>ABL, A:@KBK9 :>=B@>;L. @><5 MB>3> 2 E>45 2K?>;=5=8O C?@06=5=89 :;85=B0<8 <>6=> 2KO28BL AB8;8 >1I5=8O, @>48B5;LA:>-45BA:85 :>0;8F88 8 A5<59=K5 ?@028;0. @8<5@ A?>;L7>20=85 C?@06=5=8O ?> A>@B8@>2:5 ?@54<5B>2 A A5<L59, 2 :>B>@>9 8<55BAO ;8HL >48= @>48B5;L, DC=:F88 "8A?>;=8B5;L=>9 2;0AB8" >A;01;5=K 8 AB0@H89 @515=>: AB0=>28BAO "@515=:><-@>48B5;5<" (parental child).  MB>< ?@8<5@5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 70=8<05B ?>78F8N =01;N40B5;O, 0 B0:65 ?@>D5AA8>=0;0, ?@>872>4OI53> >F5=:C A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K 8 8=B5@25=F88 2 =55. A8E>B5@0?52B 2K18@05B =5A:>;L:> ?@54<5B>2 87 4><0H=59 CB20@8 8 2 A;CG09=>< ?>@O4:5 @0A:84K205B 8E, => =5 =0 284=>< <5AB5, ?@8:@K20O G5<-B> 4> B5E ?>@ ?>:0 A5<L5 =5 1C45B 40=0 A>>B25BABCNI0O 8=AB@C:F8O. 5B59 ?@>AOB 2 B5G5=85 20 <8=CB :;0AA8D8F8@>20BL ?@54<5BK ?> =5A:>;L:8< :0B53>@8O<, 2 A>>B25BAB288 A> A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0<8, :>B>@K5 45;0NB 8E ?>E>68<8 4@C3 =0 4@C30 (=0?@8<5@, 2A5 ?@54<5BK :@0A=>3> F25B0, 2A5 ?@54<5BK, :>B>@K5 <>6=> AJ5ABL, 2A5, G5< <>6=> ?8A0BL 8 B.4.). > 8AB5G5=88 20-B8 <8=CB 45B8 >BG8BK20NBAO > B><, :0:85 :0B53>@88 >=8 2K1@0;8 8 =0 :0:>< >A=>20=88. @8 MB>< <0<0 83@05B @>;L AC?5@287>@0.  B> 2@5<O :0: 45B8 2K?>;=ONB 7040=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B D8:A8@C5B A;54CNI55: 0)AB8;L ;845@AB20 ( :B> 15@5B =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 2K?>;=5=85 7040=8O, @0A?@545;O5B >1O70==>AB8, 8=AB@C:B8@C5B ); 1)A?>A>1=>AB8 : :>>?5@0F88 8 A>@52=>20=8N; 2):B> =0 :>3> :@8G8B; 3)8=48284C0;L=K5 :>3=8B82=K5 AB8;8 8 C@>2=8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O; 4):0: <0<0 >ACI5AB2;O5B AC?5@287>@AB2> (48:B0B, ?>445@6:0, 2K?>;=5=85 7040=8O 70 @515=:0); 5)=0A:>;L:> 7040=85 7025@H5=>.  4>?>;=5=85 : =01;N45=8N 70 MB8<8 ?0BB5@=0<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 2KABC?8BL ?> >B=>H5=8N : 45BO< 2 :0G5AB25 B@5=5@0, 48DD5@5=F8@>20==K< >1@07>< ?>445@60BL :064>3> @515=:0 2 2K?>;=5=88 53> G0AB8 @01>BK, ?><>GL "@515=:C-@>48B5;N" 871028BLAO >B A2>59 =5040?B82=>9 @>;8. 0<C 65 2 40==>< A;CG05 <>6=> ?>445@60BL 8 ?>78B82=> =0?@02;OBL 2 55 @>48B5;LA:>9 ?>78F88. A?>;L7>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 2 @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8 8 A5<LO<8, 2 >A>15==>AB8 A B5<8, G;5=K :>B>@KE >@85=B8@>20=K =0 459AB85 8 4;O :>B>@KE 25@10;L=0O 8=B5@25=F8O <>65B >:070BLAO <0;>MDD5:B82=>9. @8 8A?>;L7>20=88 2 4803=>AB8G5A:8E F5;OE B5E=8:0 2KA25G8205B >1@07FK >1I5=8O, ?@028;0 8 >@30=870F8N A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. 0: >@C485 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 8=B5@25=F88 B5E=8:0 =5<54;5==> 2>2;5:05B :;85=B>2 2 ?@>F5AA ?@>4C:B82=>9 @01>BK ?> 87<5=5=8N 8E A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88. A;8, :@><5 2A53> ?@>G53=> ?@8<5=OBL 745AL B5ABK 3@C??>2>9 48=0<8:8, B> A5<59=K5 :><<C=8:0F8>==K5 ?0BB5@=K <>3CB 1KBL >F5=5=K 1>;55 >1J5:B82=>. 5-38 "+ + 1>A=>20=85 >;LH8=AB2> ?0@ 2 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88 8<5NB B5=45=F8N >128=OBL 8 60;>20BLAO 4@C3 =0 4@C30, 0 B0:65 ?@8B2>@OBLAO 15A?><>I=K<8. 4=0 87 F5;59 ?>2545=G5A:>9 B5@0?88 - 87<5=8BL A8BC0F8N B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 ?@0:B8:>20;0 ?>78B82=>5, :>>?5@0B82=>5 ?>2545=85 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>3> ;560B ?>78B82=K5 >1<5=K. >A;54=85 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 0:B82=>AB8, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 ?>445@6:C 8 ?@8=OB85 ?0@B=5@0<8 4@C3 4@C30, 254CI85 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 : C4>2;5B2>@5=8N >1>8E. 5:><5=4CNBAO B@8 ABC?5=8: 1. '5B:>5 >?@545;5=85 65;0=89 :064>3> 87 ?0@B=5@>2. 2. ?@545;5=85 MB8E 65;0=89 2 ?@O<>9 ?>;>68B5;L=>9 (CB25@48B5;L=>9) D>@<5, =5 AB>8B @0718@0BLAO 2 B><, GB> :064K9 87 ?0@B=5@>2 =5 E>G5B. 3. 5>1E>48<> @53C;O@=> C482;OBL A2>53> ?0@B=5@0 ?>78B82=K< ?>2545=85<. ';5=K AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K 8<5NB :0: ?@028;> CAB0=>2:8 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C3 4@C3C, >A=>20==K5 =0 =530B82=>< >?KB5 2708<>459AB28O. =8 ?>AB>O==> 70I8I0NBAO, 4065 :>340 =0?040NB.  B5@<8=0E B5>@88 A>F80;L=>3> >1<5=0 :064K9 87 AC?@C3>2 459AB2C5B, AB@5<OAL A>>B25BAB2>20BL ????"the other's rewards and deficits"???? 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE. ;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@>4>;60;AO ;N1>9 :>=D;8:B, AC?@C38 4>;6=K :>>?5@8@>20BLAO 2 A2>8E CA8;8OE ?> ?@>4>;65=8N 1>@L1K. &5;LN 40==>9 B5E=8:8 O2;O5BAO ?><>IL ?0@5 2 ?>78B82=>< >1I5=88, ?@5645 2A53> - 2 C2065=88 @07;8G89 4@C3 4@C30( =5>1E>48<> =0CG8BL :;85=B>2 >B:@KB> >1AC640BL MB8 @07;8G8O!).  E>45 @01>BK A B5E=8:>9 "?>78B82=K5 >1<5=K" :;85=BK CG0BAO ?@5>4>;520BL ?@>1;5<K, 0 =5 4@C3 4@C30(Dreikus,1946). "5@0?52B >?8AK205B ?@>F54C@K, :>B>@K5 AC?@C38 4>;6=K 2K?>;=OBL 2 :0G5AB25 4><0H=53> 7040=8O. A;8 40==0O B5E=8:0 ?@8<5=O5BAO ?@028;L=>, >=0 87<5=O5B =0?@02;5=85 ?>2545=8O >B =530B82=>3> : ?>78B82=><C, 87<5=O5B ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 :;8<0B 2 A5<L5 >B 2@064K : A>B@C4=8G5AB2C, 0 ?5AA8<8AB8G5A:85 >6840=8O - =0 >?B8<8AB8G5A:85. @8G5< >B25AB25==>ABL 70 B0:85 87<5=5=8O @0A?@545;O5BAO @02=K< >1@07>< <564C ?0@B=5@0<8 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K :064K9 640;, GB> 4@C3>9 87<5=8BLAO ?5@2K<. "0:8< >1@07>< M3>87< 70<5I05BAO 682K< 8=B5@5A>< : ?0@B=5@C. @>F54C@0 "5E=8:0 "?>78B82=K5 >1<5=K" ?@54;>65=0 60:>1A>=>< 8 0@3>;8=K<(Jacobson,Margolin,1979). "5@0?52B ?@>A8B :064>3> ?0@B=5@0 A>AB028BL A?8A>: B@5E 284>2 45OB5;L=>AB8, :>B>@K5 4@C3>9 4>;65= >ACI5AB28BBL 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 4>AB028BL 5<C C4>2>;LAB285. 5OB5;L=>AB8 MB8 4>;6=K 1KBL >A>1>3> @>40 - AD>@<C;8@>20=K 2 ?>78B82=KE B5@<8=0E, B> 5ABL >@85=B8@>20=K A:>@55 =0 B>, GB> :064K9 E>G5B, GB>1K 1K;> A45;0=>, G5< =0 B>, GB> :064K9 =5 E>G5B. !C?@C3>2 ?@>AOB 2 :0G5AB25 4><0H=53> 7040=8O 2K?>;=8BL 70 ?5@8>4 4> A;54CNI59 A5AA88 :0: <8=8<C< B@8 ?>78B82=K5 ?@>AL1K ?0@B=5@0. 0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88 B5@0?52B ?@>25@O5B 2K?>;=5=85 MB>3> 7040=8O. "5E=8:0 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO 8 B>340, :>340 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 A:;>==0 : A>@52=>20=8N 8;8 65 CG0AB2C5B 2 B5@0?88 =5>E>B=>. "5@0?52B <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BL 8E A:;>==>ABL : A>@52=>20=8N 2 :0G5AB25 A8;K, 2=>AOI59 M=5@38N 2 A8AB5<C. 45O 745AL A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K AD>@<C;8@>20BL 7040GC :0: A>@52=>20=85: :B> A<>65B 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 4>AB028BL C4>2>;LAB285 ?0@B=5@C? !C?@C38 G0AB> ?@8=8<0NB MB> A>@52=>20=85 B>;L:> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>1548BL ?0@B=5@0, 0 B0:65 ?@>8725AB8 2?5G0B;5=85, :0: =0 4@C3 4@C30, B0: 8 =0 B5@0?52B0. "5@0?52B ?@54;0305B: "=B5@5A=>, C<55B5 ;8 2K 4>AB02;OBL C4>2>;LAB285 4@C3 4@C3C. 0209B5 87CG8< MB>B 2>?@>A. CABL :064K9 87 20A 2545B "@59B8=3 ?@8OB=>3>". A;8 2K 45;05B5 ?@8OB=>5 20H5<C ?0@B=5@C - AB02LB5 A515 ?;NA, 5A;8 65 ?@8OB=>5 45;05B 20< >=, AB02LB5 ?;NA 5<C. 0 A;54CNI59 2AB@5G5 <K A@02=8< 20H8 70?8A8 8 ?>A<>B@8<, ?>;CG8B ;8 :B>-=81C4L ?;NAK - >B A51O 8;8 65 >B A2>53> ?0@B=5@0." 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO =0 ;N1>< MB0?5 B5@0?88, :>340 =5>1E>48<> ?5@525AB8 A5<LN >B =530B82=>3> : ?>78B82=><C 2708<>459AB28N. A;8 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0, 8;8 65 :0:>9-=81C4L 55 >B45;L=K9 G;5= >B:07K205BAO 2K?>;=OBL 40==>5 C?@06=5=85, AG8B0O 53> =5MDD5:B82=K<, B5@0?52B <>65B A:070BL, GB> C =8E 5ABL ?@02> =0 A>1AB25==CN B>G:C 7@5=8O. 0B5< >=0 ?@>A8B, GB>1K >=8 ?@8=O;8 55 A;>20 =0 25@C, 8 ?>A:>;L:C =0AB>OI0O A8BC0F8O 8E =5 C4>2;5B2>@O5B, ?CABL >=8 :0:>5-B> 2@5<O 1C4CB A;54>20BL ?@54?8A0=8O< B5@0?52B0, ?@54?>;030O, GB> >=0 ?@020, 8 ?>A<>B@OB GB> 87 MB>3> 2A53> 2K945B. @8<5@ 6>= 8 659= ?@8H;8 : A5<59=><C B5@0?52BC A 60;>10<8 =0 B>, GB> >=8 ?;>E> ;04OB 4@C3 A 4@C3><. 659= >3>@G5=0 B5<, GB> 55 <C6 C45;O5B 59 <0;> 2=8<0=8O 8 =8:>340 =54>ABC?5= 4;O ?><>I8 ?> 4><C. 6>=C =5 =@028BLAO B>, GB> 65=0 53> ?>AB>O==> :@8B8:C5B. = A:070;, GB> 4065 3>B>2 C9B8 >B =55.  70:;NG8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 ?5@2>9 A5AA88 8<5; <5AB> A;54CNI89 480;>3: !5<59=K9 B5@0?52B(!B):659=, :0:85 B@8 25I8 <>3 1K A45;0BL 6>= 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 4>AB028BL B515 C4>2>;LAB285? 659=: = <>3 1K >B>@20BLAO >B B5;5287>@0 8 ?><>GL <=5. !B: 5 <>3;0 1K BK A:070BL, GB> 1K B515 E>B5;>AL, GB>1K >= A45;0;? 659=: =5 1K;> 1K ?@8OB=>, 5A;8 1K 6>= ?@818@0;AO 2 A04C, ?><>30; 2 CE>45 70 45BL<8, 8 72>=8; 4><>9, :>340 A>18@05BAO 7045@6820BLAO. !B: 659=, BK A:070;0, GB> MB8 25I8 1K;8 1K 4;O B51O ?@8OB=K, A:068 ?>60;C9AB0, GB> MB> 7=0G8B 4;O B51O? 659=: =5 1K;> 1K ?@8OB=>, GB> 6>= <=5 ?><>305B. !B: 5 <>3;0 1K BK 1KBL 1>;55 :>=:@5B=>9 ?>-?>2>4C 45B59. 'B> 4>;65= 6>= 45;0BL A 45BL<8, GB>1K B515 1K;> ?@8OB=>? 659=: >340 O ?>-25G5@0< <>N ?>AC4C, >= <>3 1K 8E 8A:C?0BL. !B: 6>=, GB> =C6=> 1K;> 1K A45;0BL 659= 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 4>AB028BL B515 C4>2>;LAB285. 6>=: 5@5AB0BL ?@848@0BLAO :> <=5, 3>B>28BL C68= 2> 2@5<O 8 ?@5:@0B8BL :;O=G8BL C <5=O 45=L38. !B:  GB> 7=0G8B ?@5:@0B8BL ?@848@0BLAO, GB> 8<5==> 659= 4>;6=0 ?@5:@0B8BL 45;0BL? 6>=: @5:@0B8BL A>25B>20BL <=5 :0:CN >4564C =>A8BL 8 ?@5:@0B8BL ?@>A8BL C <5=O 45=L38. !B: B0:, B@8 25I8, :>B>@K5 BK E>B5; 1K, GB>1K 45;0;0 659= 70:;NG0NBAO 2 B><, GB>1K ?@5:@0B8BL A>25B>20BL B515 :0:CN >4564C >;520BL, ?5@5AB0BL ?@>A8BL C B51O 45=L38 8 3>B>28BL C68= : >?@545;5==><C 2@5<5=8. 'B> 1K BK E>B5;, GB>1K >=0 45;0;0 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 3>2>@8BL B515, GB> =>A8BL 8 ?@>A8BL C B51O 45=L38? 6>=: =5 1K E>B5;>AL, GB>1K >=0, E>BO 1K 8=>340, 3>2>@8;0 <=5, GB> O E>@>H> 2K3;O6C. ...... ( 4;8==0O ?0C70 ) O E>GC, GB>1K >=0 3>2>@8;0 <=5, GB> F5=8B <>N C?>@=CN @01>BC, 40NICN 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@8=>A8BL 4><>9, B>, GB>, :0: 3>2>@OB, <>6=> ?>;>68BL =0 E;51. !B: %>@>H>. 659=, >B405HL ;8 BK A59G0A A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> 6>=C 1K;> ?@8OB=>, 5A;8 1K BK 3>B>28;0 C68= 2>-2@5<O, 3>2>@8;0 1K 5<C, GB> >= E>@>H> 2K3;O48B 8 F5=8;0 1K B>, GB> 5<C ?@8E>48BAO BO65;> @01>B0BL 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>445@60BL A5<LN? 659=: 0. !B: 6>=, 0 BK >B405HL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> 659= 1K;> 1K ?@8OB=>, 5A;8 1K BK :C?0; 45B59, C18@0;AO 2 A04C, 8 72>=8; 4><>9, :>340 A>18@05HLAO 7045@6820BLAO. 6>=: 0.  MB><C <><5=BC B5@0?52B ?><>3 ?0@B=5@0< :>=:@5B878@>20BL A2>8 65;0=8O 8 >6840=8O 2 1>;55 >?5@0F8>=0;L=KE B5@<8=0E 8 :064><C ?@87=0BL, GB> >=8 >A>7=0NB 65;0=8O 4@C3>3>. @>872545==0O 8=B5@25=F8O >AB0=>28;0 ?@>F5AA 2708<=KE >128=5=89 8 AB8<C;8@>20;0 :064>3> ?0@B=5@0 1>;55 2=8<0B5;L=> ?@8A;CH820BLAO : 65;0=8O< 4@C3>3>. !B: 659=, 5ABL ;8 GB>-=81C4L, GB> BK 1K <>3;0 A45;0BL =0 MB>9 =545;5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 4>AB028BL 6>=C C4>2>;LAB285 2 B5E B@5E >1;0ABOE, A?8A>: :>B>@KE >= B>;L:> GB> B515 ?@54AB028;? 659=: 0, B>;L:> ?@8 CA;>288, 5A;8 >= A>3;0A8BLAO 45;0BL B>, GB> E>G5BAO <=5. !B: ">;L:> ?>60;C9AB0 157 ?@5420@8B5;L=KE CA;>289. 59AB2C9 B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 8<5==> 2 MB>< A>AB>8B B2>O >B25AB25==>ABL. 659=: 04=>. !B: 'B> 65 BK 1C45HL 45;0BL =0 MB>9 =545;5? 659=: >340 >= ?@8=5A5B 4><>9 70@?;0BC, O 5<C A:06C, :0: O F5=N, GB> 5<C ?@8E>48BAO <=>3> @01>B0BL, MB> 8 ?>-?@0245 B0:. / 7=0N, GB> 5<C ?@8E>48BAO =5;53:> 8 O 459AB28B5;L=> MB> F5=N. !B: %>@>H>, => MB> B>;L:> >4=0 25IL. 659=: / 1C4C 3>2>@8BL 5<C, GB> >= :@0A82 8 E>@>H> 2K3;O48B. > <=5 E>B5;>AL 1K, GB>1K >= ?5@5>4520;AO, :>340 ?@8E>48B 4><>9. !B: 5 <>3;0 ;8 BK ?>AB028BL B>G:C 2 :>=F5 ?5@2>3> ?@54;>65=8O 8 >AB0=>28BLAO =0 MB><. 'B> 5I5 BK 1C45HL 45;0BL? @>F5AA ?@>4>;605BAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 ?0@B=5@K =5 ?@8<CB =0 A51O =5A:>;L:> >1O70B5;LAB2 A>25@H8BL ?>78B82=K5 ?>ABC?:8 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 2 B5G5=85 A;54CNI59 =545;8. "5@0?52B C:07K205B 40;55, GB> >= >68405B, GB> >=8 1C4CB 68BL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A A>3;0H5=8O<8, 2K?>;=5=85 :>B>@KE 1C45B ?@>:>=B@>;8@>20=> =0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88. !59G0A AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 0:B82=> 2>2;5G5=0 2 :>=AB@C:B82=K9 ?@>F5AA 45;0=8O ?@8OB=>3> 4@C3 4@C3C, 2 ?@>B82>25A ?@>F5AAC 2708<=>9 :@8B8:8 8 15A?@5@K2=KE A;>25A=KE 0B0:, E>BO C =8E 8<5NBAO A?>=B0==K5 A:;>==>AB8 60;>20BLAO 8 :@8B8:>20BL. =8 >1CG0NBAO A?5F80;L=K< C<5=8O< 4;O ?>78B82=KE >1<5=>2. "5@0?52B 1>;LH5 2@5<5=8 C45;8;0 659=, B0: :0: 8<5==> >=0 O2;O5BAO 254CI59 2 AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O >1CG5=8O C<5=8O< ?>78B82=>3> >B=>H5=8O 4@C3 : 4@C3C. =0 O2;O5BAO MDD5:B82=K< A@54AB2>< >AB0=>2:8 A8;>2>9 83@K 2 AC?@C65A:8E >B=>H5=8OE 8 =0?@02;5=8O ?>2545=8O ?0@B=5@>2 2 1>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=>5 @CA;>. ">78B82=K5 >1<5=K" A:;>=ONB CG0AB=8:>2 : B><C, GB>1K >=8 4;O =0G0;0 E>BO 1K ?@8=8<0;8 2> 2=8<0=85 ?>B@51=>AB8 8 65;0=8O 4@C3 4@C30, ?@87=020;8 8E ?@020 =0 A0<>4>AB0B>G=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85. #AB0=02;820O ?>78B82=K5 >B=>H5=8O 4@C3 A 4@C3><, AC?@C38 A 1>;LH8< CA?5E>< A<>3CB =0?@028BL CA8;8O =0 ?@5>4>;5=85 ?@>1;5< 8 B@C4=>AB59 2 8E 687=8 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K :@8B8:>20BL 8 0B0:>20BL 4@C3 4@C30. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 =5 B>;L:> 2 AC?@C65A:>9, => 8 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 - :0: 2 @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@>9, B0: 8 2 @01>B5 A F5;>9 A5<L59. 5-39 '" !#%  !# #! "  1>A=>20=85 'B5=85 2A;CE - MB> B5E=8:0, @53C;8@CNI0O ?>2545=85 8 >1I5=85, @07@01>B0==0O %0<1C@3>< (Hamburg, 1983). !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0, :>B>@0O =C6405BAO 2 ?A8E>B5@0?88 87-70 2>7=8:H8E A5<59=KE =5C@O48F, >1KG=> 8A?KBK205B ?@>1;5<K A 25@10;L=K< >1I5=85<. !C?@C38 ;81> 2>2A5 ?5@5AB0NB @073>20@820BL, ;81> 8E @073>2>@K A2>4OBAO : A?>@0<, 15A:>=5G=><C ?>2B>@5=8N AB0@KE 0@3C<5=B>2, ?>O2;O5BAO 4065 65;0=85 8 2>2A5 871560BL :0:>3>-;81> >1I5=8O.  :0G5AB25 C?@06=5=8O AC?@C3>2 ?@>AOB G8B0BL 4@C3 4@C3C 2A;CE 2 ?@><56CB:0E <564C A5AA8O<8, ?> 702545==><C @0A?>@O4:C, B5:ABK 87 :=83, ?>A2OI5==KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< AC?@C65A:8E ?0@. -B> 7040=85 O2;O5BAO E>@>H8< =0G0;>< 4;O A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, 8 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=> 4;O @01>BK A ?0@0<8 A> A@54=8< 8;8 2KH5 A@54=53> C@>2=5< >1@07>20=8O. 'B5=85 2A;CE ?><>305B AC?@C30< A:>=F5=B@8@>20BLAO =0 A;CH0=88 4@C3 4@C30. -B> 7040=85 B0:65 ?@54?>;0305B, GB> ?0@0 ?>A2OI05B G0ABL A2>53> 4>AC30 45OB5;L=>AB8, ?@O<> =0?@02;5==>9 =0 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 <8@0 2 A5<L5. ;O 2K?>;=5=8O 7040=8O AC?@C30< ?@845BAO 2K@01>B0BL A2>53> @>40 A>3;0H5=85 > 2@5<5=8 A>2<5AB=>3> GB5=8O, GB> ?> :@09=59 <5@5 ?>2KA8B AB5?5=L ?>78B82=>3> 2708<>459AB28O <564C =8<8. =838, 2K1@0==K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 4;O A>2<5AB=>3> GB5=8O, =>@<0;87CNB A5<59=K9 :>=D;8:B 8 22>4OB 53> 2 A?>:>9=>5 @CA;>.  ?@>F5AA5 GB5=8O :;85=BK >A>7=0NB =5 B>;L:> >H81:8 A2>53> ?0@B=5@0, => 8 A2>8 A>1AB25==K5. A<KA;5=85 B>3>, GB> 4@C385 AC?@C65A:85 ?0@K A<>3;8 @07@5H8BL A2>8 ?@>1;5<K, ?>2KH05B >?B8<8AB8G5A:89 =0AB@>9 C AC?@C3>2 ?> ?>2>4C 8E A>1AB25==>9 2>7<>6=>AB8 C;CGH8BL 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 8 =>@<0;878@>20BL :><<C=8:0F8>==K5 >1@07FK. A;8 1K AC?@C38 2K1@0;8 4@C3>9 284 45OB5;L=>AB8, =0?@8<5@, @5H8;8 >B?@028BLAO 2 =51>;LH>5 ?CB5H5AB285 8;8 ?>9B8 2 @5AB>@0=, B> :>=F5=B@0F8O =0 A;CH0=88 4@C3 4@C30 1K;0 1K 7=0G8B5;L=> =865. >MB><C ?0@5 405BAO 7040=85 G8B0BL >?@545;5==CN :=83C, ?@8G5< @5:><5=4C5BAO =5 >1AC640BL ?@>G8B0==>5. "0:0O @5:><5=40F8O =0F5;5=0 =0 B>, GB>1K 871560BL B>3> A?>A>10 >1I5=8O, : :>B>@><C AC?@C38 C65 ?@82K:;8. >340 AC?@C38 >A>7=0NB, GB> >=8 3>B>2K >1I0BLAO ?>-=>2><C, B> : =8< :@><5 2A53> ?@>G53> ?@8E>48B >ICI5=85, GB> =0G02H89AO :C@A AC?@C65A:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 7025@H8BAO CA?5E><. @>F54C@0 @>F54C@0 >?8A0=0 %0<1C@3>< (Hamburg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ach,Wyden,1970), @59:CA ."K7>2 AC?@C65AB2C" (Dreikurs,1964), >465@A . "B0:, <K ?>65=8;8AL: 1@0: 8 53> 0;LB5@=0B82K" (Rogers,1972). 0;55, ?0@C ?@>AOB 4>3>2>@8BLAO 157 ?><>I8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, > 2@5<5=8 A>2<5AB=>3> GB5=8O <564C A5AA8O<8, :>340 =8:0:85 45;0 =5 ?><5H0NB >1>8< AC?@C30<. 0@B=5@>2 B0:65 ?@>AOB >1AC48BL, :B> 1C45B >B25G0BL 70 ?>:C?:C 8;8 ?>;CG5=85 :=838, 5I5 =5>1E>48<> CG5ABL 8 2@5<5==>9 D0:B>@. B25BAB25==K< 70 2@5<O (B.5. B>B, :B> 1C45B =0?><8=0BL 4@C3><C AC?@C3C > GB5=88) ?A8E>B5@0?52B =07=0G05B "=5?@848@0NI53>AO" /non-nagging - B5@<8=, 22545==K9 %0<1C@3>< - ?@8<.?5@.- .(./ (Hamburg,1983) AC?@C30. 0B5< ?0@C ?@>AOB 2> 2@5<O A>2<5AB=>3> GB5=8O 2A;CE, >14C<K20BL ?@>G8B0==>5, ?>43>B02;820O 2>?@>AK 8 <KA;8 4;O 40;L=59H53> >1AC645=8O. 1KG=>, 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 A5AA88, =0 MB8 ?5@53>2>@K >B2>48BAO 45AOBL <8=CB. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>A8B AC?@C3>2 @0AA:070BL, > G5< >=8 4>3>2>@8;8AL, 8 5A;8 =C6=> A0< 2ABC?05B 2 ?@>F5AA ?5@53>2>@>2. = ?><>305B AC?@C30< ?@89B8 : 2708<=><C A>3;0A8N. >A;5 B>3>, :0: ?@>F5AA ?5@53>2>@>2 A ?>445@6:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 CA?5H=> 7025@H5=, AC?@C3>2 ?@>AOB ?@>0=0;878@>20BL, G5< ?@54K4CI85 ?5@53>2>@K, ?@>E>482H85 157 2<5H0B5;LAB20 B5@0?52B0, >B;8G0;8AL >B =K=5H=8E. > 2@5<O 2B>@>9 2AB@5G8 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =5>1E>48<> C1548BLAO, GB> ?>AB02;5==>5 7040=85 1K;> 2K?>;=5=> AC?@C30<8 ?@8 2708<=>< A>3;0A88 AB>@>=. 0@0 B5?5@L 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>45;8BLAO A2>8<8 <KA;O<8 8 2?5G0B;5=8O<8 > ?@>G8B0==>< 8 > A0<>< 7040=88 2 F5;><. > 2@5<O >1AC645=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B >F5=8205B ;N1>9 :>=D;8:B, 2>7=8:0NI89 >B=>A8B5;L=> 4>AB83=CB>3> =0 ?5@2>9 2AB@5G5 A>3;0H5=8O, 8A?>;L7CO A>45@60=85 ?@>G8B0==>9 :=838. @8<5@ 0==K9 ?@8<5@ A;54C5B 70 ?@>F54C@>9 <5B>48:8 2 >?8A0=8 %0<1C@30 8 8;;NAB@8@C5B ?5@53>2>@K AC?@C3>2 ?> ?>2>4C ?@54;>65==>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< =0 ?5@2>9 A5AA88 7040=8O. !B: =5 1K E>B5;>AL, GB>1K :064K9 87 20A A>3;0A8;AO =0 B>, GB>1K 2 B5G5=88 A;54CNI59 =545;8 2K45;8BL ?OBL ?>;CG0A>2KE 8=B5@20;>2, 2 B5G5=88 :>B>@KE 2K 1K <>3;8 G8B0BL 4@C3 4@C3C 2A;CE. 6>: 0 A;54CNI59 =545;5 MB> 1C45B B@C4=> >@30=87>20BL. # <5=O =07=0G5=> <=>3> ?>74=8E A;C651=KE 2AB@5G. M@8: K 1K <>3;8 MB> 45;0BL ?> CB@0<. 6>: %>@>H>, <>65B 1KBL. > A=0G0;0 <K 4>;6=K 2K1@0BL :=83C. M@8: / <>3;0 1K MB> A45;0BL 702B@0, :>340 O 2KAB02;N 45B59 2 H:>;C. 6>: %>@>H>, O ?>;030N 2 B0:>< A;CG05 <K <>65< ?>?@>1>20BL. ( >;G0=85. ) !B: B0:, 2K A>3;0A=K! K 1C45B5 G8B0BL ?> CB@0<. K45;8;8 ;8 2K 4;O MB>3> :0:>5-B> >?@545;5==>5 2@5<O 8 @5H8;8 ;8 2K 2 :0:85 >?@545;5==K5 ?OBL 4=59 2A5 MB> 1C45B ?@>8AE>48BL. 6>: / ?>;030N, GB> MB> 4>;6=> ?@>8AE>48BL, :>340 45B8 5I5 =5 ?@>A=C;8AL, A:065< 2 6-30 8;8 7-00. 'B> BK 4C<05HL ?> MB><C ?>2>4C M@8? M@8: 2CG8B =5?;>E>. >65B 1KBL =0< 45;0BL MB> A ?>=545;L=8:0 ?> ?OB=8FC? 6>: 04=>, <>65B 1KBL. !B: 848B5 :0: 2A5 2 459AB28B8;L=>AB8 ?@>AB>. 0H8 ?5@53>2>@K 4><0 AB>;L 65 CA?5H=K, :0: MB8? M@8: 5 A>2A5<. 6>: ><0 ?@>8AE>48B A>2A5< ?>-4@C3><C. !B: 'B> 65 >A>15==>3> ?@>87>H;> A59G0A? M@8: =5 :065BAO, A59G0A 2A5 ?>-4@C3><C ?>B><C, GB> 2K 70 =0<8 =01;N405B5. ><0 O GC2AB2CN, GB> <K :0: 1K CA;02;8205<AO =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 A>3;0H0BLAO 4@C3 A 4@C3><.  745AL O ?>GC2AB2>20;0, GB> 459AB28B5;L=> ?KB0NAL 4>AB8GL A>3;0A8O, ?@0240 A=0G0;0 <=5 :070;>AL, GB> 6> 1C45B 2 MB>< ?@>B82>459AB2>20BL. > >= 2>2A5 MB>3> =5 45;0; 8 O 24@C3 ?>GC2AB2>20;0, GB> <K E>B8< >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 - 87<5=5=89. 6>: 59AB28B5;L=>, A A0<>3> =0G0;0 <=5 2A53> MB>3> =5 E>B5;>AL. / @0AAC640; B0:: GB> =0< <>65B 40BL GB5=85 2A;CE - 2@O4 ;8 MB> ?@8=5A5B =0< ?>;L7C. >B>< 65 O ?>=O;, :0: 206=> MB> 4;O M@8 8 O ?>?KB0;AO ?>9B8 59 =02AB@5GC. !B: 0, O B>65 ?>GC2AB2>20;0, GB> 2K AB0;8 A>B@C4=8G0BL. >=8<05HL, 6>, <=5 :065BAO, 1K;> 1K >G5=L ?>;57=> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A?@028BLAO A 7040=85<, 5A;8 >48= 87 20A 1C45B A;548BL 70 B5<, GB>1K @0A?8A0=85 G5B:> 2K?>;=O;>AL 8 =0?><8=0BL ?0@B=5@C > =5<, >A>15==> :>340 2>7=8:05B AC5B0 8 7040=85 701K205BAO. >6=> ;8 ?>?@>A8BL B51O 27OBL =0 A51O >B25AB25==>ABL 70 MB>? 6>: >;030N, GB> 40. !>AB>O2H0OAO 15A540 ?>4G5@:=C;0 A?>A>1=>ABL M@8 8 6> 25AB8 ?5@53>2>@K 4@C3 A 4@C3><.  MB>9 A8BC0F88 M@8 27O;0 =0 A51O 8=8F80B82C. 6> A=0G0;0 A>?@>B82;O;AO, ?>B>< A =5>E>B>9 A>3;0A8;AO, 8 4065 27O; =0 A51O 0:B82=CN @>;L 2 ?;0=8@>20=88 GB5=8O. 0@B=5@K ?@>45<>=AB8@>20;8 A2>N A?>A>1=>ABL 045:20B=> ?;0=8@>20BL A2>N 45OB5;L=>ABL A <8=8<0;L=>9 ?><>ILN A> AB>@>=K B5@0?52B0. A?>;L7>20=85 "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 @01>B5 A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8 A> A@54=8< 8 2KH5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K< C@>2=5<, 2:;NG0O ?0@K, 2 :>B>@KE >48= 87 ?0@B=5@>2 =0E>48BAO 2 45?@5AA88 8;8 8<55B 2 0=0<=575 D878G5A:>5 =0A8;85(Hamburg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elson,1976,1980) 040?B8@>20; 40==CN B5E=8:C 4;O >1CG5=8O AC?@C65A:8E ?0@, 8 1>;LH0O G0ABL B>3>, GB> 745AL 1C45B 87;>65=>, >?8A0=> =0 >A=>25 53> @01>B. "5E=8:0 ">1CG5=85 >A>7=0=8N 2K1>@0" <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 @01>B5 A ?0@0<8, :>B>@K5 60;CNBAO =0 A:C:C 8;8 >BACBAB285 A<KA;0 687=8 8 =0?@02;5=0 =0 >1>30I5=85 :0G5AB20 8E A>2<5A=>9 687=8.  ?@>F5AA5 @01>BK =04 B5E=8:>9 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 ?><>30NB ?>=OBL, GB> B>, GB> >=8 3>2>@OB 8 45;0NB >A=>2K205BAO =0 8E A>1AB25==>< 2K1>@5, 8 ?>A:>;L:C >=8 <>3CB <KA;8BL, >=8 2 A>AB>O=88 :>=B@>;8@>20BL A2>8 2KA:07K20=8O 8 459AB28O. 06=> ?>=8<0BL, GB> 4065 157459AB285 5ABL D>@<0 2K1>@0. A;8 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 2 A>AB>O=88 >B4020BL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> B0:85 >?@0240=8O A>1AB25==KE ?>ABC?:>2, :0:: ""0: O A51O 254C 8 =5 <>3C 8=0G5" 8;8 "-B> O2;O5BAO G0ABLN <>59 ;8G=>AB8" - O2;ONBAO ?> ACI5AB2C "2K1>@>< 4;O =587<5=5=89", B>;L:> >4=> MB> ?>=8<0=85 <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL =0G0;C 459AB28B5;L=>3> 87<5=5=85 E0@0:B5@0 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. !0<> >A>7=0=85 B>3> D0:B0, GB> 2A5 GB> <K 3>2>@8< 8 45;05< <>65B 1KBL ?@54<5B>< A>7=0B5;L=>3> 2K1>@0, >1>30I05B 2708<>459AB285 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K 8 A?>A>1AB2C5B 8E ;CGH5<C 2708<>?>=8<0=8N. 5;LA>= (B0< 65) 2K45;8; ?OBL 20@80=B>2 >A>7=0=8O 2K1>@0: 701>B0, A;54>20=85 ?@028;0<, =0A;0645=85, A>60;5=85 8 @07<KH;5=85 !>:@0I5==> !REST (2 0=3;89A:>< 20@80=B5 - caring, ruling, enjoing, sorriwing, thinking - ?@8<. ?5@. - .(.). >MB><C ;N1CN A8BC0F8N, 2;8ONICN =0 ?>2545=85, =04> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: 2K1>@ 87 ?OB8 ?@54;>65==KE 20@80=B>2, ?@8G5< >4=> 8 B> 65 459AB285 <>65B >B=>A8BLAO : @07=K< 8;8 A@07C : =5A:>;L:8< 20@80=B0<. 0?@8<5@, ?>F5;C9 <>65B 2K@060BL 701>BC, ?@825BAB285 8;8 A5:AC0;L=>5 =0A;0645=85. 5;LA>= >1>7=0G8; 40==K5 2K1>@K :0: "" 8;8 "OD". >340 2K1>@ ?><>305B 2KAB@0820BL ?>;>68B5;L=K5 2708<>>B=>H5=8O >= >1>7=0G05BAO "". @825BAB285 AC?@C3>2 ?@8 2E>645=88 2 4><, 70<5G0=85 > ?@8OB=>< 0@><0B5,:>B>@K9 8AE>48B >B =0:@KB>3> AB>;0 2K:07K20=85 A8<?0B88 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: 2K1>@ , :>B>@K9 <>65B ?@>O2;OBLAO 5654=52=> 8 ?@54?>;0305B >G5=L ?>78B82=K5 459AB28O 8;8 70<5G0=8O. 530B82=>5 70<5G0=85 8;8 459AB285 =07K205BAO "OD" 2K1>@>< (2K1>@>< ?@52KH5=8O 4>25@8O). 57=0G8B5;L=K9 D-2K1>@ <>65B 2K@060BLAO 2 E;>?0=L5 425@LN, 2<5H0B5;LAB25 2 @073>2>@ 157 8728=5=89 8 B.4. <5AB5 A B5< ?>4 >A=>2=K< D-2K1>@>< ?>=8<05BAO 0:B D878G5A:>9 03@5AA88, ;8G=>< >A:>@1;5=88 8;8 @57:> =530B82=>5 70<5G0=85.  E>45 @01>BK =04 40==>9 B5E=8:>9 AC?@C65A:85 ?0@K >1CG0NBAO A>E@0=OBL @02=>25A85, 4;O :>B>@>3> =5>1E>48<> 8<5BL 4>AB0B>G=> -2K1>@>2, GB>1K :><?5=A8@>20BL ?@8ACB2CNI85 2 8E 2708<>459AB288 D-2K1>@K. @>F54C@0. @>F54C@0 >A>7=0=8O 2K1>@0 1K;0 B0:65 >?8A0=0 5;LA>=>< 2 53> F8B8@C5<KE 2KH5 @01>B0E. "5@0?52B =0G8=05B A :>@>B:>3> 2ABC?;5=8O, 8=D>@<8@CO :;85=B>2 > B><, GB> >=8 >B25G0NB 70 A2>5 ?>2545=85, 8 2 >A=>25 8E ?>2545=8O ;560B B5 2K1>@K, :>B>@K9 >ACI5AB2;O5B :064K9 ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB> 5<C 45;0BL. -B> <>6=> ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL, =0?@8<5@, ?>?@>A82 8E CI8?=CBL A51O 70 @C:C. 1AC645=85 >1=0@C68B, GB> >=8 4C<0NB > B><, 45;0BL MB>3> 8;8 =5B, :0: A8;L=> I8?0BL 8 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 A>25@H0NB A2>9 2K1>@ - :0: 8< 459AB2>20BL 2 MB>9 A8BC0F88. 0B5< B5@0?52B >1JOA=O5B @07=8FC <564C ?>;>68B5;L=K<8 () 8 >B@8F0B5;L=K<8 (D) 2K1>@0<8. =0 ?@>A8B AC?@C65A:85 ?0@K ?@825AB8 >48= 8;8 420 ?@8<5@0 87 A2>59 687=8, :>B>@K5 1K 8;;NAB@8@>20;8 40==K5 ?>=OB8O. >A;5 B>3>, :0: ?0@0 ?>=O;0 :>=F5?F8N, =0G8=05BAO @01>B0, =0?@02;5==0O =0 ?><>IL 2 CAB0=>2;5=88 A?5F8D8:8 ?@>F5AA0 2K1>@0 8 C25;8G5=8 4>;8  2K1>@>2 2 8E ?>2545=88. 1CG5=85 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K A8AB5<5 CREST A?>A>1AB2C5B B><C, GB> >=8 =0G8=0NB >?@545;OBL A2>8 2K1>@K =0 >A=>25 OA=KE :0B53>@89, =0?@8<5@, B0:8E :0: 65;0=85 701>B8BLAO, ?>1548BL, 2K@078BL A8<?0B8N, ;N18BL 8 B.4.. !;54CNI89 ?@8<5@ >?8AK205B AC?@C65A:CN ?0@C, A :>B>@>9 C65 1K;0 ?@>2545=0 ?@5420@8B5;L=0O 15A540 > @>;8 2K1>@>2 2 G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. @8<5@. ?8A0==K9 745AL 2 A>:@0I5=88 A;CG09 27OB 87 @01>BK 5;LA>=0(Nelson,1980). !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 ?@8H;0 : B5@0?52BC 8 @0AA:070;0 > A2>8E B@C4=>ABOE, :>B>@K5 A>AB>O;8 2 A;54CNI5<: 65=0 60;>20;0AL =0 B>, GB> <C6 2K7K205B 2 =59 GC2AB2> A:C:8, 0 <C6 CB25@640;, GB> 65=0 53> G0AB> "4>AB020;0". "5@0?52B: 0AA:068B5 ?>60;C9AB0 > B><, GB> A;CG8;>AL 2G5@0 B0:>3>, 87-70 G53> C 20A >1>8E 2>7=8:;8 B0:85 =530B82=K5 GC2AB20 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C? 5=0: = 25@=C;AO 4><>9, C<K;AO 8 A5; G8B0BL 3075BC. C6: / =5 7=0N, ?>G5<C MB> 55 B0: C6 @074@068;>. / 2A5340 ?@8E>6C, C<K20NAL, A06CAL 8 G8B0N 3075BC. ".: K 45;0;8 MB> A> 2@5<5=8 20H59 65=8BL1K? .: >=5G=>. ?@>G5<, O =8:>340 =5 704C<K20;AO >1 MB><, 8 459AB28B5;L=> =5 7=0N, GB> C6 745AL B0:>3> ?;>E>3>. >;LH8=AB2> <C6G8=, :>B>@KE O 7=0N, G8B0NB 3075BC, :>340 ?@8E>4OB 4><>9. .: =5 =04>5;> =5 GB5=85 3075BK, 0 B>;L:> B>, GB> >4=> 8 B> 65 ?@>8AE>48B 45=L 70 4=5<. ".: 0< 1K E>B5;>AL G53>-=81C4L 4@C3>3>? .: 0. ".: 0:8E 87<5=5=89 2K 1K E>B5;8? .: 0=LH5 >= E>BO 1K GB>-=81C4L 3>2>@8;, :>340 ?@8E>48; 4><>9. !59G0A 65 >ICI5=85 B0:>5, GB> <5=O :0:-1C4B> =5 ACI5AB2C5B ?>:0 >= =5 :>=G8B G8B0BL MBC 4C@0F:CN 3075BC. ".: =0G8B ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= ?@>GB5B 3075BC 2K =0G8=05B5 3>2>@8BL 4@C3 A 4@C3><.  K 1K E>B5;8 ?>3>2>@8BL A =8< 5I5 4> B>3>, :0: >= =0G=5B G8B0BL 3075BC - MB> 2K E>B8B5 A:070BL? .: / 4C<0N 40. ".: >3;8 ;8 K ?>3>2>@8BL A =59 4> B>3>, :0: =0G=5B5 G8B0BL 3075BC? >3;8 ;8 1K 2K A45;0BL 8<5==> MB>B 2K1>@? .: 5 C25@5=. >A;5 =0?@O65==>3> @01>G53> 4=O <=5 459AB28B5;L=> =5>1E>48<> ?>A845BL >4=><C 2 A?>:>9=>9 >1AB0=>2:5 8 ?>G8B0BL 3075BC. / =5 3>B>2 3>2>@8BL A =59 4> B>3>, :0: :>=GC G8B0BL. / 7=0N, GB> >=0 @O4><, => <=5 =5 E>G5BAO 70B520BL 4;8==K5 >1AC645=8O. ".: > 2A5<C 284=>, GB> 2 MB> 2@5<O 4=O C :064>3> 87 20A ?@>O2;ONBAO @07;8G=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8, :>B>@K5 D>@<8@CNB @07;8G=K5 2K1>@K. @8G5< 65=0 E>G5B, GB>1K <C6 3>2>@8; A =59, 0 2K1>@ <C60 A>AB>8B 2 GB5=88. .: =5 =5 =C6=K >1H8@=>9 15A54K. / B>;L:> E>GC ?>GC2AB2>20BL GB> >= 7=05B, GB> O 5I5 6820. ".: 0: 2K E>B8B5, GB>1K >= MB> A45;0;? >65B 1KBL 2K 2K945B5 87 :018=5B0, ?>B>< 70945B5 2=>2L 8 ?>:065B5 5<C, G53> 1K 20< E>B5;>AL? %>B8B5 ?>?@>1>20BL? .: 0. .: 0. ".: %>@>H>, (65=5) 2K948B5 87 :><=0BK, ?>B>< 2>948B5 8 A45;09B5 B>B 2K1>@, :>B>@K9 1K 4;O 20A >7=0G0; "". (5=0 ?>:8405B :><=0BC 8 2>72@0I05BAO.) .: @825B 4>@>3>9. / 4><0. # B51O 2A5 E>@>H>? .: 'B> O 4>;65= A:070BL? ".: ">;L:> B> , GB> 20< ?@8E>48B 2 3>;>2C. 0H >B25B 4>;65= A>>B25BAB2>20BL B><C, GB> 2K GC2AB2C5B5.  A59G0A ?>?@>1C9B5 ?><5=O2H8AL <5AB0<8, ?@>428=CBLAO =5<=>3> 40;LH5 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>< ?@8<5=5=88 40==>9 B5E=8:8. .:  - MB> 70102=>, 4C<0N, O =0G8=0N ?>=8<0BL, GB> <>3C A45;0BL  2K1>@. =5 ?>=@028;>AL ?@54;>65=85 2>9B8 8 GB>-=81C4L A:070BL. A5 MB> >G5=L 74>@>2>. ".: @5:@0A=>, <8AB5@ ., 2K <>65B5 2K9B8 8 ?@54AB028BL A515, GB> 2E>48B5 2 4>< 2 7 G0A>2 25G5@0. (C6 2KE>48B 8 2>72@0I05BAO 2 :><=0BC.) .: @825B, 4>@>30O. / 4><0 (?>4E>48B 8 >1=8<05B 65=C). A5 2 ?>@O4:5? .: A5 E>@>H>. .: / @04 8 B5?5@L <=5 E>G5BLAO C<KBLAO 8 ?>G8B0BL 3075BC. .: # =0A =0 C68= @K10. .: @5:@0A=>. (1@0I0OAL : B5@0?52BC) -B> - ? ".: >G5<C 2K =5 A?@>A8;8 55? . "K MB>3> E>B5;0? .: 0, B0: 1K;> 1K =0<=>3> ;CGH5. 5 4C<0N, GB> 1C4C A:CG0BL >B :064>4=52=KE >1JOB89(10 A<5NBAO.) !5AA8O ?@>4>;60;0AL ?@8 B><, GB> AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 C65 =0CG8;0AL 45;0BL  2K1>@K.  MB><C <><5=BC >=8 C65 B0:65 ?>=O;8, GB> 2 >A=>25 2K1>@>2 :064>3> ;560B 8E ?>B@51=>AB8. !C?@C38 B5?5@L ;CGH5 >A>7=0NB A>1AB25==K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 8 ?>B@51=>AB8 4@C3>3>, F5=OB >1>N4=>5 65;0=85 AB@>8BL 8E >1I5=85 =0 ?>78B82=>9 >A=>25. 'B> A?>A>1AB2C5B :0: 8E ;8G=>AB=><C @>ABC, B0: 8 30@<>=870F88 2708<>>B=>H5=89 <564C =8<8. !C?@C38 ?>=O;8, GB> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 8< 1K;> E>@>H>, =8:B> 87 =8E =5 4>;65= B5@OBL A2>N =57028A8<>ABL 8;8 ;8G=>AB=CN F5;>AB=>ABL. < B0:65 AB0;> OA=>, GB> A>25@H8BL ?>78B82=K9 2K1>@ A0<><C 3>@074> 206=55, G5< ?@>AB> CABC?8BL ?0@B=5@C 064K9 =0G0; 25@8BL 2 B>, GB> "<>9 ?0@B=5@ 701>B8BAO >1> <=5". A?>;L7>20=85 -B0 B5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 =0 ;N1>9 AB0488 B5@0?88. !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 <>65B ?KB0BLAO 25AB8 480;>3 A 0:B82=K< @07K3@K20=85< @>;59 8;8 157 B0:>2>3>. @8G5< B5@0?8O 1C45B 1>;55 MDD5:B82=>9, 5A;8 ?0@K B0:65 8A?>;L7CNB 2K1>@K OD, =530B82=K5 8 A25@EB@51>20B5;L=K5. 0@C <>6=> :@><5 B>3> ?>>I@OBL 8A?>;L7>20BL 2K@065=8O  8;8 OD, GB>1K >=8 <>3;8 A>>1I8BL ?0@B=5@C, GB> E>@>H> 8;8 =5B :064><C 87 =8E. -B> <>65B >:070BLAO C40G=K< ?>4A?>@L5< 2 AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE. 081>;55 206=K< O2;O5BAO B>, GB> MB0 B5E=8:0 ?><>305B ?0@5 >A>7=0BL B5 2K1>@K, :>B>@K5 >=8 45;0NB 8 8E :>=5G=CN F5;L. -B8< AC?@C38 B0:65 :0:-1K A>>1I0NB 4@C3 4@C3C, GB> >=8 >10 8=B5;;835=B=K5 4C<0NI85 ;N48, :>B>@K5 <>3CB :>=B@>;8@>20BL A51O 8 >B25G0BL 70 A2>5 ?>2545=85. "5E=8:0 ?>;57=0 2 ?@5C<5=LH5=88 @>;8 2;0AB=>9 A8;>2>9 1>@L1K 2 AC?@C65A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE. =0 B0:65 @07;8G05B @07=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 AC?@C3>2 8 =54>AB0B>: ;N128 8 2708<>?@8=OB8O 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE. 5-41. !    1>A=>20=85 @54?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:0 O2;O5BAO 206=K< 284>< A8<2>;8G5A:>3> >1I5=8O. => <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< 2 @01>B5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 ?@5645 2A53> 4;O 4803=>AB8:8 8 C;CGH5=8O :><<C=8:0F8>==KE A?>A>1=>AB59 A5<L8. "5E=8:0 2:;NG05B 2 A51O :0: 0=0;87 ?>40@:>2, :>B>@K5 ?@5?>4=>AOBAO A5<L59 B5@0?52BC, B0: 8 ?>40@:>2 G;5=>2 A5<L8 4@C3 4@C3C. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL B0:65 8A?>;L7>20=0 4;O AB8<C;8@>20=8O G;5=>2 A5<L8 : B><C, GB>1K 1KBL 2 :C@A5 ?>B@51=>AB59 8 GC2AB2 4@C3 4@C30, @072820BL 8E C<5=8O 2K@060BL M<>F8>=0;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 : 7=0G8<><C 4@C3><C. "0: :0: AB5?5=L A5<59=>9 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>AB8 =0E>48BAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A C@>2=5< =0@CH5=89 2 A8AB5<5 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :><<C=8:0F89, B>, :>340 ACI5AB2CNB B@C4=>AB8 2 25@10;L=>< >1I5=88, GC2AB20 <>3CB 1KBL 2K@065=K G5@57 B0:85 >1J5:BK :0: ?>40@:8. 0: >B45;L=K5 8=48284K, B0: 8 F5;K5 :C;LBC@K @0AA<0B@820NB A8<2>;K ?>-@07=><C. !<KA; A8<2>;>2 <>65B ?5@A>=0;878@>20BLAO - 8=48284K G0AB> ?@8?8AK20NB 7=0G8<>ABL >1J5:B0<, :>B>@K5 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 A2O70=K A ?@>H;K<8 A>1KB8O<8 8E 687=8 8 ?>B><C 2 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B 8<5NB 4;O =8E 1>;LH>9 AC1J5:B82=K9 A<KA;. 0?@8<5@ >1@CG0;L=>5 :>;LF> <>65B 8<5BL @07;8G=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O @07=KE 8=48284>2, :>B>@>5 7028A8B >B ?@>H;>3> >?KB0, A2O70==>3> 65=8BL1>9; 0 D>=>3@0<<0 A 70?8ALN AB0@>9 ?5A=8 2K7K205B >?@545;5==K5 GC2AB20 C :>=:@5B=>3> A;CH0B5;O, 4@C3>3> 65 >AB02;O5B 157@07;8G=>9. @5?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:>2 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >G5=L A;>6=K9 A8<2>;8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA 8 <>65B =5AB8 2 A515 A@07C =5A:>;L:> ?>A;0=89. !8<2>;K A;C60B 745AL :0: A@54AB2>< ?@>O2;5=8O ?>4A>7=0B5;L=KE B5=45=F89, B0: 8 GC2AB2 8 8459, ?@54AB02;5==KE 2 A>7=0=88. !@548 ?>40@:>2 A;54C5B >B<5B8BL 4@03>F5==>AB8, 54C, ?>74@028B5;L=K5 >B:@KB:8, 0 B0:65 >ACI5AB2;5=85 :0:8E-B> ?>;57=KE =0G8=0=89 2> 1;03> 4@C38E. 065 :@8B8G5A:85 70<5G0=8O <>3CB @0AA<0B@820BLAO 40NI8< 2 :0G5AB25 ?>40@:0. @5?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:>2 B0:65 A2O70=> A A8;>9, 8A?>;L7C5<>9 =530B82=> 8;8 ?>78B82=> 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE <564C ;N4L<8. -B> <>65B >:070BLAO D>@<>9 ?>;CG5=8O :0:8E-B> 1;03, ?>?KB:>9 ?>2;8OBL =0 :>3>-B>, 27OB:>9, A@54AB2>< CAB0=>2;5=8O ?@52>AE>4AB20 =04 1;86=8< ("! MB>3> <><5=B0 - BK <>9 4>;6=8:", "/ 1;03>@>4=55 B51O") 8;8 0;LB@C8AB8G5A:>3> 2K@065=8O ;N128 8 701>BK. >40@:8 8=>340 A;C60B 2K@065=85< <>@0;L=>9 >B25BAB25==>AB8 (:0: 2 A;CG05 1;03>B2>@8B5;L=KE ?@5?>4=>H5=89), ?>:@>28B5;LAB20, A@54AB2>< CAB0=>2;5=8O 1>;LH53> @025=AB20 2 <56;8G=>AB=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE (:0:, =0?@8<5@, ?@8 ?>?KB:0E :;85=B0 A5:AC0;L=>3> >1>;LI5=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0) 8;8 ?@>42865=8O ?>AB>O==> 15@CI53> 2 ?>78F8N "/ 254L B>65 <>3C 4020BL". <5AB5 A B5< ?@54?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:>2 <>65B 1KBL 8A:@5==8< 7=0:>< C2065=8O : 7=0G8<><C 4@C3><C. 5 @07 A;CG05BAO B0:, GB> :;85=BK 8/8;8 A5<L8 GC2AB2CNB =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 ?@5?>4=5A5=88 ?>40@:>2 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC, :0: 1K 65;0O 2K@078BL GC2AB20, :>B>@K5 =52>7<>6=> ?5@540BL A;>20<8. 5:>B>@K5 65 A5<L8 8 8=48284K ?@>AB> AB5A=ONBAO 2K@078BL B>, GB> =5?>A@54AB25==> GC2AB2CNB. 50:F8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 =0 ?@5?>4=5A5=85 A5<LO<8 ?>40@:>2 >:07K205BAO @07;8G=>9 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B >?KB0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 55 <>@0;L=KE CAB0=>2>: 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE 8=B5@?@5B0F89 MB>3> 459AB28O. =>340 MB8G5A:0O AB>@>=0 45;0 <>65B 1KBL ?>AB02;5=0 ?>4 A><=5=85, =0?@8<5@, 5A;8 ?>40@>: >G5284=> A;8H:>< 4>@>3>9. >;LH8=AB2> ?A8E>B5@0?52B>2 =5 A>3;0H0NBAO ?@8=8<0BL 4>@>385 ?>40@:8, :>B>@K5, 2?@>G5<, 4>2>;L=> @54:>5 O2;5=85 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5. >40@:8 <>3CB 8A?>;L7>20BLAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 4;O 4803=>AB8:8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, 0 B0:65 4;O F5;59 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 8=B5@25=F88. 0?@8<5@, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54?8AK205B ?@5?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:>2 >4=8< G;5=>< A5<L8 4@C3><C 4;O AB8<C;8@>20=8O ?>78B82=KE D>@< 2=CB@8A5<59=KE :><<C=8:0F89 8 C;CGH5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>3> :;8<0B0 2 A5<L5. @>F54C@0 . >;CG5=85 ?>40@:0 >B A5<L8. !5<LO ?@5?>4=>A8B ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =0 :0:><-B> MB0?5 @01>BK ?>40@>: ?> A>1AB25==>9 8=8F80B825. @8G5< <><5=B 2@5<5=8, :>340 MB> 45;05BAO ?@54AB02;O5BAO >G5=L 206=K< 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =5>1E>48<> A:>=F5=B@8@>20BLAO 745AL =0 A;54CNI5<: 1. F5=8B5, ?@85<;5<> 8;8 =5B ?@8=8<0BL ?>40@>: 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88. A;8, 2725A82 2A5 70 8 ?@>B82, ?>AG8B05B5, GB> ?@85<;5<>, B> A<5;> ?@8=8<09B5. 2. $@070 "MB> >G5=L ;N157=> A 20H59 AB>@>=K" <>65B >:070BLAO 745AL 25AL<0 C<5AB=>9 8 ?@8720=0 C25;8G8BL @0??>@B <564C :;85=B0<8 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, B0: :0: ?>A;54=8< ?> ACI5AB2C ?>AK;05BAO A>>1I5=85 > B><, GB> <KA;8 8 GC2AB20, ;560I85 70 ?>40@:>< 7=0G8<K 4;O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, GB> A0<> ?> A515 A?>A>1AB2C5B C25;8G5=8N A0<>>F5=:8 A5<L8. 3. I8B5 1>;55 3;C1>:85, 2>7<>6=> ?>4A>7=0B5;L=K5, 7=0G5=8O 8 A<KA;K, ;560I85 70 ?>40@:><. 040209B5 A515 2>?@>A > B><, :0:85 GC2AB20, ?>B@51=>AB8 8 >6840=8O A2O70=K A MB8< ?>40@:>< 4;O A5<L8 8 :0:>9 A<KA; >=8 8<5NB 4;O ?@>F5AA0 B5@0?88, :0: <>3CB 1KBL 745AL 8A?>;L7>20=K. . @54?8A0=85 G;5=0< A5<L8 45;0BL ?>40@:8 4@C3 4@C3C. 1. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54;0305B >4=><C G;5=C A5<L8 8;8 A@07C 2A5< 55 G;5=0< ?>4C<0BL > B><, :0:85 ?>40@:8 (>B >4=>3> 4> B@5E) :064K9 <>65B ?@5?>4=5AB8 A5<L5 2 F5;>< 8;8 :><C-B> 8=48284C0;L=> 2 ?@><56CB:5 <564C MB>9 8 A;54CNI59 A5AA8O<8. 2. >40@>: 4>;65= 1KBL B0:8<, GB>1K 40@8B5;N 53> 1K;> ?@8OB=> ?@5?>4=>A8BL, 0 ?@8=8<0NI5<C - ?>;CG8BL C4>2>;LAB285 >B 53> ?@8>1@5B5=8O. 4=0:> MB> =5 4>;6=> 1KBL =5GB>, GB>, :0: 4C<05B 40@8B5;L, @5F8?85=B "?@>AB> 4>;65= 8<5BL". 3. >40@>: <>65B ?@54AB02;OBL A>1>9 :0:CN-B> 45OB5;L=>ABL (2K?>;=5=85 :>=:@5B=KE 4><0H=8E >1O70==>AB59, ?@83;0H5=85 =0 8=B5@5A=CN M:A:C@A8N, >1JOB85, B5?;>5 ?@825BAB285 ?@8 2AB@5G5); 8;8 ?@54<5B (=>A8;L=0O 25IL, 83@0, F25BK, :=830, ;N18<>5 1;N4>). 4. >40@>: =5 >1O70B5;L=> 4>;65= 1KBL 4>@>38<, 7=0G8<> ?@5645 2A53> ?@>O2;O5<>5 2=8<0=85 8 A2>52@5<5==>ABL. 5. CGH5 2A53>, 5A;8 >40@820=85 1C45B 2708<=K<, => >B=N4L =5 02B><0B8G5A:8< 2708<>>1<5=>< "745AL 8 B5?5@L", :0: >1KG=> ?@>8AE>48B =0 @>645AB2> 8 =0 N18;58. @>F5AA B>;L:> B>340 A>E@0=O5B A?>=B0==>ABL 8 =5 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: 2708<=0O <0B5@80;L=0O :><?5=A0F8O ?> B8?C "BK <=5 - O B515", 5A;8 :064K9 405B 8 ?>;CG05B 2 @07=>5 2@5<O. 6. 064K9 G5;>25:, ?>;CG0NI89 ?>40@>: 4>;65= 256;82> 2K@078BL 1;03>40@=>ABL 8 ?@87=0B5;L=>ABL 70 =53>. 7. 0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8=B5@5AC5BAO :0: 2K?>;=5=> 55 7040=85, 1K;> ;8 53> >ACI5AB2;5=85 ?@8OB=>, 8 :0:>9 MDD5:B ?@>F5AA 2 F5;>< ?@>8725; =0 2AN A5<LN 8 55 >B45;L=KE G;5=>2. 5>6840==K9 ?>40@>: ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 20@80F8N 40==>9 B5<K.  A;CG0OE 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>3> >1I5=8O, G;5=K A5<L8 A:;>==K BI0B5;L=> D8:A8@>20BL >H81:8 4@C3 4@C30. >MB><C =5>6840==K9 ?>40@>: 4>;65= =5AB8 1>;LH>9 ?>78B82=K9 A<KA;, 1C4L B> :0:0O-B> 45OB5;L=>ABL 8;8 ?@54<5B. #A;>28O 83@K A>AB>OB 2 B><, GB> 8=48284 =5 4>;65= A>>1I0BL 4@C38<, :>340 8<5==> >= ?@5?>4=5A ?>40@>:. AB0;L=K< 65 G;5=0< A5<L8 405BAO 7040=85 >B3040BL, GB> 65 2A5 B0:8 8 :>340 B>B ?>40@8;, GB> 70405B :064><C ?@>3@0<<C ?>8A:0 A:>@55 ?>;>68B5;L=KE, G5< >B@8F0B5;L=KE <><5=B>2 2 459AB28OE 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8. @8<5@ @5?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:0 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC. 0AH8@5==0O B@5E?>:>;5==0O A5<LO, A>AB>OI0O 87 10-B8 G5;>25: 8 ?@54AB02;ONI0O A>1>9 "70?CB0==K9 :;C1>:" >1@0B8;0AL 70 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>ILN. 63-E ;5B=OO <0BL 8 55 G5B25@> 27@>A;KE 45B59 68;8 A A5<L59 AB0@H59 A5AB@K - 55 <C65< 8 42C<O <0;5=L:8<8 45BL<8. 4=0 87 27@>A;KE 4>G5@59, 30-;5B=OO 8=0 O2;O;0AL 845=B8D8F8@>20==K< :;85=B>< 8 @0=55 4803=>AF8@>20;0AL :0: H87>D@5=8G:0. 0 B@5BLN A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:CN A5AA8N 8AA8A . ?@8=5A;0 A25658A?5G5==>5 (>=> 1K;> 5I5 B5?;>5) D8;8??8=A:>5 ;0:><AB2>. -B> 1K; 45A5@B ?@83>B>2;5==K9 87 @8A0, :>:>A>2>3> <>;>:0, A0E0@0 8 7025@=CBK9 2 0;N<8=852CN D>;L3C 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A>E@0=8BL 8745;85 B5?;K<. 8AA8A .: / A53>4=O ?@83>B>28;0 "18:>" 8 ?@8=5A;0 =5<=>3> 4;O 20A. 045NAL, GB> >=> 5I5 =5 >ABK;>. A8E>B5@0?52B: (=B5@?@5B8@CO ?@> A51O, GB> ?>40@>: A8<2>;878@C5B A;54CNI55: >A>1>5 ?>4G5@:820=85 B5?;>BK 8745;8O <>65B >7=0G0BL, GB> A5<LO GC2AB2C5B A51O 2 ?@8ACBAB288 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 :><D>@B=>, 2>A?@8=8<05B 55 :0: G5;>25:0, A?>A>1=CN 8E ?>=OBL /?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8=04;568B : B>9 65 :C;LBC@5, GB> 8 A5<LO - ?>MB><C-B> >=8 8 ?@8=5A;8 =0F8>=0;L=>5 :C;8=0@=>5 8745;85/). G5=L ;N157=> A 20H59 AB>@>=K, 1>;LH>5 A?0A81>. > <=5 1K E>B5;>AL 20< A:070BL, GB> MB>3> =5 AB>8;> 45;0BL. 8AA8A .: 8G53> >A>15==>3> O =5 A45;0;0 - B>;L:> ?@83>B>28;0 C3>I5=85 4;O =0H59 A5<L8 8 ?@8 MB>< 4C<0;0 > 20A. 0 $8;8??8=0E 5ABL B0:0O B@048F8O, =5 B0: ;8? (59AB28B5;L=>, =0 $8;8??8=0E ?@8=OB> ?>AK;0BL A>A54O< 8;8 4@C7LO< C3>I5=85, ?@83>B>2;5==>5 : >A>1><C A;CG0N). A8E>B5@0?52B: , 2K AB>;L:> A8; 2;>68;8 2 MB>B 45A5@B, 8 >= A>E@0=8B =04>;3> A2>N B5?;>BC. K 7=05B5, O A>2A5< 701K;0, :0: MBC HBC:C 3>B>2OB. 8AA8A .: (1JOA=O5B 45B0;8 ?@83>B>2;5=8O 45A5@B0. =0 53> A45;0;0 A0<0 157 :0:>9-;81> ?><>I8 A> AB>@>=K 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8). A8E>B5@0?52B: A;8 MB> ?@8<5@ 20H8E :C;8=0@=KE B0;0=B>2, >= E>@>H> 8;;NAB@8@C5B 701>BC > A5<L5 02B>@0, 0 B0:65 B>, =0A:>;L:> E>@>H> 2K 8E :>@<8B5, 8 :0: 74>@>2>, GB> 240;5:5 >B @>48=K, 2K <>65B5 =0?><=8BL 1;86=8< > =59 AB>;L 2:CA=K< 8 B5?;K< A?>A>1><. K 2:;04K205B5 >G5=L <=>3> M=5@388 2 ?@83>B>2;5=85 ?8I8. 8=0 (845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B): >59 <0<5 =@028BAO 3>B>28BL. @><5 702B@0:>2, >154>2 8 C68=>2 59 ?@8E>48BAO 3>B>28BL 1CB5@1@>4K, :>B>@K5 <>8 1@0BLO 8 A5AB@K 15@CB A A>1>9 =0 @01>BC. =0 B0:65 AB8@05B 8 3;048B >4564C 4;O 2A59 A5<L8. A8E>B5@0?52B:  MB> A?@0254;82>? 870 (AB0@H0O 4>GL): 0<5 =@028BAO 2A5340 1KBL G5<-B> >701>G5==>9. 0@B8= (AB0@H89 AK=): =0 2A5340 70=8<0;0 A51O G5<-B> - 5I5 :>340 <K 68;8 =0 $8;8??8=0E. 803=>AB8G5A:0O F5==>ABL. >;55 3;C1>:>5 ?>=8<0=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< A5<59=>9 48=0<8:8. 1) 0<0 A>E@0=O5B A2>N 2;0ABL =04 45BL<8 (E>BO 2A5 >=8 C65 402=> 27@>A;K5). 2) G5284=>, GB> <0<0 A>?@>B82;O5BAO B><C, GB>1K ?@5:@0B8BL 83@0BL @>;L "=570<5=8<>3> 45OB5;O" 8 ?>72>;8BL 45BO< 1KBL =57028A8<K<8 >B =55. 0 ?>A;54CNI8E A5AA8OE, E>BO <0<0 8 A>3;0A8;0AL ?5@540BL 8=5 >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?@83>B>2;5=85 A5<59=>3> >1540, >=0 G0AB> =0@CH0;0 MB> A>3;0H5=85, 3>2>@O, GB> "8=0 A;8H:>< CAB0;0 8 A;8H:>< 70<5@7;0, GB>1K 2>78BLAO =0 :CE=5, O ?@83>B>2;N >154 A0<0". 3) ';5=K A5<L8, :0: 1K 70?CB0;8AL, ?@8:;58;8AL 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 =C640NBAO 2 @07J548=5=88, ?>;G5@:820=88 8E A0<>F5==>AB8 :0: 8=48284>2. 4) 8=5 =5 =@028BAO 55 ?>4G8=5==>ABL <0B5@8, =>, 2<5AB5 A B5<, >=0 8A?KBK205B 1>;LH85 B@C4=>AB8 A >1@5B5=85< =57028A8<>AB8. 5) @C385 45B8 AB0;8 2 ?>:@>28B5;LAB25==CN ?>78F8N ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?>B@51=>ABO< <0<K 1KBL 2A5340 G5<-B> 70=OB>9. 074@065=85 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C ?@>O28;>AL =5A:>;L:> ?>765. 6) !B0;8 >G5284=K<8 =5:>B>@K5 :;NG8 : 2=CB@8A5<59=K< ?@028;0<, F5==>ABO< 8 B5=45=F8O< ?> >B=>H5=8N : :C;LBC@=K< >1KG0O<. "5@0?52B8G5A:0O F5==>ABL. 1) @87=0=85 ?>78B82=>9 F5==>AB8 =0<5@5=89, ;560I8E 70 ?>40@:><, ?>2KH05B A0<>>F5=:C A5<L8, >A>15==> MB> :0A05BAO <8AA8A . 2) >4G5@:820=85 B>3>, GB> 1;N4> 1K;> ?@83>B>2;5=> B5?;K< 8 >AB05BAO B5?;K< ?>B><C, GB> 53> 701>B;82> >15@=C;8, :>A25==> ?@8>B:@K205B GC2AB20 B5?;>BK 8 :><D>@B0, ?@8ACBAB2CNI85 2 40==>9 A5<L5 (15AA>7=0B5;L=K5 2 40==>< A;CG05). !5<LO, E>BO >G5=L 256;820O 8 >1;040NI0O 2KA>:8< C@>2=5< 701>BK, =5 <>65B 2K@078BL ?>78B82=K5 GC2AB20 4@C3 4@C3C. 0?@8<5@ <8AA8A . 2K:07K205B A2>N ;N1>2L ?>A@54AB2>< B@C4=>9 @01>BK ?> >1A;C6820=8N A5<L8. >A;54=55 459AB28B5;L=> A8<2>;878@C5B ;N1>2L, E>BO 45B8 MB> 2>A?@8=8<0NB =5 2A5340 2 :0G5AB25 B0:>2>9, => (:0: 2K@078;AO >4=064K 55 AK=) :0: "<CG5=8G5AB2>". ;8O=85 MB>3> <CG5=8G5AB20 =0 45B59 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 @074@065=88 8 3=525, A<5H0==K<8 A >ICI5=85< 28=K. 3) 5@5>1@0<;5=85 A25@EDC=:F8>=8@>20=8O <8AA8A . (BO65;0O @01>B0 ?> >1A;C6820=8N A5<L8) :0: 2K@065=85 55 ;N128 : 1;86=8< ?><>3;> >?@545;8BL ?>78B82=K9 A<KA; 55 459AB289 8 87<5=8;> 2>A?@8OB85 <0B5@8 45BL<8 :0: G5;>25:0, =0 :>B>@>< 45@68BAO 4><, => :>B>@K9 45@68B 2A5E 2 ?>4G8=5==>< ?>;>65=88. "5;0=85 4;O 1;86=53>" 8 B5?;>B0 1K;8 ?5@5>?@545;5=K :0: ?>78B82=K5 F5==>AB8. -B0 8=B5@25=F8O ?@825;0 : B><C, GB> <8AA8A . ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A51O :><D>@B=>. @><5 B>3> ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?><>3;0 ?@>25AB8 2 MB>9 A5<L5 48DD5@5=F80F8N <564C >ICI5=85< ;N128 8 >ICI5=85< A25@E045:20B=>AB8.  :0G5AB25 F5;8 745AL 2KABC?0;> A=865=85 A25@EDC=:F8>=8@>20=8O <0B5@8 - 2 MB>< A;CG05 45B8 2 A>AB>O=88 AB0BL 2 1>;55 >B25BAB25==CN ?>78F8N. 4) A5 1>;55 C25;8G820NI85AO B5=45=F88 45B59 : 8AA;54>20=8N A;>682H59AO A8BC0F88 8 8E AB@5<;5=85 : 0:B82=><C CG0AB8N 2 687=8 A5<L8, ?@>O282H85AO 2 70<5G0=88 > B><, GB> "<0<5 =@028BLAO ?>AB>O==> 1KBL 70=OB>9", 0 B0:65 70<5G0=85 8=K, GB> <0<0 45;05B 3>@074> 1>;LH5 4><0H=59 @01>BK, G5< ?@83>B>2;5=85 54K, 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?><>GL <0B5@8 ?@87=0BL B>, GB> >=0 45;05B 45B59 7028A8<K<8 >B A51O 8, 2<5AB5 A B5<, ?>4G5@:=CBL ?>78B82=CN AB>@>=C 55 CA8;89. 0 B@8=04F0B>9 A5AA88, AB0@H0O A5AB@0 870 ?>40;0 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC <0;5=L:89 ?0:5B A> A25652K?5G5==K<8 1C;>G:0<8, :>B>@K5 1K;8 B>65 4;O A>E@0=5=8O B5?;>BK :0: A;54C5B >15@=CBK 2 0;N<8=52CN D>;L3C. 870: K ?@8=5A;8 0< =5<=>3> 1C;>G5:, :>B>@K5 8A?5:;0 8=0. A8E>B5@0?52B: , ?0:5B 2A5 5I5 B5?;K9. (B:@K205B ?0:5B). 0: 65 BK AC<5;0 8A?5GL MB8 70<5G0B5;L=K5 1C;>G:8 8 2>-2@5<O ?@89B8 =0 A5AA8N! (8=0 ?>:8=C;0 4=52=>9 AB0F8>=0@ 2 B@8 G0A0 4=O, ?@8H;0 4><>9, 8 CA?5;0 : A5<8 G0A0< =0 2AB@5GC A A5<L59). 8=0: / 8A?5:;0 8E >G5=L @0=> CB@><, 5I5 4> 2KE>40 87 4><0 8 A5<LO 5;0 8E =0 702B@0:. 8; ?@8=5A A @01>BK ?>;CD01@8:0B - ?>MB><C 25AL ?@>F5AA 2K?5G:8 70=O; =5 >G5=L <=>3> 2@5<5=8. / >AB028;0 =5<=>3> 4;O 0A 8 ?5@54 2KE>4>< ?>4>3@5;0. A8E>B5@0?52B: 45AL =0;8F> A>2<5AB=K5 CA8;8O. 8; ?@8=5A ?>;CD01@8:0B B5AB0, 8=0 8A?5:;0 1C;>G:8, 0 870 2@CG8;0 8E <=5. @54AB02;ON A515, =0A:>;L:> 2A5< 4><>G04F0< 1C;>G:8 ?>=@028;8AL. 5 A><=520NAL, GB> <=5 >=8 B>65 ?>=@02OBAO. >;LH>5 20< 2A5< A?0A81>. 803=>AB8G5A:0O F5==>ABL. 1) 0 B@8=04F0BL A5AA89 A5<LO =5<=>3> 87<5=8;0AL. 2) !C1A8AB5<0 1@0BL52-A5AB5@ C:@5?8;0AL, >=8 AB0;8 1;865 4@C3 : 4@C3C, GB> =0H;> A2>5 A8<2>;8G5A:>5 2K@065=85 2 ?@8=5A5==KE 2 ?>40@>: ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 1C;>G:0E. 3) 0<0 :0: 1K >BACBAB2>20;0 =0 MB>9 A5AA88, GB> A8<2>;878@C5B >B40;5=85 @>48B5;LA:>9 AC1A8AB5<K, ?>72>;5=85 "45BA:>9" AC1A8AB5<5 A?;>B8BLAO. 4) "5?;K5 1C;>G:8 A8<2>;878@CNB B>, GB> A5<LO 2K:07K205B ?>78B82=K5 GC2AB20 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C, 0 =5 B>;L:> : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC, :0: MB> 1K;> 2 ?@>H;K9 @07. "5@0?52B8G5A:0O F5==>ABL. 1) K;8 ?@8>B:@KBK 8 CA8;5=K :>>?5@0B82=K5 B5=45=F88 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 1@0BL52 8 A5AB5@. 2) >A@54AB2>< @5?;8: ?>4>1=K< A;54CNI8< - ":0: 65 BK AC<5;0 8A?5GL MB8 70<5G0B5;L=K5 1C;>G:8 8 2> 2@5<O ?@89B8 =0 A5AA8N!", "...2A5< 2 4><5 MB8 1C;>G:8 ?>=@028;8AL... =5 A><=520NAL, GB> <=5 >=8 B>65 ?>=@02OBAO" - 1K;0 ?>2KH5=0 A0<>>F5=:0 8=K. (A5 ?@87=0;8, GB> 1C;>G:8 C40;8AL =0 A;02C). A?>;L7>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO 4;O @01>BK A ;N1>9 A5<L59. @5?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:0 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 D>@<C M:A?@5AA82=>3> ?>2545=8O, :>B>@0O 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>=OBL A8AB5<C 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 7=0G5=89 8 A<KA;>2. -B> B0:65 A?>A>1AB2C5B 045:20B=><C ?@8A>548=5=8N ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 : A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. @54?8AK20=85 ?@5?>4=5A5=85 ?>40@:>2 G;5=>2 A5<L8 4@C3 4@C3C 87<5=O5B D>:CA >1I5=8O 8E A =530B82=>3> =0 ?>78B82=K9 8 AB8<C;8@C5B G;5=>2 A5<L8 1>;LH5 >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=8O =0 ?>B@51=>AB8 8 ?@54?>GB5=8O 4@C3 4@C30, CA8;8205B 8=B5@5A 4@C3 : 4@C3C :0: : ;8G=>ABO<, 8 2 B> 65 A0<>5 2@5<O >15A?5G8205B 48DD5@5=F80F8N 2=CB@8 A8AB5<K. @><5 B>3> A ?><>ILN 40==>9 B5E=8:8 B0:65 CAB0=02;8205BAO 74>@>20O 2=CB@8A5<59=0O 0B<>AD5@0, 2 :>B>@>9 ?>445@68205BAO A0<>F5==>ABL :064>3>, GB> ?>72>;O5B ;N4O< E>@>H> >B=>A8BLAO : A>1AB25==>9 A5<L5 :0: : F5;><C, @02=> :0: 8 :> 2A5< 55 >B45;L=K< G;5=0<. 5-42. !" #"#  + "  )/ 1>A=>20=85 "5>@5B8G5A:>9 >A=>2>9 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>3> B@5=8=30 >1I5=8O O2;ONBAO B@8 8AB>G=8:0 - 18E528>@87<, B5>@8O :><<C=8:0F89 8 ?@8=F8?K >465@80=A:>3> :;85=B-F5=B@8@>20==>3> ?>4E>40.  D>:CA5 2=8<0=8O 745AL 2KABC?05B 045:20B=>ABL 2K@065=8O AC1J5:B>< GC2AB2 8 ?@87=0=85 A0<>F5==>AB8 MB8E GC2AB2 ?0@B=5@><.  @0<:0E 40==>3> ?>4E>40 :;85=BK >1CG0NBAO =02K:0<, :>B>@K5 B@048F8>==> 8A?>;L7CNBAO :;85=B-F5=B@8@>20==K<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0<8. 5B>4K >1CG5=8O MB8< =02K:0< >A=>2K20NBAO =0 B5>@8OE >?5@0=B=>3> 8 A>F80;L=>3> =0CG5=8O, :@><5 B>3> ?>4G5@:8205BAO @5F8?@>:=0O ?@8@>40 MDD5:B82=>3> >1I5=8O. "5E=>;>38O, ?@8<5=O5<0O 2 40==>< B@5=8=35, 2:;NG05B 2 A51O 2 :0G5AB25 3;02=KE :><?>=5=B>2 <>45;8@>20=85, D>@<8@>20=85 8 ?@>F54C@K ?>;>68B5;L=>3> ?>4:@5?;5=8O.  AB@C:BC@8@>20==>< B@5=8=35 >1I5=8O <>3CB 1KBL 2K45;5=K B@8 >A=>2=KE M;5<5=B0. 1. !C?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 405BAO OA=>5 8 :@0B:>5 =0AB02;5=85 ?> ?>2>4C B5E 480;>3>2, 2 :>B>@K5 >=8 2ABC?0NB 2 E>45 >1CG5=8O =02K:0< >1I5=8O. 2. "@5=5@K =5?>A@54AB25==> 8=AB@C:B8@CNB AC?@C3>2 2 B5G5=88 :064>3> 480;>30, >15A?5G820O 4;O =8E >1@0B=CN A2O7L. 3. !C1J5:B82=K5 0A?5:BK 480;>30 BI0B5;L=> :>=B@>;8@CNBAO, 8 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0, =0G8=0O @01>BC A M<>F8>=0;L=> =5=03@C65==KE 2>?@>A>2, 70B5<, A @0728B85< 8E :><<C=8:0F8>==KE C<5=89, ?5@5E>48B :> 2A5 1>;55 A;>6=K< ?@>1;5<=K< >1;0ABO<. @>F54C@0 0B5@80; 4;O 40==>9 25@A88 B5E=8:8 040?B8@>20= 87 @01>BK CM@=8 (Guerny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emans,1956) 8 C?><8=05<0O 2 @01>B5 0AB5@A 8 6>=A>= (Masters, Jonson, 1970), 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 A5:AC0;L=>9 B5@0?88 AB>@>==8:0<8 18E528>@0;L=KE ?>4E>4>2, 0=0;>38G=KE <5B>40< 0AB5@A 8 6>=A>=. "5E=8:0 ?@8<5=O5BBAO 2 A;CG05 ?@56452@5<5==>3> A5<O8725@65=8O (MO:C;OF88) C <C6G8=. =0 @07@01>B0=0, GB>1K ?><>GL <C6G8=5 4>AB830BL A>AB>O=8O A5:AC0;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O 157 =5<54;5==>9 MO:C;OF88. ;O ?>;=>3> @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K <C6G8=5 =5>1E>48<0 8=D>@<0F8O > ?@>8AE>645=88 48AB@5AA0, 3>B>20O : A>B@C4=8G5AB2C ?0@B=5@H0, 8 AB@>3>5 A;54>20=85 8=AB@C:F8O< ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. 0: 8 1>;LH8=AB2> 18E528>@0;L=KE B5E=8:, ?@>F5AA @0745;5= =0 =51>;LH85 H038, :>B>@K5 ?>2B>@ONBAO <=>3> @07. @>3@5AA 70:@5?;O5BAO 2 E>45 8A?>;L7>20=8O 40==>3> <5B>40 2 B5G5=85 ?>;C3>40, 4065 5A;8 ?@>1;5<0 :065BAO AC?@C30< @07@5H5==>9. 5@54 8A?>;L7>20=85< B5E=8:8 A60B8O ?@>2>48BAO BI0B5;L=>5 >1A;54>20=85. 5>1E>48<> >?@545;8BL =5 O2;O5BAO ;8 ?@54JO2;O5<K9 A8<?B>< >4=8< 87 @54:8E A;CG052 >@30=8G5A:>9 48ADC=:F88. !>3;0A=> @>=C (Krohn, 1982) ;5G5=85 F5;5A>>1@07=> =0G8=0BL A A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O 8 ?><>I8 ?0@5 2 ?>=8<0=88 A5:AC0;L=>3> 2708<>459AB28O, D878>;>388 8 AB0489 <C6A:>3> >@307<0. "5 <C6G8=K, :>B>@K5 >1KG=> A?>A>1=K A51O :>=B@>;8@>20BL, <>3CB 45;0BL MB> 5I5 CA?5H=55, 5A;8 1>;LH5 C7=0NB > <5E0=87<0E, ;560I8E 2 >A=>25 >@307<0. "5< A0<K< >=8 <>3CB =0CG8BLAO 70<54;OBL 53>. ;O B>3>, GB>1K =0CG8BLAO :>=B@>;8@>20BL ?@>F5AA A5:AC0;L=>3> 2>71C645=8O, <C6G8=5 <>65B ?><>GL B@5=8=3 A5=78B82=>AB8. @>= @5:><5=4C5B, GB>1K B5E=8:0 A60B8O >ACI5AB2;O;0AL B5@0?52B><, E>@>H> @0718@0NI5<AO 2 ?@>1;5<0E A5:A>;>388. @>F54C@0 @>F54C@0, >?8A0==0O 2 40==>< @0745;5, 27OB0 87 :=838 0AB5@A0 8 6>=A>=0 (Masters, Jonson, 1970, pp.101-115). "... A?8=0 65=K @0A?>;0305BAO C ?5@54=59 A?8=:8 :@>20B8 (8 ?>-2>7<>6=>AB8 ?>445@68205BAO ?>4CH:0<8), 55 =>38 @07428=CBK. C6 ;568B =0 A?8=5 3>;>2>9 : ?@>B82>;>6=>9 AB>@>=5 :@>20B8, 53> B07 - <564C 55 =>30<8, 53> =>38 =04 55 =>30<8, B0:8< >1@07>< >=0 8<55B ?@O<>9 4>ABC? : 53> ?>;>2K< >@30=0<. 0: B>;L:> 4>AB83=CB0 ?>;=0O M@5:F8O ?@8<5=O5BAO "5E=8:0 !60B8O"(B0< 65, @.102). 0: B>;L:> <C6G8=0 ?>GC2AB2C5B, GB> 2>B-2>B C =53> 4>;6=0 ?@>87>9B8 MO:C;OF8O, 65=I8=0 :;045B 1>;LH>9 ?0;5F =0 C745G:C, @0A?>;>65==CN ?>4 3>;>2:>9 ?5=8A0. 5@2K9 ?0;5F ?><5I05BAO 70 3>;>2:>9, 0 2B>@>9 - ?@O<> 70 =8<. "@>872>48BAO A60B85 ?5=8A0 1>;LH8< 8 ?5@2K<8 42C<O ?0;LF0<8 2 B5G5=88 B@5E-G5BK@5E A5:C=4"(B0< 65, @.103). ;O 45<>=AB@0F88 MB8E 42865=89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;6=0 8<5BL 2 A2>5< @0A?>@O65=88 8A:CAAB25==CN <>45;L. A;8 4>AB8305BAO B@51C5<<>5 402;5=85 =0 ?5=8A, <C6G8=0 B>BG0A 65 B5@O5B ?>B@51=>ABL 2 MO:C;OF88. 3> M@5:F8O B0:65 A=8605BAO =0 10-30%. 5=0 2>7>1=>2;O5B AB8<C;OF8N G5@57 30 A5:C=4 ?>A;5 B>3> :0: <C6 ?@8>1@5; :>=B@>;L =04 A2>59 MO:C;OF859. !C?@C38 ?>2B>@ONB 40==CN ?@>F54C@C 2 B5G5=88 ?5@2>9 A5AA88 G5BK@5 8;8 ?OBL @07. !;54C5B ?@54C?@548BL, GB> 65=I8=0 <>65B 8A?KBK20BL AB@0E A;8H:>< A8;L=>3> 402;5=8O =0 ?5=8A.  MB>< A;CG05 <C6G8=5 @5:><5=4C5BAO ?>4A:070BL :0:>5 402;5=85 5<C B@51C5BAO 8;8 =0?@02;OBL 55 ?0;LFK A2>8<8. 45:20B=K9 :>=B@>;L ?><>305B AC?@C30< A=878BL AB@0E8 8 C25;8G8BL 4>25@85 4@C3 : 4@C3C, GB> <>65B >:070BLAO 7=0G8<K< MB0?>< 2 =0?@02;5=88 C;CGH5=8O :>>?5@0B82=KE B5=45=F89 2 8E >1I5=88. @>2545=85 ?>4>1=KE C?@06=5=89 2 B5G5=85 B@5E 4=59 >1KG=> ?@82>48B : CAB0=>2;5=8N <C6G8=>9 ?>;=>3> :>=B@>;O =04 A2>59 MO:C;OF859. "!;54CNI0O ABC?5=L 2 @50;870F88 ?>;=>3> :>=B@>;O =04 MO:C;OF859 2:;NG05B 2 A51O C?@06=5=8O A 22545=85< ?>;>2>3> G;5=0 2> 2;030;8I5 157 A5<O8725@65=8O. C6G8=C ?@>AOB ;5GL ?@O<> =0 A?8=C, 0 65=I8=C CAB@>8BLAO =04 =8< 2 "?>78F88 A25@EC" B0:, GB>1K 55 :>;5=8 >:070;8AL =0 ;8=88 53> A>A:>2 8 ?0@0;;5;L=> BC;>28IC <C6G8=K...  MB>< ?>;>65=88, @0A?>;030OAL ?> >B=>H5=8N : A2>5<C AC?@C3C ?>4 C3;>< 45 3@04CA>2, 65=5 4>AB0B>G=> C4>1=> 225AB8 ?>;>2>9 G;5= 2> 2;030;8I5, 0 70B5<, ?@8 =5>1E>48<>AB8, 2K25AB8 53> >1@0B=>" (B0< 65, @.106). 5=0 C45@68205B ?5=8A 2> 2;030;8I5 =5?>4286=> 8 157 2AO:>9 53> AB8<C;OF88 8 B0:8< >1@07>< ?0@B=5@ 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL : MB><C ?>;>65=8N ?@82K:=CBL. A;8 65, =5A<>B@O =0 MB8 CA;>28O, >= G@57<5@=> 2>71C6405BAO, 65=0 ?@8?>4=8<05BAO =04 <C65<, B0:8< A?>A>1>< C40;OO ?5=8A 87 2;030;8I0 8 =5<54;5==> ?@8<5=O5B B5E=8:C A60B8O 4;O ?@54>B2@0I5=8O A5<O8725@65=8O. '5@57 30 A5:C=4 ?5=8A 22>48BAO 2=>2L. -B8 459AB28O ?>2B>@ONBAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 <C6G8=0 1C45B 2 A>AB>O=88 :>=B@>;8@>20BL MO:C;OF8N A0<>AB>OB5;L=> 8 ?>AB>O==>. 0 A;54CNI5< MB0?5 <C6G8=0 =0G8=05B ?@0:B8:>20BL ;53:85 42865=8O B07>< 4;O 4>AB865=8O M@5:F88. 0: B>;L:> 53> :>=B@>;L C;CGH05BAO, 65=I8=5 @5:><5=4C5BAO B0:65 A>25@H0BL 42865=8O B07><, :064K9 @07 2>72@0I0OAL 2 A?>:>9=>5 A>AB>O=85 8;8 =0G8=0O ?@8<5=OBL B5E=8:8 A60B8O, 5A;8 :>=B@>;L <C60 =0E>48BAO ?>4 C3@>7>9. A:>@5 AC?@C38 A<>3CB 4>AB02;OBL 4@C3 4@C3C C4>2>;LAB285, 42830OAL =5?@8=C645==> 8 A2>1>4=>. 1KG=> ?>4>1=K9 B@5=8=3 ?@>4>;605BAO >:>;> 42CE =545;L. !C?@C30< 3>2>@OB, GB> <>3CB 1KBL 2@5<5=0, :>340 >=8 1C4CB 8A?KBK20BL B@C4=>AB8 A >ACI5AB2;5=85< :>=B@>;O 8 GB> 40==CN B5E=8:C =5>1E>48<> ?@8<5=OBL ?> :@09=59 <5@5 3>4. =8 ?@54C?@5640NBAO B0:65 > B><, GB> C <C60 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 ?@5:@0I5=8O B5@0?88 <>65B =01;N40BLAO :@0B:89 ?5@8>4 8<?>B5=F88, :>B>@K9 G5@57 =51>;LH>9 ?5@8>4 2@5<5=8 4>;65= >:>=G8BAO (B0< 65, @.111). 0 ?>A;54=5< MB0?5 @01>BK AC?@C30< ?@54;030NB ?@0:B8:>20BL ?>78F8N "A1>:C", :>B>@0O 405B 65=I8=5 1>;LH5 2>7<>6=>AB59 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O 55 ?>B@51=>AB8 2 42865=88 B07><; ?@8 MB>< >=0 <5=LH5 AB8<C;8@C5B <C6G8=C : ?@56452@5<5==><C A5<O8725@65=8N. >A@54AB2>< 8A?>;L7>20=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 <C6G8=K ?@8>1@5B0NB :>=B@>;L =04 MO:C;OF859, 0 65=I8=K 2>AAB0=02;820NB A2>9 A5:AC0;L=K9 0??5B8B, 1>;LH5 4C<0NB > A>1AB25==>9 A5:AC0;L=>AB8 8 =0CG0NBAO 1>;55 A2>1>4=> 55 2K@060BL. !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0, ?@8<5=OO 40==CN B5E=8:C, =5 B>;L:> ?>2KH05B A5:AC0;L=CN 0:B82=>ABL, => 8 C;CGH05B >1I5=85 <564C A>1>9. A?>;L7>20=85 5@2>=0G0;L=> B5E=8:8 A60B8O 1K;8 @07@01>B0=K 4;O C;CGH5=8O :>=B@>;O 70 A5<O8725@65=85<. 4=0:> ?@8 045:20B=>< 8A?>;L7>20=88 >=8 8<5NB 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 8 A;54AB28O, ?><>30O ?0@5 C;CGH8BL A2>8 >1@07FK 8=B8<=>3> 25@10;L=>3> 8 =525@10;L=>3> >1I5=8O. =8 B0:65 AB8<C;8@CNB 42865=85 : 1>;55 2KA>:><C C@>2=N :>>?5@0F88 <564C AC?@C30<8. "5E=8:0 A>45@68B 2 A515 B@51>20=85 701>B8BLAO 4@C3 > 4@C35 - ?>MB><C ?><>305B AC?@C30< ?>;CG0BL 1>;LH55 C4>2;5B2>@5=85 >B 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89. @8<5=5=85 55 45<>=AB@8@C5B <>45;L ?>AB5?5==>3> 87<5=5=8O A;>6=>3> ?>2545=G5A:>3> 0:B0 8 @>;L 2> 2A5< MB>< B0:>9 ;8G=>AB=>9 >A>15==>AB8 :0: B5@?5=85. 5=I8=0 <>65B ?>2KA8BL A>1AB25==CN A5:AC0;L=CN ?>B5=F8N, B0: :0: AB0=>28BLAO 1>;55 0:B82=>9 2 A5:AC0;L=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 8 =0E>48B 1>;LH5 2>7<>6=>AB59 4;O A2>53> >@307<0. 0==0O B5E=8:0 8<55B >G5=L 1>;LH>9 ?>:070B5;L CA?5H=>AB8. <5AB5 A B5< 55 <>3CB ?@8<5=OBL B>;L:> B5 A5<59=K5 B5@0?52BK, :>B>@K5 E>@>H> 7=0:><K A 0=0B><859 8 D878>;>3859 <C6G8=K 8 65=I8=K, 8 :>B>@K5 8<5NB 2 A2>5< @0A?>@O65=88 045:20B=K5 8A:CAAB25==K5 <>45;8, =5>1E>48<K5 4;O 45<>=AB@0F88.  6:  ! 2545=85 K 5654=52=> AB0;:8205<AO A ?0@04>:A><, 2> <=>38E 0A?5:B0E =0H53> ACI5AB2>20=8O. @54?8A0=85 "5;09, GB> AG8B05HL =C6=K< 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 MB8< BK =5 2@548HL 4@C3><C" O2;O5BAO ?> ACB8 A2>59 ?0@04>:A0;L=K<. A;8 BK 45;05HL B>, GB> AG8B05HL =C6=K<, B> :>=5G=> <>65HL ?>2@548BL 1;86=5<C 8;8 459AB2>20BL 2>?@5:8 65;0=8O< 4@C38E, B>340 :0: >3;O4:0 =0 4@C38E <>65B ?@5?OBAB2>20BL B><C, GB>1K BK 45;0; B>, GB> AG8B05HL =C6=K<. 0@04>:A ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?@>B82>@5G85, :>B>@>5 A;54C5B 70 ?@028;L=K< 2K2>4>< 87 =5?>A@54AB25==> A>3;0ACNI8EAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< ?@54?>AK;>:. 081>;55 7=0<5=8BK< 8 =081>;55 G0AB> C?><8=05<K< ?0@04>:A>< O2;O5BAO CB25@645=85 "C4L A?>=B0==K<!" @8:07 1KBL A?>=B0==K< A>7405B A8BC0F8N, 2 :>B>@>9 2 ?@8=F8?5 =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>1548B5;59. @>83@K20NB 2A5. '5;>25:, >B:07K20NI89AO 459AB2>20BL A?>=B0==>, 2545B A51O ?@>872>;L=>. 4=0:> 2A5, GB> 8<55B 2=5H=89 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 8=48284C 8AB>G=8: ?> ACB8 45;0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ;8HL @50:F8N =0 ?@54?8A0=85 8 ?>MB><C =5 O2;O5BAO A?>=B0==K<.  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 <>6=> ?@825AB8 65=C, :>B>@0O E>B5;0 1K, GB>1K <C6 87<5=8; A2>5 ?>2545=85 8 C156405B 53> ?>9B8 2<5AB5 A =59 =0 2AB@5GC A ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, :>B>@K9, ?@54?8AK205B <C6C >?@545;5==K5 459AB28O, GB> B>B ?@8=8<05B 8 459AB2C5B A>>B25BAB2CNI8< >1@07><. 5=0 65 =5 ?@8=8<05B 87<5=5=89 2 ?>2545=88 <C60, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 8AE>4OB >B B5@0?52B0, 0 =5 >B A0<>3> <C60. @>B82>@5G85 >AB02;O5B 2A5E CG0AB=8:>2 MB>9 4@0<K, 702O70==KE =0 "42>9=>9 A2O78". 5=0 2 ?@8=F8?5 =5 <>65B 1KBL C4>2;5B2>@5=0 =57028A8<> >B B>3> 87<5=8BAO ;8 55 <C6 8;8 =5B. ;O <C60 65 2A5 ?CB8 O2;ONBAO 70:@KBK<8, 0 B5@0?52B B5@?8B D80A:>, ?>A:>;L:C GB> 1K <C6 =5 45;0;, 65=5 MB> =5 ?>=@028BAO. ! 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= O2;5=85 ?0@04>:A0 1K;> ?@54<5B>< 87CG5=8O D8;>A>D>2. "2>@G5A:85 ;N48 2A5340, C<KH;5==> 8;8 =5C<KH;5==>, 8A?>;L7>20;8 ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K AB8<C;8@>20BL ?>2545=G5A:85 87<5=5=8O. 0F;028: A :>;;530<8 (Watzlawick, Weakland, Fisch, 1974) ?@82>48B <=>65AB2> ?@8<5@>2 MB><C. #G8B5;O 8 @>48B5;8 402=> >B:@K;8 ?@58<CI5AB20 ">1@0B8<>9 ?A8E>;>388"(reverse psychology) ?@8 2708<>459AB288 A 45BL<8. A8E>B5@0?52BK C65 2 =0G0;5 %% 25:0 =0G0;8 @07@010BK20BL ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 ?><>I8 :;85=B0<, 2 >A>15==>AB8 4;O ?@5>4>;5=8O >??>78F8>==KE 8 65AB:8E ?>2545=G5A:8E >1@07F>2. 0?@8<5@, >@8B0(Morita) @07@01>B0; 8 2 1920 3>4C >?C1;8:>20; 2 /?>=88 A8AB5<C ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 B5@0?88, >A=>20==CN =0 D8;>A>D88 75=. 4;5@ (Dreikus,1967) =07K20; ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 "0=B8-=530B82=K<8, 8;8 ?;52:0<8 2 AC? :;85=B0". !CBL 8E A B>G:8 7@5=8O 4;5@0 A>AB>O;0 2 ?@87=0=88 B5E >1@07F>2 ?>2545=8O, :>B>@K5 ?@845@6820NBAO :;85=BK, 2 ?@8=OB88 8E, 0 70B5< 2 8E ?0@04>:A0;L=>< ?@5C25;8G5=88.  MB>< :>=B5:AB5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B A:>@55 ?@8A>48=O5BAO : :;85=BC, G5< 45;05B ?>?KB:C 5<C ?@>B82>AB>OBL. ;85=BK, :>B>@K5 @0=55 70=8<0;8 =530B82=CN ?>78F8N, A59G0A AB8<C;8@CNBAO : B><C, GB>1K AB0BL 1>;55 ?>78B82=>->@85=B8@>20==K<8 4;O B>3> GB>1K >AB0BLAO 2 MB>9 A2>59 =530B82=>9 ?>78F88. @8A>548=OOAL : =530B82=>9 ?>78F88 :;85=B0 4;5@ B0:8< >1@07>< ?@8=8<05B 55, 0 70B5<, 8A?>;L7C5B B5E=8:8 >1@0I5=8O. = <>65B, =0?@8<5@, ?>A>25B>20BL <0B5@8 @515=:0, :>B>@K9 >B:07K205BAO GB>-B> 45;0BL, AB0BL 2 3>@074> 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 15A?><>I=>9 8 =5045:20B=>9, G5< 55 48BO, AB8<C;8@CO ?>A;54=53> : 45OB5;L=>9 ?>78F88. $@0=:;(Frankl,1975) =07K205B MB>B ?@>F5AA "0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5=F859" 8 <>18;87C5B :;85=B0 =0 ?>4G5@:820=85, 4065 =0 2K?OG820=85 A8<?B><>2, 2 :0G5AB25 :>B>@KE, =0?@8<5@, 2KABC?0NB A><=8B5;L=K5 F5==>AB8 8;8 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK. "0:8< >1@07>< :;85=B <>65B :>=B@>;8@>20BL A8<?B><, A>7=0B5;L=> =0<5@520OAL 53> 2K?OG820BL 8 2AOG5A:8 ?>4G5@:820BL. 0 ?5@2K9 273;O4 ?>2545=G5A:0O B5>@8O ?@>B82>AB>8B ?0@04>:AC. <5AB5 A B5<, 0DD@8 (Hill,1977) ?@54;0305B B5E=8:8, :>B>@K5, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 =0 ?@0:B8:5, A>3;0ACNBAO A =5:>B>@K<8 ?0@04>:A0;L=K<8 <5B>40<8. !>3;0A=> 0DD@8, 5A;8 <K <>65< =0CG8BLAO G5<C-B> A >4=>9 ?>?KB:8, A>E@0=OO A2565ABL 273;O40, B> MB> >:07K205BAO 1>;55 F5==K<, G5< >1CG5=85 ?>A@54AB2>< 15A:>=5G=KE ?>2B>@5=89. "0:8< >1@07>< ?@>4025F 2 :>=48B5@A:>< <03078=5, :>B>@K9 <>65B 5ABL :>=D5BK 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 53> =5 2K@25B, ?><=8B =5 > B5E ?@8OB=KE A8BC0F8OE, :>B>@K5 A2O70=K C =53> A H>:>;04><, 0 > B>9 1>;57=5==>9 A8BC0F88, :>B>@0O 8<5;0 <5AB> 2 :>=F5 CAB@>5==>3> 8< A0<><C A515 ?8@0. !B0<?D; 8 528A (Stampfl, Lewis, 1967) 8A?>;L7>20;8 MB8 B5E=8:8, >@85=B8@>20==K5 =0 CB><;5=85 :;85=B>2, 4;O @01>BK A D>18O<8.  B5E=8:5, :>B>@0O =>A8B =0720=85 "7@K2", =0?><8=0NI59 B5>@8N :0B0@A8A0 @8AB>B5;O, @02=> :0: 8 B5E=8:8, A>740==K5 0DD@8, B5@0?52B ?>2B>@O5B 4> 15A:>=5G=>AB8 C60A=CN 8AB>@8N > A>H54H5< A C<0 =0 A5:AC0;L=>9 ?>G25 3830=BA:>< ?0C:5-:0==810;5 (?>4>1=> A:07:0< 1@0BL52 @8<<) - ?>2B>@O5B 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 A :;85=B>< >AB0NBAO =5 C60A0NI85 53> <KA;8 > 3830=BA:8E ?0C:0E, 0 A:>@55 <KA;8 > 2A5 B5E 65 ?0C:0E, A2O70==K5 A ?@>708G5A:>9 ?>2A54=52=>9 @50;L=>ABLN. >4>1=K5 ?@>F54C@K 4>;6=K ?@>2>48BLAO 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 :;85=B CAB0=5B >B 8E ?@>2545=8O. >74785@G (Mozdzierz,1983), 4@C3>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L 4;5@0, @0AA<0B@8205B ?0@04>:A 2 :0G5AB25 A2>5>1@07=>9 ?>2545=G5A:>9 480;5:B8:8, ?@8;>65==>9 : 7040G0< ?A8E>B5@0?88 8 @0AA<0B@820NI59 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 2 B5@<8=0E 70:;NG5==KE 2 =5< >??>78F89. "0:8< >1@07>< 2 ?0AA82=>AB8 ?@8ACBAB2CNB M;5<5=BK =0A8;8O. !E>4=K< >1@07><, ;N48 8<5NI85 A8;L=>5 ?>78B82=>5 >ICI5=85 A2>53> "/" 15@CB =0 A51O 1@5<O 701>BK > 4@C38E 8 2 B>65 2@5<O 8< :><D>@B=> A>E@0=OBL 045:20B=CN <56;8G=>AB=CN 48AB0=F8N. "5, :B> B@51C5B 1>;LH59 1;87>AB8 8 AB@5<OBAO : =59 1C4CB G0AB> >B25@30BL MBC 1;87>ABL 87-70 AB@0E0 1KBL ?>3;>I5==K<8 :0: ;8G=>ABL. >74785@G @0AA<0B@8205B ;N459, ?>2545=85 :>B>@KE AB@>8BAO =0 65AB:8E >1@07F0E :0: M:AB@5<8AB>2, 4C<0NI8E 2 :0B53>@8OE >??>78F88 "B578A - 0=B8B578A". 0?@8<5@, G5;>25:, AB@5<8BAO : ?@52>AE>4AB2C (B578A) 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL A2>5 GC2AB2> =5?>;=>F5==>AB8 (0=B8B578A). 5>1E>48<> A>740BL =>2K9 A8=B57(2 40==>< A;CG05 ?>;>65=85 > @025=AB25) 2 :>B>@>< ?@5>4>;520;>AL 1K <KH;5=85 =0 >A=>25 48E>B><89. 064K9 =530B82=K9 8;8 A8<?B><0B8G5A:89 ?>2545=G5A:89 >1@075F =5A5B 2 A515 ?>78B82=K5 8 :>=AB@C:B82=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8. "5@0?52B <>65B ?@>8725AB8 @5D@59<8=3 7=0G5=8O 40==>3> ?>2545=G5A:>3> >1@07F0 G5@57 53> ?>78B82=>5 ?5@5>1@0<;5=85 8 >15A?5G5=85 :;85=B>2 =>2K<8 ?5@A?5:B820<8 ?@8 273;O45 =0 =8E. 0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 1K;8 @07@01>B0=K >4785@G5< 8 53> :>;;530<8 (Mozdzierz, Macchitelli, Lisiecki, 1976) :0: D>@<0 ?>>I@5=8O :;85=B>2 : >ACI5AB2;5=8N >4=>2@5<5==> =5A:>;L:8E F5;59: 1. 59B@0;87>20BL ?>?KB:8 :;85=B>2 :>=B@>;8@>20BL B5@0?52B0 8 4@C38E ;N459, 7=0G8<KE 2 8E 687=8. 2. #A?>:>8BL :;85=B>2, AB8<C;8@CO 8E @0AA<0B@820BL A8<?B><K 2 :0G5AB25 4@C759, ?@54?8AK20O 8< ?@>4>;60BL ?@>O2;OBL A8<?B><K 8 B0:8< >1@07>< A=8<0O AB@5AA, A2O70==K9 A 8E =0;8G85<. 3. 0@O48BL :;85=B>2 M=5@3859 4;O =>2KE 459AB289. ;85=BK ?><5I0NBAO 2 CA;>28O B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 "42>9=>9 A2O78", 345, 5A;8 >=8 ?>4G8=ONBAO ?@54?8A0=8O< B5@0?52B0, >=8 :>>?5@8@CNBAO A =59, 0 5A;8 ?@>B82>AB>OB 8<, B> :>>?5@8@CNBAO A> A2>8<8 1;87:8<8. "0: 65 :0: 8 8;LB>= -@8:A>=, >4785@G 8A?>;L7C5B A:07:8, 8AB>@88 8 HCB:8 4;O A>740=8O <5B0:><<C=8:0F8>==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 ?> >B=>H5=8N : A8<?B><C. = @0AA<0B@8205B ?0@04>:A 2 :0G5AB25 AB8<C;8@CNI53> 8 ?>445@6820NI53> ?@>F5AA0, A?>A>1AB2CNI53> CAB0=>2;5=8N ?>78B82=>3> <>@0;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :;8<0B0 2 A5<L5. >478528G 8 4@C385(B0< 65) :@0B:> >?8A0;8 12 ?0@04>:A0;L=KE B5E=8:: 1. 0BL =59B@0;L=K9 >B25B =0 2>71C645==CN @5?;8:C, :>340 A>15A54=8: >68405B >B 20A 03@5AA88 8 70I8BK. 2. 07@5H8BL :;85=B0< ?>445@6820BL A8<?B>< :0: =5>1E>48<CN 8 65;0B5;L=CN 25IL. 3. !B8<C;8@>20BL :;85=B>2 : B><C, GB>1K >B;>68BL ?@8=OB85 @5H5=8O ?> >AB@K< 7=0G8<K< ?@>1;5<0< 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 68BL 2 B>9 :@878A=>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 >:070;8AL. 4. 0?@5B8BL :;85=B0< 45;0BL B>, GB> >=8 8 B0: =5 45;0NB 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 871560BL =5?@8OB=>AB59. 5. @54A:070BL 2>72@0I5=85 A8<?B><0. 6. >4G5@:=CBL 7=0G5=85 A8<?B><0, @0AA<0B@820O 53> 1>;55 A5@L57=>, G5< 53> ?@54AB02;O5B :;85=B 2 A2>8E 60;>10E. 7. 0I8I0BL ?@8G8=C A8<B><0 4;O 53> ?>445@60=8O. 8. 5@5>?@545;8BL A8<?B>< A =530B82=>3> =0 ?>78B82=K9. 9. @54?8A0BL ?@>4>;65=85 =530B82=>3> ?>2545=8O, => ?>4 :>=B@>;5< 8 ?@8 :>>?5@0F88 A B5@0?52B><. 10. !B8<C;8@>20BL :;85=B>2 : B><C, GB>1K 1>;LH5 ?@>O2;OBL A2>9 A8<?B><, 8 45;0BL MB> 2A5 1>;55 87>I@5==55. 11. 0AA<0B@820BL A8<?B>< :0: F5==>5 :0G5AB2>, ?>?@>A8BL :;85=B>2 >1CG8BL A8<?B><C B5@0?52B0. 12. @>2>F8@>20BL :;85=B>2 : B><C, GB>1K A2O70BL 53> =530B82=>5 ?>2545=85 /????????? =5 ?>=OB=>???????/ 0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 =0G0;8 2?5@2K5 0:B82=> 8A?>;L7>20BL AB@0B53@8G5A:85 A5<59=K5 B5@0?52BK, :>B>@K5 >BB0;:820;8AL >B B5>@88 "42>9=>9 A2O78" @53>@8 0B5A>=0 (Bateson,1972). !@548 B5E, :B> 87CG0; 8 >?8AK20; MB8 B5E=8:8 2 =5402=5< ?@>H;>< 1K;8 =45@A>= 8 0AA5; (Anderson, Russell, 1982), =4>;LD8 (Andolfi, 1980, (Andolfi, Zwerling,1983), 5(075@ (De Shazer,1982), 0; (Duhl,1983), %59;8 (Haley,1980, 1984), 8:A 8 010B (Weeks, L'Abate, 1982), 010B (L'Abate, 1984), 040=5A (Madanes,1981,1984), 0?? (Papp,1983), !5;L28=8 0;077>;8 (Selvini Palazzoli,1978). A5 >=8 O2;NBAO B5>@5B8:0<8 2 >1;0AB8 A8AB5<=>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, 8 @0AA<0B@820NB A8<?B><K :0: A>740==K5 4;O ?>445@60=8O 10;0=A0 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. E 3;02=K9 2:;04 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 ?0@04>:A0 A>AB>8B 2 A>548=5=88 A8<?B><0 8 B>9 F5;8, :>B>@>9 >= A;C68B 2 A8AB5<5, A ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5@25=F859. =8 B0:65 <=>3> ?>B@C48;8AL 4;O CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O >ACI5AB2;5=8O B0:8E 8=B5@25=F89 2 @0<:0E A8AB5<=>3> ?>4E>40. 4=0:> 8<5NBAO ACI5AB25==K5 @07;8G8O 2 >A=>2>?>;030NI8E CAB0=>2:0E <564C @07=K<8 B5>@5B8:0<8 2 40==>9 >1;0AB8. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 40BL >1ICN 8;;NAB@0F8N A>AB>O=8O 2 B5>@88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?0@04>:A0, :>A=5<AO ?>78F88 0??(Papp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bate,1984) CB25@6405B, GB> ?0@04>:A A2O70= A 2>?@>A>< > :>=B@>;5. 4=8< 87 ?@>B82>@5G89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> :;85=BK @0AA<0B@820NB A2>5 ?>2545=85 :0: 2 1>;LH>9 <5@5 =5 ?>440NI55AO 2>;52><C :>=B@>;N, =5>1JOA=8<>5 8 70 :>B>@>5 >=8 =5 <>3CB =5AB8 >B25BAB25==>ABL. B>@>9 ?0@04>:A 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52BC =5>1E>48<> A>E@0=OBL :>=B@>;L 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?5@540BL 53> :;85=B0< ("to give it away"). >=B@>;L =5>1E>48< 4;O MDD5:B82=>AB8. >340 :>=B@>;L 4>AB83=CB, >= <>65B 1KBL ?5@540= :;85=B0<, 8 >=8 B>65 2 A>AB>O=88 1KBL MDD5:B82=K<8. A8E>B5@0?52B 15@5B :>=B@>;L =04 A2>8< ?>2545=85< 8 B0:8< >1@07>< ?><>305B :;85=B0< 27OBL :>=B@>;L =04 A2>8<. A8E>B5@0?52B :0:-1K A>AB02;O5B A A5<L59 A>3;0H5=85, A?@0H820O 8E > B><, E>BOB ;8 >=8 4>AB8GL :>=B@>;O =04 A2>8<8 A8<?B><0<8. A;8 >=8 3>2>@OB - =5B, B>340 =5B 8 A>3;0H5=8O. 010B ?@54;0305B =5A:>;L:> ?CB59 4>AB865=8O :>=B@>;O. 1. >78B82=>5 ?5@5>?@545;5=85 A8<?B><0. -B> 45;05B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 >B25BAB25==K< 70 A8<?B><. 2. 0G0BL ?@>O2;OBL A8<?B><, 5A;8 E>G5HL 53> ?@5:@0B8BL. >A@54AB2>< ?@8B2>@AB20, 8A?>;=5=85 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E @>;59, 8;8 65 ?@O<>3> ?@54?8A0=8O :;85=B>2 ?@>AOB ?@5JO28BL A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85. A;8 :;85=BK <>3CB 53> =0G0BL, >=8 284OB, GB> C =8E 8<55BAO A8;0 8 >B25BAB25==>ABL 4;O MB>3>. CGH5 2A53>, 5A;8 1C45B 40=0 G5B:0O 8=AB@C:F8O :0:, :>340 8 345 MB> 45;0BL. 0@04>:A 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> 5A;8 405BAO ?@54?8A0=85 : A8<?B><0B8G5A:><C ?>2545=8N, >=> =5 ?@>8AE>48B 5AB5AB25==>, => =0E>48BAO B5?5@L ?>4 :>=B@>;5< :;85=B>2. ;O <0:A8<870F88 MB>3> :>=B@>;O 010B @5:><5=4C5B, GB>1K ?@54?8A0=8O 2:;NG0;8 2 A51O =0@O4C A C:070=85< 2@5<5=8 8 <5AB0, 8 B> :0: G;5=K A5<L8 4>;6=K 25AB8 A51O 4@C3 A 4@C3><. -B0 ?>A;54=OO :0B53>@8O 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 87<5=8BL ACI5AB2CNI85 >1@07FK 2708<>459AB28O 2 MB>9 A5<L5 8 42830BLAO G5@57 ?@5C<5=LH5=85 2K@065==>AB8 A8<?B><0 : 1>;55 MDD5:B82=><C 8 74>@>2><C 2=CB@8A5<59=><C 2708<>459AB28N. >?@>A > :>=B@>;5 :@><5 2A53> ?@>G53> AB>8B 2 F5=B@5 >1AC645=8O :@8B8:>2 ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5@25=F88. =8 CB25@640NB, GB> MB> <0=8?C;OB82=0O >?5@0F8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<0O 157 254><0 :;85=B>2 8 ?>MB><C, 2>7<>6=>, =5MB8G=0. 2B>@K 40==KE B5E=8:, =0?@>B82, AG8B0NB, GB> >=8 =5 1>;55 <0=8?C;OB82=K, G5< 4@C385 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 ?@85<K - 1C4L B> 75@:0;L=>5 >B@065=85 GC2AB2, ?@8<5=5=85 @07=>>1@02=KE >?@>A=8:>2 8;8 65 8=B5@?@5B0F8O A>?@>B82;5=8O :;85=B>2. E>4O 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 :018=5B :;85=BK A>3;0H0NBAO A B5<, GB> >=8 E>BOB 871028BLAO >B A8<?B><>2 8 87<5=8BL A2>5 ?>2545=85.  B>G=> B0:65, :0: ?A8E>0=0;8B8: 8=B5@?@5B8@C5B ?>2545=85 :;85=B0 8AE>4O 87 A?5F8D8G5A:>3> ?>=8<0=8O 53> ?>2545=8O, B0: 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;K, 8A?>;L7CNI85 ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8, 40NB A2>N 8=B5@?@5B0F8N ?>2545=8N :;85=B>2, 8AE>4O 87 2=CB@5==59 ;>38:8 8E ?>2545=8O, B0:, :0: >=8 55 284OB. # :;85=B>2 65 2A5340 ACI5AB2C5B 2K1>@ - ?@>4>;60BL ;8 25AB8 A51O B0:65 8;8 >B25@30BL A2>9 A>1AB25==K9 A?>A>1 ?>2545=8O, 459AB2CO :0:-B> ?>-4@C3><C. ! MB>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@825@65=FK ?0@04>:A0;L=KE B5E=8: CB25@640NB, GB> >=8 C2060NB :;85=B>2, 0 =5 <0=8?C;8@CNB 8<8. 0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 >1;040NB <=>38<8 ?@58<CI5AB20<8. 1. =8 ?>72>;ONB B5@0?52BC ?>;=>ABLN ?@8=OBL 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 ?0BB5@=K 8 ?@8A>548=8BAO : =8<. !5<LO 2 MB>< A;CG05 A:>@55 2A53> 1C45B GC2AB2>20BL, GB> 55 ?>=O;8. 2. =8 ?><>30NB A>740=8N 1>;55 ?>78B82=>3> :;8<0B0 2 A5<L5 G5@57 ?>78B82=K9 @5D@59<8=3 7=0G5=8O ?>2545=G5A:8E ?0BB5@=>2. 3. @8=O2 ACI5AB2CNI85 ?0BB5@=K ?>2545=8O 8 ?>72>;82 A5<L5 ?@>4>;60BL 8E ?@>O2;5=85, >=8 C<5=LH0NB GC2AB2> 28=K 8 AB02OB ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 2 ?>;>65=85 >B;8G=>5 >B 2A5E 4@C38E ;N459, A>25BCNI8E 8< ?@5:@0B8BL MB>. 4. 5D@59<8=3 A<KA;0 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> ?>2545=G5A:>3> ?0BB5@=0 AB8<C;8@C5B :0: A5<LN 2 F5;><, B0: 8 55 >B45;L=KE 8=48284CC<>2 @072820BL =>2K5 ?5@A?5:B82K 8 :0: A;54AB285 MB>3> C2845BL =>2K5 2>7<>6=>AB8. 5. @54?8AK20=85 A8<?B><0 45;05B A5<LN >B25BAB25==>9 70 A>1AB25==>5 ?>2545=85, AB8<C;8@C5B 8E B2>@G5A:>5 >B=>H5=85 : 687=8, 0 =5 15A?><>I=>ABL ?5@54 <=>3>G8A;5==K<8 687=5==K<8 B@C4=>ABO<8. 6. 0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 >A>15==> MDD5:B82=K, :>340 8<5NB 45;> A 65AB:8<8 ?>2545=G5A:8<8 >1@07F0<8 8 2KA>:8< C@>2=5< A>?@>B82;5=8O, :>B>@K9 8<55B B5=45=F8N ?@5?OBAB2>20BL MDD5:B82=><C ?@8<5=5=8N 4@C38E B5@0?52B8G5A:8E B5E=8:. 7. "5@0?52B, ?@8A>548=OOAL : A8<?B><C, >B:;>=O5BAO >B 83@ A A5<L59 =0 >A=>25 A8;K, A5<LO 65 2 MB>< A;CG05 AB0=>28BAO >B25BAB25==>9 70 ;N1K5 87<5=5=8O, :>B>@K5 A =59 ?@>8AE>4OB. 8. 0@04>:A0;L=>5 ?@54?8A0=85 ?@8>B:@K205B A5:@5B=K5 ?@028;0 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. 0==0O 3;020 2:;NG05B 2 A51O B0:85 ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8 :0: ?>AB0=>2:0 :;85=B>2 2 >B25BAB25==CN ?>78F8N 2 :>=B@>;5 70 A8<?B><><, ?@8A>548=5=85 : >??>78F88, 703@O7=5=85 AC8F840;L=KE D0=B0789, ?0@8 A ?>4@>AB:><, ?@54?8A0==>5 157459AB285, ?A8E>B5@0?52B :0: @568AA5@ A5<59=>9 4@0<K 8 8;;N78O 0;LB5@=0B82. 6-44 $  1>A=>20=85 4=0 87 7040G 4;5@>2A:>9 B5@0?88 A>AB>8B 2 87<5=5=88 <8=CA>2 =0 ?;NAK. 5D@59<8=3 8;8 ?5@5>1@0<;5=85 O2;O5BAO B5E=8:>9, ?@8720==>9 87<5=8BL =530B82=K5 A<KA;K =0 ?>78B82=K5. =0 A>45@68B 2 A515 A@54AB20 87<5=5=8O @0<:8 >B=>H5=8O, 2 ?5@A?5:B825 :>B>@>3> @0AA<0B@8205BAO 40==>5 A>1KB85 8 > =5< 45;05BAO F5==>AB=>5 AC645=85. @8G5< D0:B8G5A:0O AB>@>=0 A>1KB8O ?@8 MB>< =5 ?>425@305BAO 87<5=5=8O< (Paolino, McGrady,1978). 0BL, :>B>@CN >128=ONB 2 A20@;82>AB8, ?@54AB02;O5BAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< :0: >G5=L 701>BOI0OAO 8 =5157@07;8G=0O : AC4L15 45B59. 5A?>:>9=K9 8 B@52>6=K9 @515=>: >?8AK205BAO :0: 8A?>;=ONI89 >G5=L 206=CN @>;L 2 A5<L5 - :0: 55 >E@0=8B5;L 8 70I8B=8:. C6, >128=ONI89 65=C 2 B><, GB> >=0 =8:>340 =8G53> =5 E>G5B 45;0BL, 8 65=0, 60;CNI0AO =0 B>, GB> ?@8E>B8 <C60 =52>7<>6=> C4>2;5B2>@8BL, ?5@5>1@0<;ONBAO :0: 27O2H85 =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL A>>B25BAB25==> 70 2>;=5=85 8 157>?0A=>ABL 2 A5<L5. 01;N40O O7K: A5<L8, ?@54AB02;5=85 > <8@5 8 C65 8<5NI55AO C =8E @5H5=85 ?@>1;5< (A8<?B><K), ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2>72@0I05B >1@0B=> >1@075F ?>2545=8O 2 8=><, 1>;55 ?>78B82=>< ?5@5>1@0<;5=88 ;560I53> 2 53> >A=>25 >B=>H5=8O 8;8 A>45@60=8O - 8 B0:8< >1@07>< :;85=BK <>3CB C2845BL MB8 >1@07FK ?>2545=8O 2 =>2>< A25B5. >2K9 @0:C@A 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL C2845BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 8 ?><>305B :;85=B0< 4C<0BL 8 GC2AB2>20BL ?> ?>2>4C 8E A8BC0F88 ?>-8=><C, 2 1>;55 >?B8<8AB8G5A:>< :;NG5. -B0 B5E=8:0 0:B82=> 8A?>;L7C5BAO <=>38<8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0<8, 2<5AB5 A B5< >=0 >A>15==> 206=0 2 ?>4E>40E, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@KE ;560B AB@0B538G5A:85 8 04;5@80=A:85 <>45;8. " 5D@59<8=3" 405B >A=>2C 4;O :>=AB@C8@>20=8O ?0@04>:A0;L=KE 8=B5@25=F89 8 O2;O5BAO ACI5AB25==>9 A>AB02=>9 G0ABLN =01>@0 8=AB@C<5=B>2 2 @0<:0E 04;5@>2A:>9 <>45;8 - ?@5645 2A53> 2 ?>445@6:5 :;85=B0 8 ?>4B25@645=88 53> A0<>F5==>AB8.  8=AB@C<5=B0;L=>< ?;0=5 @5D@59<8=3 - MB> 872;5G5=85 :0:>3>-B> ?>=OB8O 87 53> ;>38G5A:>3> :;0AA0 8 ?><5I5=85 53> 2 4@C3CN A8AB5<C ;>38G5A:8E :0B53>@89 157 87<5=5=8O D0:B>2, AB>OI8E 70 MB8< ?>=OB85<. C30=L <>65B 1KBL 8=B5?@5B8@>20=0 :0: ?>?KB:8 >1CG8BL G5<C-B> =>2><C, :0: =5157@07;8G85, 8=B5@5A 8 701>B0 > ;N4OE, :>B>@KE @C30NB, :0: 65;0=85 1>@>BLAO 70 1;03> 4@C38E, <>18;87>20BL MB8E ;N459 =0 ?@>4C:B82=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL, :0: 65;0=85 2708<>459AB2>20BL A 4@C38<8 8 B0: 40;55, 157 87<5=5=8O D0:B8G5A:>9 AB>@>=K 45;0. @5>1@07>2K20O CB25@645=8O, A :>B>@K<8 ?@8E>48B A5<LO, 2 1>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=K5 ?>=OB8O, ?A8E>B5@0?52B A ?><>ILN 40==>9 B5E=8:8 ?><>305B A5<LO< @5AB@C:BC8@>20BL A8BC0F8N, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 >:070;8AL 8 459AB2>20BL ?>-8=><C. > 2A5E B5;5>;>38G5A:8->@85=B8@>20==KE B5>@8OE A8<?B>< @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: 8<5NI89 ?>;57=CN F5;L. 5@5>?@545;OO MBC F5;L =0 GB>-B> 1>;55 ?>78B82=>5, ?A8E>B5@0?52B A?>A>1AB2C5B 87<5=5=8N <>@0;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :;8<0B0 2 A5<L5. @>F54C@0 @5645 2A53> ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= ?@8A>548=8BAO : A5<L5 8 >?@545;8BL, GB> 2 40==>< A;CG05 O2;O5BAO B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 @50;L=>ABLN. 5 2AO:0O ?@0240 2 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?>;57=0. 01;N40O 2708<>459AB285 G;5=>2 A5<L8 2 @0<:0E B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K, ?A8E>B5@0?52B >B18@05B B5 40==K5, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K ?><>GL 2 @5H5=88 ?@>1;5<K. N10O ?A8E>B5@0?8O =0G8=05BAO A> AB>;:=>25=8O 42CE 273;O4>2 =0 @50;L=>ABL.  B5>@88 A8AB5<=>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 ?@54?>;0305BAO, GB> 273;O4 A5<L8 =0 8E ?@>1;5<K A2O70= A 55 A:;>==>ABLN ?>445@6820BL 8 ?@>4>;60BL ACI5AB2CNI89 ?>@O4>: 2 40==>9 A8AB5<5, 0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 273;O4 8<55B 2 :0G5AB25 F5;8 42865=85 A5<L8 : 1>;55 :><?5B5=B=><C 8 48DD5@5=F8@>20==><C >B=>H5=8N : 8E 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>9 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 @50;L=>AB8. ">;L:> 2KO282 >1@07FK ?>2545=8O, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE :064K9 8=48284 ?>445@68205B ?>2545=85 4@C3>3> 8 ?>=O2 =0 GB> A5<LO 459AB28B5;L=> 60;C5BAO, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2 A>AB>O=88 ?5@58=B5@?@5B8@>20BL 7=0G5=85 40==>3> >1@07F0 ?>2545=8O 2 4@C3CN :>=AB@C:B82=CN :0B53>@8N. @8<5@ -B>B A;CG09 A2O70= A ?@>1;5<=K< <0;LG8:><-?>4@>AB:><. "5@0?52B 3>2>@8B: "=5 :065BAO, GB> 2 A2>59 A5<L5 2K >G5=L ;N18B5 4@C3 4@C30". 0B5< >=0 ?@>4>;605B ?5@5D>@<C;8@>20=85 A8BC0F88, C:07K20O =0 ?>78B82=CN ?>;L7C A8<?B><0B8:8, :>B>@0O @50;L=> ?@8ACBAB2C5B 2 A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@5. B5F 60;C5BAO =0 B>, GB> <0BL =5 <>65B A?@028BLAO A AK=><, 0 >= A0< A;8H:>< 70=OB, GB>1K 70=8<0BLAO @515=:><. "5@0?52B <>65B A:070BL <0;LG8:C: "0: BK 4C<05HL, 6>=, 2>7<>6=> ;8, GB> B2>8 A?>@K A <0<>9 ?><>30NB 59 OA=55 ?>=OBL, G53> >=0 E>G5B 8 2 G5< =C6405BAO 2 A5<L5, 8 MB> 405B 59 A8;K 1>@>BLAO 70 >ACI5AB2;5=85 A2>8E 65;0=89?  B> 65 2@5<O, <0<0, ?@54JO2;OO B@51>20=8O A2>5<C AK=C, 2K7K205B 53> ?@>B82>AB>O=85, B5< A0<K< ?><>30O 5<C @0AB8 8 AB0=>28BLAO 1>;55 =57028A8<K<. >340 2K 242>5< AA>@8B5AL, MB> ?@82;5:05B 2=8<0=85 ?0?K, K 5<C =5157@07;8G=K, ?>MB><C >= 2<5H8205BAO 2 A8BC0F8N. "0:8< >1@07>< 2AO A5<LO >1J548=O5BAO, 0 : MB><C 2K 2A5 AB@5<8B5AL, ?>B><C GB> 8=0G5 ?0?0 <>3 1K ?>GC2AB2>20BL A51O ;8H=8<, =5=C6=K<." "5@0?52B ?5@5D>@<C;8@C5B 7=0G5=85 AA>@ B0:8< >1@07><, GB> 2A5 ?@>8AE>4OI55 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: ?><>IL :><C-B> 2 A5<L5, 0 A5<LO 2 F5;>< @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: ;N1OI0O 8 701>B;820O; 2<5AB> =5=028AB8 8 ?@5=51@565=8O 2>7=8:05B =>2K9 A<KA; - 30@<>=8O 2 A5<L5. "0:8< >1@07>< B5@0?52B 1@>A05B 2K7>2 B@048F8>==>9 A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@5, 2;8OO =0 8E 2>A?@8OB85 @50;L=>AB8. !5<LO ;81> ?@8<5B ?5@5D>@<C;8@>2:C, ;81> >B:065BAO >B =55.  ?>A;54=5< A;CG05 B5@0?52B <>65B C:070BL, GB> ?@>AB> 3>2>@8B 8< > B><, GB> 2848B 2 8E 459AB28OE, 8;8, 5A;8 >=0 3>B>28BAO : ?0@04>:A0;L=><C ?@54?8A0=8N, B> A@07C 65 ?5@5E>48B : =5<C. B>@>9 ?@8<5@ 2 040?B8@>20==>< 2845 ?@82>48BAO 87 @01>BK 5@@ 8 #8:;M=4 (Herr, Weakland, 1982). 0AA<0B@8205<0O ?@>1;5<0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 :>=D;8:B <564C 27@>A;>9 4>G5@LN 8 55 ?@5AB0@5;>9 <0B5@LN ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, <>65B ;8 <0BL ?@>4>;60BL 2>48BL <0H8=C. 0BL =0AB08205B =0 B><, GB> >=0 <>65B MB> 45;0BL 8 GB> 4>GL =5@07C<=0 8 ?@>AB> 8745205BAO =04 =59.  B> 65 2@5<O 4>GL =0AB08205B, GB> MB> =5157>?0A=> 8 GB> <0BL 87 G8AB>3> C?@O<AB20 >B:07K205BAO ?@8=8<0BL @50;L=>ABL A2>59 AB0@>AB8. "5@0?52B 70<5G05B, GB> A>3;0A=> C?>B@51;O5<><C 2 A5<L5 O7K:C <0BL C?@O<0, 0 4>GL 8745205BAO =04 =59. 0B5< >=0 ?5@5D>@<C;8@C5B A8BC0F8N. "01>B0 4>G5@8 > <0B5@8 2>8AB8=C 4>AB>9=0 2>AE8I5=8O. 54:89 G5;>25: ?@>O28B 3>B>2=>ABL 2AN4C 2>78BL A2>N <0BL =0 <0H8=5, 701>BOAL > 55 157>?0A=>AB8. ;O 1>;LH8=AB20 45B59, MB> ?>:065BAO A;8H:>< BO65;>9 =>H59. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K 701>B0 <0B5@8 > 4>G5@8 B>65 ?@>872>48B 3;C1>:>5 2?5G0B;5=85. =0 =5 E>G5B 1KBL =8 4;O :>3> >1C7>9, AB@5<OAL :0: <>6=> 4>;LH5 A>E@0=OBL A2>N =57028A8<>ABL, 4065 5A;8 MB> >7=0G05B >?@545;5==CN 4>;N @8A:0. K >15 >G5=L 701>B8B5AL 4@C3 > 4@C35 8 70I8I05B5 4@C3 4@C30." 0B5< B5@0?52B 2KA:07K205B <KA;L > B><, GB> ;N48 AB0@OBAO 2 @07=>< 2>7@0AB5 8, 2>7<>6=>, 2@0G A<>65B =0 >A=>25 >1A;54>20=8O >?@545;8BL, =0A:>;L:> @8A:>20==K< O2;O5BAO A59G0A 4;O <0B5@8 2>645=85 <0H8=K 8 40BL ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=CN @5:><5=40F8N. 0640O 87 65=I8= AB0;0 ;CGH5 4C<0BL > 4@C3>9; >=8 C2845;8 ?CBL <8@=>3> @07@5H5=8O 8E "2>9=K".  ?@82545==>< ?@8<5@5 ?@87=05BAO: GB> :0: <0BL, B0: 8 4>GL O2;ONBAO E>@>H8<8 ;N4L<8 A 4>1@K<8 =0<5@5=8O<8, :>B>@K5 701>BOBAO 4@C3 > 4@C35. 0B5< 8< ?@54;0305BAO 4;O @0AA<>B@5=8O =>20O 2>7<>6=>ABL. 5D@59<8=3 ?><>305B 8< 87<5=8BL ?@54AB02;5=8O 4@C3 > 4@C35 - =530B82=>5 >B=>H5=8O (C?@O<AB2>, 874520B5;LAB2>) 87<5=O5BAO =0 ?>78B82=>5 (701>B0, 70I8B0). A?>;L7>20=85 5D@59<8=3 87<5=O5B A<KA; A8BC0F88 157 87<5=5=8O ;560I8E 2 55 >A=>25 D0:B>2. ! 53> ?><>ILN <>6=> ?><>GL A5<LO< 8 AC?@C65A:8< ?0@0<, 70AB@O2H8E =0 :0:8E-B> ?>2B>@ONI8EAO ?>2545=G5A:8E >1@07F0E =09B8 =>2CN F5;L 8 =>2CN =04564C, ;CGH55 ?>=8<0=85 4@C3 4@C30. 5D@59<8=3 87<5=O5B :0G5AB2> 2>A?@8OB8O :;85=B0<8 A8BC0F88 8E 687=8 - A =530B82=>3> =0 ?>78B82=>5. ! ?><>ILN 40==>9 B5E=8:8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8?8AK205B 2A5< G;5=0< A5<L8 E>@>H85 =0<5@5=8O 8 ?>78B82=K5 F5;8 8E 45OB5;L=>AB8, ?>4G5@:8205B A0<>F5==>ABL G;5=>2 A5<L8 :0: 8=48284>2 8 :0: M;5<5=B>2 40==>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K.  :>=5G=>< AG5B5 A ?><>ILN B5E=8:8 "@5D@59<8=3" ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?><>305B A5<L5 871560BL =530B82=>9 A?8@0;8, :>B>@0O 2>7=8:05B 2=CB@8 @0<:8 =530B82=KE A<KA;>2 8 C65AB>G05B ?@>1;5<K :;85=B>2. 6-45 !#/&/ !" 1>A=>20=85 040=5A (Madanes,1981) @07@01>B0;0 "83@C", 2 E>45 :>B>@>9 A5<LO @07K3@K205B ?>ABC?:8, :>B>@K5 A>>B25BAB2CNB ACI5AB2CNI5<C 2 @50;L=>AB8 A8<?B><0B8G5A:><C ?>2545=8N 55 G;5=>2. 8:>;A (Nichols,1984) B0:65 >?8AK205B 8 >1AC6405B 40==CN B5E=8:C, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO ?0@04>:A0;L=K< 2<5H0B5;LAB2><, =0?@02;5==K< =0 A>740=85 1>;55 <O3:>3> MDD5:B0 87<5=5=89 ?> A@02=5=8N A >B:@KBK< =5?>28=>25=85< B5@0?52BC. -B> AB028B A5<LN 2 ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 ?>;>65=85, :>340, ?@5B5=4CO =0 >?@545;5==>5 ?>2545=85 2 83@5, >=8 C65 =5 <>3CB "=0 A0<>< 45;5" ?@>O2;OBL ?>4>1=>5 ?>2545=85. K =5 <>65B5 >4=>2@5<5==> 87>1@060BL =0;8G85 2A?KH:8 @074@065=8O 8 =0 A0<>< 45;5 ?5@56820BL 55. A;8 ?@8 MB>< ?@>8AE>48B <>45;8@>20=85 @50:F89 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8, B> 2AO A8BC0F8O AB0=>28BAO 83@>9(55 =0?@O65=85 <5=55 A5@L57=>, G5< 2 @50;L=>9 687=8), 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O :>B>@>9 =5>1E>48<> A>B@C4=8G5AB2> 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8. ">, GB> @50;L=> ?@>8AE>48B 2 A5<L5, AB0=>28BAO G0ABLN @07K3@K205<>3> 459AB28O, MB> 8 A=8605B 2=CB@8A5<59=>5 =0?@O65=85.  83@>2>9 A8BC0F88 G;5=K A5<L8 =0G8=0NB ?@>O2;OBL 1>;LHCN ?>4286=>ABL, 87<5=ONB A2>5 ?>2545=85, B5< A0<K< 2=>AO 87<5=5=8O 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C. @54?8A0=85 2:;NG05B 2 A51O 22545=85 B2>@G5A:>3> 83@>2>3> ?@>F5AA0 270<5= ?@56=8E :>=D;8:B=KE 2708<>459AB289. @8G5< CA?5E 745AL 7028A8B >B 65;0=8O CG0AB=8:>2 A>B@C4=8G0BL A ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. @>F54C@0 @5645 2A53> =5>1E>48<> ?>;CG8BL OA=CN :0@B8=C A8<?B><0B8:8 ?>2545=8O - :B> 8 :0:85 A>25@H05B ?>ABC?:8, :0:85 70 MB8< A;54CNB @50:F88, ?>:0 =5 AB0=CB >G5284=K 2A5 ?0BB5@=K. 0B5< B5@0?52B >?@545;O5B 25@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> A5<LO 3>B>20 : A>B@C4=8G5AB2C 8 1C45B 2K?>;=OBL 53> ?@>AL1K. "@5B89 H03 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K ?>?@>A8BL CG0AB=8:>2 @07K3@0BL >?@545;5==CN A8BC0F8N. =8F80B>@ 4>;65= @07K3@0BL A2>8 >1KG=K5 ?>ABC?:8, 0 >AB0;L=K5 CG0AB=8:8 - ?@54AB028BL A2>8 >1K:=>25==K5 @50:F88 =0 =8E.  :0G5AB25 G5B25@B>3> H030 B5@0?52B ?@>A8B 5I5 @07 ?@>83@0BL 2AN A8BC0F8N. 4=0:> =0 MB>B @07 : CG0AB=8:0< >1@0I0NBAO A ?@>AL1>9 >?@545;5==K< >1@07>< 87<5=8BL A2>5 ?>2545=85 - 87<5=8BL ?>A;54AB28O 8;8 ?>4G5@:=CBL 7=0G5=85 A8<?B><0. OBK9 H03 70:;NG05BAO 2 ?@54?8AK20=88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< CG0AB=8:0< 2 B5G5=85 2A53> 2@5<5=8 4> A;54CNI59 2AB@5G8 @53C;O@=> ?>2B>@OBL B0:>5 284>87<5=5==>5 ?@>83@K20=85 ?@>1;5<=>9 A8BC0F88. > 2@5<O A;54CNI59 2AB@5G8 A5<LO @0AA:07K205B B5@0?52BC > B><, GB> ?@>8AE>48;> 4><0. A;8 : MB><C <><5=BC C65 =01;N40;>AL 7=0G8B5;L=>5 87<5=5=85 ?>2545=8O, B5@0?52B <>65B ?@8=OBL :0: 40==>5, GB> 2 A8AB5<5 C65 ?@>87>H;8 =5>1@0B8AK5 87<5=5=8O, 8;8 65 >=0 <>65B 70:@5?8BL 87<5=5=8O, ?0@04>:A0;L=K< >1@07>< ?@54>AB5@530O A5<LN ?@>B82 A;8H:>< 1KAB@KE ?5@5<5= 8 70B5< ?@54;030O :;85=B0< ?@>4>;60BL 2K?>;=OBL 7040=85. @8<5@ 040=5A (Madanes,1981, AB@.147-177) ?@82>48B A;54CNI89 A;CG09. 5GL H;0 > A5<L5, A>AB>O2H59 87 <0B5@8->48=>G:8, 42CE AB0@H8E 4>G5@59, AK=0-<;045=F0 8 45AOB8;5B=53> AK=0. 0BL >1@0B8;0AL : B5@0?52BC 70 ?><>ILN 4;O A2>53> 45AOB8;5B=53> AK=0, :>B>@>3> <CG8;8 =>G=K5 :>H<0@K. 040=5A ?@54?>;>68;0, GB> <0;LG8: 15A?>:>8;AO > A2>59 <0B5@8, :>B>@0O ?>B5@O;0 42CE <C659. "5@0?52B ?>?@>A8;0 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8 >?8A0BL A2>8 A=K. >H<0@K A=8;8AL :0: <0B5@8, B0: 8 55 AK=C. ">H<0@ <0B5@8 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB> :B>-B> ?@>=8: 2 8E 4><, 0 <0;LG8:C A=8;>AL, GB> =0 =53> =0?0;0 254L<0. >340 040=5A A?@>A8;0, GB> 45;05B <0BL, :>340 55 AK=C A=OBAO :>H<0@K, >=0 >B25B8;0, GB> >1KG=> 15@5B AK=0 : A515 2 ?>AB5;L 8 3>2>@8B 5<C, GB>1K >= <>;8;AO >3C. =0 >1JOA=8;0, GB> AG8B05B ?@8G8=>9 53> :>H<0@>2 4LO2>;0". "5@0?52B ?@54?>;>68;0, GB> AB@0H=K5 A=K <0;LG8:0 <5B0D>@8G5A:8 2K@060NB AB@0E8 <0B5@8 8 53> 65;0=85 59 ?><>GL. >340 >= ?C30;AO, <0B5@8 ?@8E>48;>AL 1KBL A8;L=>9, >=0 045:20B=> @5038@>20;0, ?KB0;0AL 5<C ?><>GL.  @57C;LB0B5 C =55 =5 >AB020;>AL 2@5<5=8, GB>1K 1>OBLAO 70 A0<C A51O. >2545=85 <0;LG8:0 ?><>30;> 59, ?5@5:;NG0;> 2=8<0=85. 4=0:> 55 ?@54AB02;5=8O > 4LO2>;5 ?C30;8 AK=0 5I5 1>;LH5. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 ?><>I8 4@C3 4@C3C G;5=>2 MB>9 A5<L8 =01;N40;0AL >?@545;5==0O 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>ABL. ;O B>3>, GB>1K 70=>2> @07K3@0BL MBC A8BC0F8N, ": G;5=0 A5<L8 >1@0B8;8AL A ?@>AL1>9 ?@54AB028BL, GB> >=8 =0E>4OBAO 4><0, 8 <0BL 1>8BAO, GB> :B>-B> ?@>=8:=5B 2 4><. !K=0 ?>?@>A8;8 70I8B8BL 53> <0BL. "0:8< >1@07><, <0BL ?@8B2>@O;0AL, GB> 59 =5>1E>48<0 ?><>IL AK=0 (2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 459AB28B5;L=> 2 =59 =C640BLAO). =0G0;5 A5<LO 8A?KBK20;0 B@C4=>AB8 2 ?@>83@K20=88 MB>9 AF5=:8, B0: :0: <0BL A0<0 =0?040;0 =0 2>>1@0605<>3> 2>@0 ?@5645 G5< AK= 1K; 2 A>AB>O=88 59 ?><>GL. -B8< >=0 45<>=AB@8@>20;0, GB> <>65B A0<0 > A515 ?>701>B8BLAO, 8 59 =5 =C6=0 70I8B0 AK=0. >A;5 B>3>, :0: AF5=:0 1K;0 @07K3@0=0 ?@028;L=> (AK= =0?040; =0 2>@0), 2A5 CG0AB=8:8 ?@8ABC?8;8 : 55 >1AC645=8N. 0BL >1JOA=8;0, GB> 4;O =55 1K;> B@C4=> 83@0BL 55 @>;L, B0: :0: >=0 - G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 <>65B A0< ?>AB>OBL 70 A51O. 040=5A >B?@028;0 A5<LN 4><>9, ?>?@>A82 2 B5G5=85 =545;8 :064K9 25G5@ ?>2B>@OBL MBC AF5=C. A;8 1K AK= 2=>2L AB0; :@8G0BL 2> A=5, <0BL 4>;6=0 1K;0 @071C48BL 53> 8 2=>2L ?@>83@0BL MBC AF5=C. @0G B0:65 >1JOA=8;0 :0: 206=> 2K?>;=OBL MB> 7040=85 =5A<>B@O =0 8E CAB0;>ABL 8 ?>74=89 G0A. A:>@5 =>G=K5 :>H<0@K AK=0 ?>;=>ABLN 8AG57;8". 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> A MB>9 A5<L59 5I5 =04> 1K;> <=>3> @01>B0BL, A8<C;8@>20=85 =>G=KE :>H<0@>2, 0 B0:65 1>@L10 <0B5@8 8 AK=0 A 2>>1@0605<K< 2>@>< ?0@04>:A0;L=K< >1@07>< C=8GB>68;> AB@0E8. A?>;L7>20=85 -BC B5E=8:C <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL A ;N1>9 A5<L59 8;8 >B45;L=K< G5;>25:><, :>B>@K5 3>B>2K 8 A?>A>1=K 2K?>;=8BL ?@>AL1C 2@0G0 >?8A0BL 8 @07K3@0BL AF5=C. @8 MB>< CG0AB=8:8 AB0=>2OBAO >B25BAB25==K 70 =01;N405<K9 A8<?B><, 0 B5@0?52B ?>;CG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL 225AB8 <>48D8:0F8N 2 @07K3@K205<CN AF5=C, :>B>@0O 4@0<0B878@C5B 55 7=0G5=85 8 >15A?5G8205B 87<5=5=85 2 ?>2545=88. -DD5:B82=>ABL <5B>48:8 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> 045:20B=> B5@0?52B A?>A>15= ?>=OBL A<KA; A8<?B><0 8 ?@54;>68BL B0:>5 87<5=5=85, :>B>@>5 @0A:@>5B MB>B A<KA; 2 @07K3@K205<>9 AF5=:5. 3@0 ?5@5=>A8B 459AB285 87 @50;L=>3> <8@0 2 <8@ D0=B0788, 345 M:A?5@8<5=BK 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO 3>@074> <5=55 C3@>60NI5. >A;CH0=85 B5@0?52BC, :>B>@K9 ?@54?8AK205B A8<C;OF8N A8<?B><0 , 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 2545B : 53> 8AG57=>25=8N. 6-46 ./ ," " 1>A=>20=85 ;;N78O 0;LB5@=0B82 - MB>, B5E=8:0 @5D@59<8=30 :>B>@0O ?5@5=>A8B 2>?@>A > A8<?B><5 2 =>2CN ;>38G5A:CN :0B53>@8N, 2 :>B>@>9 2A5 2>7<>6=K5 2K1>@K O2;ONBAO ?>78B82=K<8 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=K<8. 5@5D>@<C;8@>2:0 ?><5I05B A5<59=CN A8AB5<C 2 01A>;NB=> =>2>5 8 ?@85<;5<>5 ?>;>65=85. -B>B AB0@K9 <5B>4 1K; 2>7@>645= 8;LB>=>< -@8:A>=>< 8 655< %59;8 (Haley, 1973) 8 >?8A0= @59B><, >=-8 < 8 #8;L=5@>< (Breit, Won-Gi Im, Wilner, 1983). = >A=>20= =0 @5D@59<8=35 (4;O >1JOA=5=8O ACB8 MB>3> ?@>F5AA0 A<. @0745; " 5D@59<8=3" 2 MB>9 3;025). 1KG=> ;N48 AG8B0NB 2K1>@ 1>;55 ?@85<;5<K< G5< ?@8:07 8 5A;8 ?@54>AB02;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL 2K1>@0, B>, B5< A0<K<, ?@5>4>;5205BAO A>?@>B82;5=85 :;85=B>2. >;LH8=AB2> @>48B5;59 B@C4=KE 45B59 7=0:><K A MB>9 B5E=8:>9, :>B>@0O ?5@5<5I05B 0:F5=B A B>3>, 1C45B ;8 ?0F85=B A>B@C4=8G0BL, =0 B>, :0: 8;8 :>340 >= 1C45B A>B@C4=8G0BL. "5@0?52B, ?@8=8<0O :0: 40==>5 65;0=85 ?0F85=B0 A>B@C4=8G0BL 8 ?@54;0305B 5<C ?????apparent???2K1>@. -@8:A>= ?>=O;, GB> B0:>5 8;;N7>@=K9 2K1>@, 2 45BAB25, :>340 >B5F A?@0H820; 53>: ">3> BK E>G5HL =0:>@<8BL 2=0G0;5 - FK?;OB 8;8 ?>@>AOB?" (Haley, 1973). @>F54C@0 "5@0?52B ?@>872>48B 4803=>AB8:C A8AB5<K A8AB5<K 8 4>18205BAO >?@545;5==>3> ?>=8<0=8O B>3>, :0: 2 =59 DC=:F8>=8@C5B A8<?B><. 0B5< >=0 ?5@5D>@<C;8@C5B A8<?B>< 2 =>2CN ;>38G5A:CN :0B53>@8N, :>B>@0O 1>;55 ?@85<;5<0 2 >B=>H5=88 F5==>AB59 8 <5B0D>@ 40==>9 A5<L8. 0?@8<5@, =5?>A;CH=K9 ?>4@>AB>: E0@0:B5@87C5BAO :0: G5;>25:, 8A?>;L7CNI89 =>2K5 =02K:8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K AB0BL 1>;55 =57028A8<K< 8 A0<>4>AB0B>G=K<. >B>< B5@0?52B ?@54?8AK205B ?>78B82=K5 2K1>@K: "%>B5; 1K BK AB0BL =0 MB>9 =545;5 1>;55 =57028A8<K<, A0<>AB>OB5;L=> 2K?>;=OO 2A5 A2>8 4><0H=85 7040=8O, 4>1@>2>;L=> 45;0O @07;8G=CN @01>BC ?> 4><C 8;8 BK ?@54?>G5; 1K =09B8 >?;0G8205<CN @01>BC?" ACI5AB2;OO 2K1>@, :;85=B ?@8=8<05B =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 A2>5 ?>2545=85, 8 45;05B B>, GB> 5<C E>G5BAO. "0:8< >1@07><, 53> >??>78F8>==>5 ?>2545=85 =0?@02;O5BAO 2 :>=AB@C:B82=>5 @CA;>.  B> 65 2@5<O, B0: :0: ?>4@>AB>: 45;05B GB>-B> >4>1@O5<>5 @>48B5;O<8, ?>A;54=85 ?>1C640NBAO : B><C, GB>1K =5 2<5H820BLAO 2 53> 45OB5;L=>ABL, B0: GB> @515=>: <>65B GC2AB2>20BL A51O 1>;55 =57028A8<K<. -B> =0@CH05B F8:;8G5A:89 A0<>?>445@6820NI89AO 2=CB@8A5<59=K9 ?0BB5@=, 1;03>40@O :>B>@><C ?@>8AE>48B A>E@0=5=85 A8<?B><0. "5?5@L @515=:C =5G5<C ?@>B82>AB>OBL; >= 2>2;5:05BAO 2 ?@>4C:B82=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL, :>B>@0O ?@8OB=0 8 5<C, 8 53> @>48B5;O<. @8<5@ @09B 8 4@. (Breit, Won-Gi Im, Wilner, 1983) >?8A0;8 A;54CNI89 A;CG09. 25=04F0B8;5B=OO 452>G:0, E>@>H0O CG5=8F0, :>B>@CN 2KA>:> F5=OB 2 A5<L5, AB0;0 8A?KBK20BL D>18N : H:>;5 2 @57C;LB0B5 >?5@0F88 ?> C40;5=8N 0??5=48F8B0,:>B>@0O =5>6840==> A>?@O3;0AL A C40;5=85< >4=>3> O8G=8:0. 5 2K74>@>2;5=85 1K;> >A;>6=5=> ?>A;5>?5@0F8>==>9 8=D5:F859. >A;5 B>3>, :0: >=0 >:>=G0B5;L=> 2K74>@>25;0 8 4>;6=0 1K;0 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 H:>;C, 452>G:0 =5 A<>3;0 MB>3> A45;0BL. =0 =0E>48;0AL 4><0 <5AOF 70 <5AOF5< 2 A>AB>O=88 BO65;>9 45?@5AA88 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> ?0@0;8G0, >B:07K20OAL =5 B>;L:> E>48BL 2 H:>;C, => 8 2845BLAO A 4@C7LO<8 8 @>4AB25==8:0<8. 15A?>:>5==K5 @>48B5;8 2=0G0;5 ?@825;8 55 : >4=><C B5@0?52BC, 70B5< : 4@C3><C. 5@20O B5@0?52B >:070;0AL =5?@85<;5<>9 4;O 452>G:8 8 55 @>48B5;59, B0: :0:, ?> A;>20< @>48B5;59, ":>?0;0AL 2 55 ?@>H;><", B5< A0<K< C15640O A5<LN, GB> ?0F85=B:0 8<5;0 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K 5I5 4> E8@C@38G5A:>3> 2<5H0B5;LAB20. B>@>9 B5@0?52B, 2 D@CAB@0F88 >B B>3>, GB> =5 A<>3 25@=CBL 55 2 H:>;C, A?>A>1AB2>20; >BGC645=8N 452>G:8 8 @>48B5;59 B5< GB>, >128=O; 55 2 <0=8?C;OF88. !45;0==K9 452>G:>9 @8AC=>: "A>25@H5==>9 A5<L8", 0 B0:65 B>B D0:B, GB> >A>1K< ?@54<5B>< 3>@4>AB8 <0B5@8 1K;0 C25@5==>ABL 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 74>@>2L5 55 A5<L8, ?>72>;8;8 OA=> C2845BL, GB> 4803=>7 M<>F8>=0;L=>3> =0@CH5=8O 1K; 4;O =8E ?>4>15= 0=0D5<5. >MB><C ?5@2K< H03>< B5@0?52B0 1K;0 ?5@5D>@<C;8@>2:0 H:>;L=>9 D>188 :0: =>@<0;L=>3> MB0?0 2K74>@>2;5=8O. 52>G:5 8 55 @>48B5;O< >1JOA=8;8, GB> ;N48, ?5@5682H85 >?5@0F8N, =C640NBAO 2 >?@545;5==>< 2@5<5=8 4;O 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O 74>@>2LO. @8=8<0O 2> 2=8<0=85 AB@0E :;85=B0, GB> 59 ?>AB02OB 4803=>7 "M<>F8>=0;L=K5 =0@CH5=8O", 59 70B5< >1JOA=8;8, GB> 5A;8 =>@<0;L=K9 ?5@8>4 2K74>@>2;5=8O 70BO38205BAO A;8H:>< =04>;3>, B> MB> 3>2>@8B > 2>7<>6=>9 ?A8E>?0B>;>388. >MB><C 4;O =55 =0ABC?8;> A0<>5 2@5<O 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 H:>;C. 48=AB25==K9 2>?@>A, :>B>@K9 ?@54AB>O;> @5H8BL, 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, 2 :0:CN H:>;C >=0 ?@54?>GB5B ?>9B8. A;8 >=0 GC2AB2>20;0 1K A51O A;8H:>< 48A:><D>@B=> 2 A2>59 AB0@>9 H:>;5, B> <>3;0 1K ?>4C<0BL > B><, GB>1K 2K1@0BL 4@C3CN H:>;C 2 8E @09>=5, 8;8 H:>;C 2 4@C3>< @09>=5, 8;8 4065 G0AB=CN H:>;C.  B5G5=85 2A59 A;54CNI59 =545;8 A5<LO 1K;0 70=OB0 >1AC645=85< B>3>, :0:CN H:>;C 59 ;CGH5 2K1@0BL, 701K2 > ?5@2>< 2>?@>A5 - A;54C5B ;8 2>>1I5 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 H:>;C. >A;5 4>;38E @07<KH;5=89 A5<LO @5H8;0, GB> 452>G:0 1C45B 68BL A> A2>59 101CH:>9 2 4@C3>< @09>=5. > :>=F0 CG51=>3> 3>40 >=0 E>48;0 2 =>2CN H:>;C 157 :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> ?@87=0:>2 2>72@0I5=8O ?@56=59 D>188. A?>;L7>20=85 ;;N78O 0;LB5@=0B82 ?@54AB02;O5BAO =081>;55 ?>;57=>9 :0: A@54AB2> ?@5>4>;5=8O A>?@>B82;5=8O. =0 87<5=O5B =530B82=>5 =0 ?>78B82=>5, >?8AK205B =0<5@5=8O 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8, 2 >A>15==>AB8 :;85=B0, :0: 4>1@K5, 8 ?@54>AB02;O5B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>78B82=>3> 2K1>@0, ?><>30O C;CGH8BL DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 A5<L8. -B> @07@5H05B 2=CB@8A5<59=K9 :>=D;8:B 8 A=8<05B >BGC645==>ABL <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8. @54;>65=85, 8AE>4OI55 >B 02B>@8B5B=>9 ;8G=>AB8, 8A?>;L7CNI59 A5<59=CN <5B0D>@C, O2;O5BAO 206=K< AB8<C;>< : 459AB28N. !5<LO >ICI05B ?@8;82 =>2KE A8;, B0: :0: 2>>G8N 2848B ?@54>AB02;5==CN 2>7<>6=>ABL 2K1>@0. 6-47  !, !,:  #'",  " . ! "/.)!/ ' !, 1>A=>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 A:>=AB@C8@>20=0 B0:8< >1@07><, GB> AB028B >B:07K20NI53>AO CG0AB2>20BL 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E A5AA8OE G;5=0 A5<L8 2 A8BC0F8N "42>9=>9 A2O78" 8 MB> 70AB02;O5B 53> ?@84B8 =0 A5AA8N. 8:A 8 010B (L'Abate, Weeks,1982) 8 -;;8A (Ellis,1965) C:07K20NB, GB> ?8AL<0 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?A8E>B5@0?88 C65 402=>. "0:85 AB@0B538G5A:85 B5@0?52BK :0: !5;L28=8 0;077>;8, >A:>;>,'5GG8=, @0B0(Selvini Palazzoli,Boscolo, Cecchin, Prata, 1978),010B 8 8:A(L'Abate, Weeks,1982) B0:65 1K;8 ?@825@65=F0<8 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?8AL<5==>3> ?0@04>:A0;L=>3> >1I5=8O 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. ;85=BK G0AB> CB25@640NB, GB> >=8 =5 <>3CB 70AB028BL :0:>3>-B> G;5=0 A5<L8 ?@84B8 =0 A5AA8N. # B5@0?52B0 2 MB>< A;CG05 =5A:>;L:> 2K1>@>2. =0 <>65B, =0?@8<5@, =5 ?@8=8<0BL :;85=B0 157 53> A5<L8, GB> <>65B A0<> ?> A515 >:070BLAO E>@>H8< B5AB>< =0 B>, =0A:>;L:> :;85=B ?@540= 8455 B5@0?88. A;8 :;85=B 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 708=B5@5A>20= 2 @01>B5, >= =0945B A?>A>1K ?@825AB8 2AN A5<LN =0 A5AA8N. "@51>20=85 ?@825AB8 AC?@C30 8;8 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 <>65B A;C68BL 4;O :;85=B0 ?>:070B5;5< ?@>D5AA8>=0;87<0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 55 ?@825@65==>AB8 ?@8=F8?0< A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. 4=0:>, 2<5AB5 A B5<, MB> <>65B 8=B5=A8D8F8@>20BL ACI5AB2CNICN 1>@L1C 70 2;0ABL <564C :;85=B>< 8 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8 >A;>6=8BL 2=CB@8A5<59=CN >1AB0=>2:C. A;8 :;85=B ?@8=8<05B ?@54?8A0=85 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 ?@825AB8 =0 A5AA8N A2>53> AC?@C30, B> 2>7<>6=> 2 MB>< A;CG05 =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 2 ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5@25=F88. 4=0:>, 5A;8 ?@O<0O 8=B5@25=F8O =5 A@01>B05B, MB> <>65B 1KBL ?@>8=B5@?@5B8@>20=> :0: D>@<0 A>?@>B82;5=8O ?0@B=5@0 8 ?0@04>:A0;L=0O 8=B5@25=F8O 2 40==>< A;CG05 <>65B >:070BLAO 1>;55 CA?5H=>9. @>F54C@0.  B> 2@5<O :0: 8<55BAO <=>3> B8?>2 ?0@04>:A0;L=KE ?8A5< (A<. L'Abate, Weeks, 1982, 2 3;025 9, 8 Selvini Palazzoli,Boscolo, Cecchin, Prata,1978 2 3;025 13) B5E=8:0 >?8A0==0O 745AL C7:> =0?@02;5=0 =0 ?@82;5G5=85 =0 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:CN A5AA8N >BACBAB2CNI53> G;5=0 A5<L8. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= 8<5BL 38?>B57C 4;O >1JOA=5=8O B>3>, ?>G5<C 40==K9 G;5= A5<L8 =5 E>G5B O2;OBLAO =0 A5AA8N. 0?@8<5@, ?@O<0O ?@>AL10 ?@84B8 <>65B 1KBL >B:;>=5=0, 5A;8 "A>?@>B82;ONI89AO" =5 8<55B 65;0=8O A?>A>1AB2>20BL CA?5H=><C ?@>42865=8N ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. 564C B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B B0: A>AB02;O5B ?8AL<>, GB>1K >=> 1K;> 2>A?@8=OB> A;54CNI8< >1@07><: >B:07 ?@84B8 1C45B ?@8G8=>9 :0: @07 B>3>, G53> A>?@>B82;ONI89AO >?0A05BAO,5A;8 >= =0 A5AA8N 2A5-B0:8 ?@845B. >;CG82 ?>4>1=>5 ?8AL<>, A>?@>B82;ONI89AO 1C45B C65 <5=55 C25@5= 2 B><, GB> >B:07 >B CG0AB8O 2 A5AA8OE O2;O5BAO ?@>4C:B82=K< ?CB5< 4>AB865=8O B5E F5;59, :>B>@K5 >= ?5@54 A>1>9 AB028B. 0?@8<5@, 5A;8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>4>7@5205B, GB> 65=0 =5 CG0ABAB2C5B 2> 2AB@5G0E ?>B><C, GB> MB8< ?KB05BAO ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL A2>N 2;0ABL 8 A?>A>1=>ABL :>=B@>;8@>20BL ?>2545=85 <C60 2> 2@5<O A5AA89, >=0 <>65B >1@0B8BLAO : ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 8=B5@25=F88 8 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K ?@83;0A8BL 65=C ?@8A>548=8BAO : A2>5<C <C6C 2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 2 :0G5AB25 G;5=0 A5<L8, :>B>@K9 <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL CA?5EC 40==>9 @01>BK (MB> :0: @07 B>, G53> 65=0 =5 E>G5B 45;0BL), ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B =0<5:=CBL 2 ?8AL<5, A>AB02;5==>< 2 ?0@04>:A0;L=>< :;NG5, GB> >=0 >G5=L F5=8B B>, GB> 65=0 >B:07K205BAO CG0AB2>20BL 2 A5AA8OE B0: :0: >B405B A515 >BG5B 2 B><, GB> <C6 <>65B @01>B0BL A AC?@C65A:8<8 ?@>1;5<0<8 1>;55 MDD5:B82=> 157 55 CG0AB8O. 1KG=> ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 ?8AL<> =0G8=05BAO A B>3> 8;8 8=>3> @5D@59<8=30 - ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8?8AK205B A>?@>B82;ONI5<CAO G;5=C A5<L8 ?>78B82=K5 =0<5@5=8O. 0 MB8< A;54C5B CB25@645=85, AB02OI55 >B:07K20NI53>AO A>B@C4=8G0BL G5;>25:0 2 A8BC0F8N "42>9=>9 A2O78", 5A;8 B>B 1C45B ?@>4>;60BL 459AB2>20BL 2 B>< 65 4CE5. A8E>B5@0?52B 405B 8=AB@C:F8N ?@>4>;60BL >??>78F8>==>5 ?>2545=85. A;8 G5;>25: ?>A;CH05BAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, MB> 1C45B >7=0G0BL, GB> >= A>3;0H05BAO A>B@C4=8G0BL, GB> A0<> ?> A515 O2;O5BAO =5>1E>48<>9 A>AB02=>9 G0ABLN ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. A;8 65 >= >B:;>=O5B ?@54?8A0=85, B> ?@>4>;605B >ACI5AB2;OBL A2>5 >??>78F8>==>5 ?>2545=85, => C65 ?@894O =0 2AB@5GC. 8AL<> A>AB02;O5BAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K 53> B5:AB ?>4@07C<520;, GB> >B:07 ?@84B8 ?>4@K205B =0<5@5=85 MB>3> G5;>25:0 =5 A>B@C4=8G0BL.  @57C;LB0B5 C =53> ?>O2;O5BAO 1>;LH55 ?>1C645=85 : ?@8ACBAB28N =0 A5AA8OE, G5< : >BACBA28N =0 =8E. 8AL<> >1KG=> ?8HCB =0 >4=C AB@0=8FC. ! 53> ?><>ILN 4>AB830NBAO B>;L:> >4=0( 2 :@09=5< A;CG05 - 425) AB@0B538G5A:85 F5;8. >=5G=> :;85=BK 4>;6=K >1;040BL A?>A>1=>AB8 G8B0BL ?8AL<0 8 ?>=8<0BL 8E. "I0B5;L=0O ?>43>B>2:0 ?>4>1=>3> ?8AL<0 >1KG=> 70=8<05B =5 <5=55 >4=>3> G0A0. @8<5@. >;>40O 65=I8=0 ?@>E>48;0 B5@0?8N ?> ?>2>4C AC?@C65A:8E ?@>1;5< 8 A>>1I8;0 > B><, GB> 55 <C6 =5 E>G5B ?>A5I0BL ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 2<5AB5 A =59. 01>B0O A :;85=B><, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8H;0 : 2K2>4C, GB> <C6 =0?C30= A0<8< D0:B>< @01>BK 53> 65=K A ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. = 25@>OB=> ?>;030;, GB> 2 53> >BACBAB288 65=0 =5 A<>65B >1AC640BL ?@>1;5<K, A2O70==K5 A 8E 1@0:>< 8 A2>8< >B:07>< ?KB0;AO A01>B8@>20BL @01>BC. 865 A;54CNI55 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 ?8AL<>, A>AB02;5==>5 B5@0?52B>< 8 ?>A;0==>5 6>, ?>A;5 B@5BL59 A5AA88 A 53> 65=>9 6>9A. >@>3>9 6>! / ?>@065=0 B2>59 ?@540==>AB8 1@0:C 8 C15645==>ABLN 2 B><, GB> 2A5 ?@>8AE>48B B0:, :0: 4>;6=> ?@>8AE>48BL. "2>5 65;0=85 ?>65@B2>20BL A2>8<8 =C640<8 8 A>740BL 4;O 65=K 2A5 CA;>28O 4;O 55 A>1AB25==>3> @>AB0 8 C?>@=>9 =57028A8<>9 @01>BK =0 =0H8E A5AA8OE 4>AB>9=K ?>E20;K. =5 :065BAO >G5=L F5==K< 8 B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, GB> BK =0H5; 2 A515 A8;K ?>>I@8BL 6>9A : B><C, GB>1K @0AA:070BL <=5 > ?@>1;5<0E, A2O70==KE A 20H8< 1@0:>< 8 A B>1>9 ;8G=>, 2?>;=5 4>25@OO 55 2>A?@8OB8N A8BC0F88, 8 =5 284O =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?@84B8 8 A:070BL 745AL, GB> AG8B05HL 206=K<. >A:>;L:C 6>9A A>>1I8;0 <=5, GB> 2K 45;8B5 @0AE>4K =0 ?A8E>B5@0?8N ?>?>;0<, O 4C<0N, B515 1K;> 1K ?@8OB=> C7=0BL, GB> 45;0 C =55 84CB 25AL<0 =5?;>E>, :0: ?> >B=>H5=8N : 55 ;8G=>AB=><C @>ABC, B0: 8 2 >?@545;5=88 B>3>, GB> >=0 645B >B 20H53> 1@0:0. 6>9A A:070;0 <=5, GB> B515 1K =5 E>B5;>AL ?@8=8<0BL CG0AB85 2 =0H8E A5AA8OE 8 O C2060N B2>N ?>78F8N 8 B25@4>ABL, A :>B>@>9 BK 55 70I8I05HL. ">, GB> BK =5 ?@8E>48HL, B5< A0<K< 65@B2CO A>1>9, 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 >:070;>AL >G5=L ?>;57=K<. >=5G=>, 5A;8 B515 ?>:065BAO, GB> >=0 C65 4>18;0AL 4>AB0B>G=KE CA?5E>2 2 A2>5< 8=48284C0;L=>< ;8G=>AB=>< @>AB5, BK <>65HL ?@8A>548=8BAO : =0H59 @01>B5. ! A8<?0B859 : B515, >340 6> ?@>G8B0; ?8AL<>, >= A?@>A8; 6>9A, =5 HCB8B ;8 B5@0?52B, 2A5 ;8 2 55 ?8AL<5 ?@0240. 6>9A >B25B8;0, GB> 2A5 ?@>8AE>48B 8<5==> B0: 8 GB> >=0 >G5=L 4>2>;L=0 A2>8< ?@>3@5AA><. >A;5 >G5@54=>9 2AB@5G8 6>9A ?>72>=8;0 8 A:070;0, GB> 6> E>G5B C7=0BL, <>6=> ;8 5<C ?@84B8 2 A;54CNI89 @07 - "?@>AB> ?>A<>B@5BL" GB> ?@>8AE>48B. A?>;L7>20=85 @8=F8?80;L=0O ?>;L70 >B 40==>9 B5E=8:8 A>AB>8B 2 ?@5>4;5=88 A>?@>B82;5=8O G5@57 ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 ?@54?8A0=85 "?@>4>;60BL A>?@>B82;OBLAO". !0< ?@>F5AA =0?8A0=8O ?8AL<0 ?>1C6405B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 BI0B5;L=> >14C<0BL 2AN ?@>8AE>4OICN A8BC0F8N, 0 :;85=B0< ?>1K20BL 2 @>;8 2=5H=53> =01;N40B5;O, 0 =5 =5?>A@54AB25==>3> CG0AB=8:0 ?@>F5AA0. 0?8A0==K9 B5:AB 3>@074> B@C4=55 >B25@3=CBL, G5< CAB=>5 ?>A;0=85. "5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL ?@8<5=5=0 : ;N1><C A>?@>B82;ONI5<CAO G;5=C A5<L8, :>B>@K9 2 A>AB>O=88 G8B0BL 8;8 2>A?@8=8<0BL B5:AB =0 A;CE. 4=0:> B5E=8:0 =5 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 2 ?@8=F8?5 ?@>B82>?>:070=0 ;N10O ?0@04>:A0;L=0O 8=B5@25=F8O. 6-48  / !#&,+% $" 1>A=>20=85 .8B0:5@ (in Held and Bellows,1983) >?@545;O5B "703@O7=5=85"(contamination) :0: 45B0;L=>5 8AA;54>20=85 AC8F840;L=>9 D0=B0788 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A45;0BL 55 @50;L=>5 2>?;>I5=85 =52>7<>6=K<. 4;5@(in Dinkmeyer,Pew, Dinkmeyer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in Ansbacher, Ansbacher,1956) @0AA<0B@8205B 1>;LH8=AB2> AC8F84>2 :0: 0:BK "7;>9 3>@4>AB8", F5;L :>B>@KE 4>AB865=8O ;8G=>3> ?@52>AE>4AB20 =04 4@C38<8. @>F54C@0 !0< ?;0= ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A5AA88 >A=>2K205BAO =0 B>< D0:B5, GB> ?0F85=B 3@>78B A>25@H8BL A0<>C189AB2>, 8;8 4065 C65 ?@8G8=8; A515 2@54 4> 40==>9 15A54K. A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;6=0 C65 8<5BL =5:>B>@>5 7=0=85 > A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@5 5I5 4> ?5@2>3> 8=B5@2LN A B0:8< ?0F85=B><. >65B 1KBL 59 AB>8B ?>15A54>20BL ?@5420@8B5;L=> A =5:>B>@K<8 G;5=0<8 53> A5<L8. A8E>B5@0?52B >B<5G05B, GB> :;85=B 2>7<>6=> ?@542845; :0:>9 MDD5:B 53> AC8F84 <>65B 8<5BL =0 B5E, :B> 53> >:@C605B 8 ?@54;0305B :;85=BC 2>>1@078BL A515 25@>OB=CN @50:F8N 53> 1;87:8E, :>340 >=8 24@C3 C7=0NB > 53> A<5@B8, :0: >=8 1C4CB A51O 25AB8 =0 ?>E>@>=0E 8 ?>A;5 =8E. ;85=B0 ?@>AOB 2 45B0;OE >?8A0BL 53> D0=B0788 =0 MBC B5<C. B> :>=:@5B=> 1C45B CG0AB2>20BL 2> 2A5E MB8E <5@>?@8OB8OE? 0: >=8 1C4CB >45BK? 0: CG0AB=8:8 ?>E>@>= 1C4CB AB>OBL, GB> 1C4CB 45;0BL? 'B> 1C4CB 3>2>@8BL? 0:CN 54C 1C4CB 5ABL =0 ?><8=:0E? 0:0O B>340 1C45B ?>3>40? C4CB ;8 =5:@>;>38 2 3075B0E? >;CG5==K5 >?8A0=8O ?>72>;OB ?A8E>B5@0?52BC >F5=8BL ?@8G8=K AC8F840. A;8 8<55B <5AB> "7;0O 3>@4>ABL", >=0 <>65B ?>?KB0BLAO 70<CB=8BL MBC D0=B078N. >?@>AK > 45B0;OE, >B=>AOI8EAO : 75<=>9, A25BA:>9 @50;L=>AB8 A0<8 ?> A515 <>3CB 45<8A<8AB8D8F8@>20BL ?5@56820=8O :;85=B0, A45;0BL 8E <5=55 35@>8G5A:8<8. 0B5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?>?@>A8BL :;85=B0 @07K3@0BL 53> D0=B078N, 8A?>;=OO @>;8 ?> >G5@548 2A5E CG0AB=8:>2 2>7<>6=>9 B@035488. :B82=K9 83@>2>9 ?@>F5AA, :@><5 2A53> ?@>G53>, 2 A>AB>O=88 2K720BL A=865=85 =0?@O65=8O, 8<5NI53> A2>8< 8AB>G=8:>< <KA;8 > AC8F845. >340 AF5=:0 @07K3@0=0, ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B C:070BL :;85=BC =0 25@>OB=K9 8AB>G=8: 53> <>B820F88 - =0 "7;CN 3>@4>ABL". =>340, :>340 :;85=B ?>;CG05B >B 4@C3>3> C20605<>3> 8< G5;>25:0 8=D>@<0F8N > 459AB28B5;L=>9 ?@8G8=5 53> D0=B0789 >= >:07K205BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 CA<>B@5BL 8 4@C385 @5H5=8O, 2>7<>6=K5 2 53> 687=5==>9 A8BC0F88, :@><5 ">:>=G0B5;L=>3>". A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B, :@><5 B>3>, 2 :@0A:0E >?8A0BL, GB> ?@>8AE>48B A B5;><, :>340 >=> >:07K205BAO 2 75<;5, :0: G5@2O:8 1C4CB ?> =5<C ?>;70BL 8 B.?. =0 <>65B B0:65 C?><O=CBL 8 > B><, GB> 3075B0, 2 :>B>@>9 1C45B >?C1;8:>20= =5:@>;>3 1C45B 8A?>;L7>20=0 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 7025@=CBL <CA>@, 70B5< 55 A>63CB. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B A:070BL 8 > B><, GB> 1;87:85 2A:>@5 25@>OB=55 2A53> 701C4CB =5AG0AB=>3> 8 709<CBAO A2>8<8 ?>2A54=52=K<8 45;0<8. A8E>B5@0?52B 8<55B B0:65 2>7<>6=>ABL 70459AB2>20BL GC2AB2> 28=K :;85=B0. A;8 F5;LN ?>A;54=53> O2;O5BAO 8=8F88@>20=85 GC2AB20 28=K C 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8, >=0 <>65B 87;8H=5 ?@5C25;8G8BL CI5@1, :>B>@K9 :;85=B <>65B 8< =0=5AB8 A2>8< ?>ABC?:><, B0:8< >1@07><, ?>2KH0O F5=C B5E 459AB289, :>B>@K5 :;85=B A>18@05BAO A>25@H8BL. >7<>65= 8 0;LB5@=0B82=K9 ?>4E>4 - >=0 G@57<5@=> <8=8<878@C5B 7=0G5=85 ?;0=8@C5<KE 459AB289 8 ?@54AB02;O5B 2A5 B0:8< >1@07><, GB> F5=0 53> 459AB289 =5 A>>B25BAB2C5B 70B@0B0<. @C30O ?@>F54C@0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K =0?@028BL :;85=B0 =0 25@10;L=>5 2K@065=85 A2>53> 3=520. >6=> B0:65 >@30=87>20BL 2>>1@0605<>5 8;8 4065 @50;L=>5 87185=85 ?>4CH:>9 B>3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@><C :;85=B E>B5; >B><AB8BL. A;8 >= E>G5B 1KBL 4> :>=F0 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> 3>@4K< 8 871028BL 8E >B =5?@8OB=>3> 3@C70, B> >1JOB85 8;8 ?>40@>: 2 MB>< :>=B5:AB5 1>;LH5 ?>4E>4OB, G5< B0 F5=0, :>B>@CN 1;87:8< ?@845BAO 70?;0B8BL 70 ?>E>@>=K. @8<5@ 30-;5B=OO 0C@0 =5402=> >24>25;0, A =59 >AB0;AO 12-;5B=89 @515=>:. C6 4><8=8@>20; =04 =59, 0 >=0 1K;0 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE ?0AA82=0. >A;5 A<5@B8 <C60 C =55 A>2A5< =5 >AB0;>AL 45=53, =5 1K;> C25@5==>AB8 2 702B@0H=5< 4=5. !<5@BL <C60 70AB028;0 55 :0@48=0;L=> 87<5=8BL A2>N 687=L. =0 ?><5=O;0 @01>BC 2 F5@:>2=>9 >1I8=5, 345 >=0 1K;0 70=OB0 =5 F5;K9 45=L, =0 A;C61C, 345 59 ?@8E>48;>AL ?@>2>48BL ?>;=K9 45=L. 5 H5D 1K; >G5=L 2=8<0B5;5= : =59 2 :@8B8G5A:89 ?5@8>4 ?>A;5 A<5@B8 <C60 8 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 40; 59 ?>=OBL, GB> >=0 5<C =@028BAO, AB0; CE06820BL 70 =59. 0C@0 ?@8=O;0 53> CE06820=8O 8 8E >B=>H5=8O 70H;8 4>AB0B>G=> 40;5:>. >A;5 MB>3> >= AB0; <0=8?C;8@>20BL 5N, >1@0I0BLAO A =59 :0: A 25ILN. 0 A5AA88 0C@0 ?@87=0;0, GB> =0E>48BAO 2 45?@5AA88, 70:@KB0 >B 2A53>, GB>1K <>3;> 59 ?><>GL A?@028BLAO A A8BC0F859 8 E>B5;0 1K ?>:>=G8BL 687=L A0<>C189AB2><. >340 B5@0?52B A?@>A8; 55 :0: >=0 A>18@05BAO MB> A45;0BL, 0C@0 >B25B8;0, GB> ?@54?>G;0 1K ?@8=OBL 1>;LHCN 4>7C :0:8E-B> B01;5B>:, >4=0:> C =55 8E ?>:0 =5B 8 >=0 =5 7=05B :0:85 8<5==> B01;5B:8 =C6=K. "5@0?52B("): 0C@0, :0: BK AG8B05HL B2>O A<5@BL ?>2;8O5B =0 1;87:8E B515 ;N459? 5 <>3;0 1K BK =0@8A>20BL :0@B8=C? (0C@0 <>;G0 ?@54AB02;O5B A515 AF5=C).  A59G0A, ?>60;C9AB0, >?8H8, GB> BK A515 ?@54AB028;0. 0C@0(): / 286C <>53> 1>AA0, 2A5E @>4AB25==8:>2 <C60 8 <0BL, AB>OI8E 2>:@C3 <>38;K. A5 >=8 ?;0GCB 8 GC2AB2CNB A51O >G5=L 28=>20BK<8 70 B>, GB> =5 ?><>3;8 <=5, :>340 O =C640;0AL 2 8E ?><>I8! ": B0:, BK C1L5HL A51O 8 >=8 ?>60;5NB >1 MB><. @O<> :0: ?OB8;5B=OO 452>G:0, @0AA5@482H0OAO =0 A2>8E @>48B5;59. : (A<55BAO). ": >65HL ;8 BK ?@54AB028BL A515 B2>53> 1>AA0 C <>38;K (0C@0 ?@>A83=0;8;0 B5@0?52BC - 40). !:068 5<C, GB> BK 7;0 =0 =53> 70 B>, :0: >= 25; A51O A B>1>9. : =05HL, BK =0AB>OI0O A28=LO. / ;N1;N B51O, 0 BK 83@05HL A> <=>9. "K ?@8E>48HL, ?>;CG05HL 2A5, GB> B515 >B <5=O =C6=> 8 CE>48HL. / @8A:CN 2A5<. >G5<C 65 BK 1>8HLAO? ": 2CG8B B0:, :0: 1C4B> 2 20H8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE BK A8;L=0O, 0 >= - A;01K9. >65B BK =5 ?>72>;O5HL A515 1KBL A8;L=55 <C6G8=, :>B>@KE ;N18HL 8 B515 ?@>I5 C18BL A51O? : / =8:>340 =5 4C<0;0 > A515 :0: > A8;L=>9. ": %>@>H>, BK 15@5HL =0 A51O 2AN >B25AB25==>ABL 70 20H8 >B=>H5=8O, 0 C =53> 4065 =5B A<5;>AB8 ?>:>=G8BL A A>1>9! : / =5 7=0N, GB> <=5 45;0BL. =5 >= 459AB28B5;L=> >G5=L =@028BAO, => O =5 <>3C 2K45@60BL 2A5 MB>! ": 'B> A;CG8BAO ?>A;5 ?>E>@>=? 5 <>3;0 1K BK ?@54AB028BL A515 8 MB>? : A5 >=8 >B?@02OBAO ?> 4><0<. >9 H5D : A2>59 65=5 8 45BO<. >O <0BL - 2> $;>@84C. >4AB25==8:8 <>53> <C60 - 2 A2>8 A5<L8. ":  GB> A;CG8BAO ?>B><? : =8 1C4CB 3>2>@8BL >1> <=5 8 8< 1C45B <5=O =5 E20B0BL. ": "K GB>, HCB8HL? >340 >=8 ?@84CB 4><>9, ?5@2>5, GB> >=8 A45;0NB - 2:;NG0B B5;5287>@, A=8<CB >1C2L 8 1C4CB =0A;0640BLAO E>@>H8< :>=LO:>< 8 :>D5.  GB> 1C45HL 45;0BL 2 MB> 2@5<O BK? : 8G53>. ": >=5G=>, >G5=L <8;> A B2>59 AB>@>=K ?>65@B2>20BL A>1>9 @048 <C6G8=K, B51O @07>7;82H53>. "K =0AB>;L:> 7;0 =0 =53>, GB> >B405HL 5<C A2>N 687=L, E>G5HL CG8=8BL 5<C =5?@8OB=>5. '53> 65 BK 459AB28B5;L=> 4>18205HLAO? !45;0BL 5<C ?>40@>: 2 2845 B2>53> <5@B2>3> B5;0 8;8 65 A>B2>@8BL 5<C =5?@8OB=>5? 5 4C<05HL ;8 BK, GB> 2 ?@8=F8?5 ACI5AB2CNB 8=K5 A?>A>1K ?@>O28BL A2>9 3=52 :@><5 A>25@H5=8O A0<>C189AB20? : / 4>304K20NAL, GB> 5ABL, => O =5 7=0N :0:85 8<5==>. ": >65B 1KBL B515 8=B5@5A=> ?@>9B8 A>>B25AB2CNI89 :C@A >1CG5=8O? : 0. A?>;L7>20=85 1I5=85 A :;85=B0<8 A> A:;>==>ABLN : AC8F84C ?@54?>;0305B =0;8G85 A<5;>AB8 8 <C65AB20 C ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. A;8 59 C40ABAO 2KO28BL D0=B0788 :;85=B0, >=0 A<>65B ?>=OBL ?>4A?C4=K5 ?@8G8=K, :>B>@K5 ;560B 2 8E >A=>25. @8A>548=OOAL : MB8< D0=B078O<, ?A8E>B5@0?52B, 70B5< "703@O7=O5B" 8E 8 45;05B =5?@82;5:0B5;L=K<8 2 3;070E :;85=B0. 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 @01>B5 B>;L:> A B5<8 AC8F840;L=K<8 ?0F85=B0<8, :>B>@K5 A 1>;LH59 25@>OB=>ABLN 1C4CB 8A?KBK20BL >B2@0I5=85 : A0<>C189AB2C, 5A;8 AB0=CB ;8F>< : ;8FC A 53> @50;8O<8 8 B>9 A8BC0F859, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 A0<8 >:070;8AL. 6-49 !%" "  !!  !  + 1>A=>20=85 =4>;LD8 8 =465;>(Andolfi,Angelo,1982) >?8A0;8 MBC B5E=8:C 2 :>=B5:AB5 AB@0B538G5A:>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88: "A8E>B5@0?52B 2:;NG05BAO 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C 2 :0G5AB25 @568AA5@0, 2=>AOI53> 87<5=5=8O 2 ?L5AC... 2 A5<59=CN 4@0<C"(p.119). > ACB8 45;0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@83;0H05BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >B:;8:=CBLAO =0 ?0@04>:A0;L=K9 70?@>A A5<L8 ?><>GL 8< 87<5=8BLAO 157 2AO:8E @50;L=KE 87<5=5=89. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> 8AB>G=8:>< 40==>3> ?@>B82>@5G8O O2;ONBAO ?>B@51=>AB8 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K 2 1>;LH59 AB018;L=>AB8, 87-70 :>B>@>9 >1@07FK 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 8 8=48284C0;L=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O AB0=>2OBAO 1>;55 @8384=K<8 8 ?0B>;>38G5A:8<8. A8E>B5@0?52B 65 AB@5<8BAO A?@>2>F8@>20BL 87<5=5=8O 2 F5==>AB=KE >@85=B0F8OE A5<L8. @8G5< ?>4 F5==>ABO<8 2 @0<:0E 40==>3> B5>@5B8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 ?>=8<05BAO "A>2>:C?=>ABL =5:8E :>3=8B82=KE 8 M<>F8>=0;L=KE A<KA;>2, :>B>@K5 A5<LO ?@8;0305B : @50;L=>AB8 A2>53> ACI5AB2>20=8O; ?A8E>B5@0?52B >701>G5= B5<, :0:8< >1@07>< ?@>8725AB8 87<5=5=8O 2 MB8E A<KA;0E, :>B>@K5 ?@825;8 : D>@<8@>20=8N 8 ?>445@6:5 ?0B>;>38G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O, 2:;NG0O :0: ?@>O2;O5<K5 845=B8D8F8@>20==K< ?0F85=B>< ?A8E8G5A:85 =0@CH5=8O, B0: 8 B5 @50:B82=K5 ?>2545=G5A8:85 >1@07FK, :>B>@K5 8=4CF8@CNBAO =0 =53> 4@C38<8 G;5=0<8 A5<L8"(B0< 65, p.121). 540:B8@CO 5654=52=CN "A5<59=CN 4@0<C" 8 @58=B5@?@5B8@CO 55 A<KA;>2K5 :>=B5:ABK, ?A8E>B5@0?52B AB8<C;8@C5B 48DD5@5=F80F8N G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 87<5=G82>ABL 8E >1@07F>2 :><<C=8:0F88. 0==0O B5E=8:0 CG8B G;5=>2 A5<L8 =>2K< @>;O< 8, 2 B> 65 2@5<O, 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL 273;O=CBL =0 C65 CAB0=>282H58AO @>;8 A =>2>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O. 1KG=> 2 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE A5<LOE @>;8 >1KG=> >G5=L @8384=K 8 A?>A>1=>ABL 55 G;5=>2 : B2>@G5A:>9 83@5 CB@0G8205BAO. "5@0?52B8G5A:0O A8BC0F8O >B;8G05BAO >B ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8 A5<L8 B5<, GB> A 2:;NG5=85< 2 A5<59=CN A8AB5<C ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 2=CB@8A5<59=K5 DC=:F88 ?5@5@0A?@545;ONBAO 8 2>7=8:05B :0G5AB25==> =>20O, ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:0O, >1I=>ABL. @8G5< @O4 DC=:F89 ?@8=04;560I8E 8A:;NG8B5;L=> G;5=0< A5<L8 2 MB>9 A8BC0F88 ?@>5F8@CNBAO =0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0(AC4LO, A?0A8B5;L, M:A?5@B) - B0:8< >1@07>< B>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 CA;>28OE B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A5AA88 =5 845=B8G=> B><C, GB> 8<55B <5AB> 2 A5<L5 2 55 5AB5AB25==KE CA;>28OE DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O. 0: @568AA5@ A5<59=>9 4@0<K, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8=8<05B CG0AB85 2 459AB288 ?CB5< ?5@5D>@<C;8@>20=8O @>;59, :>B>@K5 83@0NB :064K9 87 83@>:>2 (2:;NG0O 8 55 A>1AB25==CN @>;L) 87<5=O5B ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==CN ?5@A?5:B82C ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 ?>2545=8O CG0AB=8:>2, 2=>AO =>2K5 M;5<5=BK 2 83@C. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B >?@545;O5B :0:>2 2 459AB2<B5;L=>AB8 AF5=0@89 A5<59=>9 4@0<K 8 ?@54;0305B 53> 4@C3CN 25@A8N. =0 8I5B B5 :@8B8G5A:85 M;5<5=BK 2=CB@8A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@K, 2>:@C3 :>B>@KE 40==0O A5<LO >@30=87C5B A2>5 ?>2545=85 8 70B5<, =0 >A=>25 0=0;870 MB8E M;5<5=B>2, ?@54;0305B 0;LB5@=0B82=CN AB@C:BC@C - =>2K9 AF5=0@89. -B8 C7;>2K5 M;5<5=BK ?>O2;ONBAO 2 :>=B5:AB5 4><8=8@CNI53> A?>A>10 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 8 B5E 2708<>>B=>H5=89, :>B>@K5 CAB0=>2;820NBAO C :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 A ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. 0==K5 M;5<5=BK 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< :0: 2A5>1J5<;NI89 "35HB0;LB", =0 >A=>25 :>B>@>3> >=0 AB@>8B A2>8 CA8;8O ?> ?5@5>?@545;5=8N 8 ?5@5AB@C:BC8@>20=8N A8BC0F88 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5.  E>45 @01>BK A A5<L59 AF5=0@89 ?>AB>O==> @540:B8@C5BAO ?0@0;;5;L=> A >B:@KB85< ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< =>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 > A5<L5.  ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 4@0<5 "0:B5@K"-G;5=K A5<L8 ?>>I@ONBAO : 8A?>;L7>20=8N B0:8E G0AB59 8E ;8G=>AB59, :>B>@K5 >=8 =045O;8AL A:@KBL 87-70 >?0A5=89 A8;L=KE M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?>A;54AB289.  40==>9 83@5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B B0:65 845B =0 @8A: ?@>O28BL 8 8A?>;L7>20BL A>1AB25==K5 D0=B0788, A2O70==K5 A 55 A5<L59. -B8 D0=B0788, ?@>O2;ONI85AO 2 2845 :0:8E-B> >1@07>2, 459AB289 8 AF5=, AB8<C;8@CNB :;85=B>2 1KBL >B:@KBK<8 2 2K@065=88 A2>8E A>:@>25==KE ?5@56820=89 8 A2>1>4=KE 0AA>F80F89 ?> :@C3C. A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:85 2708<>>B=>H5=8O 8=B5=A8D8F8@CNBAO 2 ?@>F5AA5 A>548=5=8O 8 AB@C:BC8@>20=8O ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< @07;8G=KE :@8B8G5A:8E M;5<5=B>2 A5<59=>3> AF5=0@8O. =0 ?>4G5@:8205B B5 53> M;5<5=BK, :>B>@K5 >AB0;8AL =570<5G5==K<8, 70AB02;O5B >A<KA;8BL B5 87 =8E, :>B>@K5 ?@8>1@5;8 87;8H=5 1>;LH>9 25A 2 A5<L5, B0:8< >1@07>< 87<5=OO 8E <5AB> 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. @8<5@ 50-;5B=OO 65=I8=0, 2B>@>9 @07 70<C65<, ?>72>=8;0 B5@0?52BC A ?@>AL1>9 =07=0G8BL 2AB@5GC. 9 1K;0 =C6=0 ?><>IL 2 ;5G5=88 45?@5AA88, >B :>B>@>9 >=0 AB@040;0 2>B C65 20 ;5B. >?KB:8 A5<L8 8 4@C759 2K25AB8 55 87 MB>3> A>AB>O=8O =5 C25=G0;8AL CA?5E><. =0 >?8A0;0 A2>N 687=L :0: 1KB85 ">BH5;L=8:0", :>B>@K9 8715305B 2=5H=8E :>=B0:B>2 8 ?>;=>ABLN B5@O5B 8=B5@5A : 2=5H=5<C <8@C. 5=I8=0 3>2>@8;0 A:>@1=K< 8 B50B@0;L=K< B>=><, ?@5@K20NI8<AO @K40=8O<8, =0AB0820O =0 B><, GB> B>;L:> B5@0?52B <>65B "A?0AB8" 55. "5@0?52B (=0 MB>B @07 8< >:070;AO <C6G8=0 - ?@8<. ?5@. -.(.) @5H8;, GB> >6840=85 ?0F85=B:>9 GC40 A 53> AB>@>=K A:@K20;8 ?>?KB:C 70AB028BL 53> 83@0BL @>;L "15AA8;L=>3> 35@>O", :>B>@CN ?@5645 8A?>;=O;8 4@C385 B5@0?52BK 8, 25@>OB=>, 2>>1I5 2A5 <C6G8=K 2 55 687=8. 070;>AL, GB> >=0 :0: 1K E>B5;0 A:070BL - "459AB2C9 70 <5=O, O 15A?><>I=0". "5@0?52B, A>1@02 4>AB0B>G=> 8=D>@<0F88 > =0AB>OI5< 8 ?@>H;>< A5<L8, A:070; ?0F85=B:5, GB> ?>A:>;L:C 59 =8G5< ?><>GL =5;L7O, >= A>3;0A5= =0 2AB@5GC B>;L:> ?@8 CA;>288 ?@8ACBAB28O 2A59 A5<L8, GB>1K ?><>GL 55 G;5=0< ;CGH5 ?5@5=>A8BL 45?@5AA8N ?0F85=B:8. 0;>1K ?>A;54=59 A>AB>O;8 2 B><, GB> C =55 =5B 1>;LH5 A8; 4;O 687=8, => B5@0?52B C1548; "55 =09B8 2 A515 A8;K 8 ?@825AB8 A5<LN, GB>1K E>BO-1K >=8 <>3;8 ?>GC2AB2>20BL A51O A2>1>4=K<8 >B =55". "0:8< >1@07>< B5@0?52B ?>43>B>28; AF5=0@89 4;O ?5@2>9 A5AA88 8 70AB028; ?0F85=B:C, 2>?@5:8 55 >6840=8O<, <>18;87>20BL A2>8 A:@KBK5 2>7<>6=>AB8"(B0< 65,@.124). " =07=0G5==K9 45=L :;85=B:0 ?>O28;0AL 2<5AB5 A> A2>59 A5<L59, :>B>@0O A>AB>O;0 87 ?5@2>3> 8 2B>@>3> <C659 8 42CE 4>G5@59" , ?> >4=>9 >B :064>3> 1@0:0. "-B0 3@C??0 >AB02;O;0 2?5G0B;5=85 ;N459, :>B>@K5 =0E>4OBAO ?>4 459AB285< :0:>3>-B> 7;>3> @>:0" (B0< 65, @. 125). "5@0?52B =0G0; >ACI5AB2;OBL 704C<0==K9 8< AF5=0@89 @01>BK, ?>A0482 :;85=B:C =0 ABC; 2 C3;C :><=0BK, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: >AB0;L=K5 A>1@0;8AL 2 :@C6>:, 701K2 > :;85=B:5. "5@0?52B A:070;, GB> 2 B>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 =0E>48;0AL :;85=B:0, =5B =8:0:>9 "=04564K"=0 87;5G5=85 8 GB> A>1@0=85 1C45B 15A?>;57=K<, 5A;8 55 @>4AB25==8:8 =5 A<>3CB ?@>B82>AB>OBL "7;><C @>:C". "5@0?52B =0G0;, A?@>A82 A5<LN, >AB0;0AL ;8 C =8E :0:0O-=81C4L =045640. >G5@8 @0AA:070;8 > A2>8E 4>;38E ?5@56820=8OE ?> ?>2>4C <0<8=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 =0AB@>5=89 2 A5<L5. 0 2>?@>A, 345 1K;8 <C6G8=K, :0: >=8 @5038@>20;8 =0 MBC A8BC0F8N, >10 >B25B8;8, GB> GC2AB2>20;8 A51O >B =55 >B3>@>65==K<, 2>A?@8=8<0;8 A;>682H55AO ?>;>65=85 :0: "?@>:;OB85" 872=5, E>BL 8< 8 1K;> 60;L ?0F85=B:C 8 4>G5@59. ">340 B5@0?52B ?@54?>;>68;, GB> ?5@2K9 <C6 A?0A A51O, => =5 A2>N 4>GL 8 >=0, =025@=>5,B>65 <>3;0 1K 871560BL "?@>:;OB8O", 5A;8 1K 68;0 A =8<. C6 >B25B8;, GB> =8:>340 >1 MB>< A5@L57=> =5 4C<0;, B.:. 1K; "M3>8AB><" 8 E>B5; =57028A8<>AB8. B>@>9 <C6 A:070;, GB> E>BO AB@040=8O 53> 1K;8 4>2>;L=> A8;L=K<8, >= AC<5; >BAB@0=8BLAO >B ?@>8AE>4OI53>. "5@0?52B 70<5B8;, GB> ?> B><C, GB> >= CA;KH0; >B :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8, ?5@2K9 <C6 >AB0;AO =5?>425@65==K< @>:C, B0: :0: 1K; A0<>2;N1;5==K< 8 =57028A8<K< - : AG0ABLN 4;O A51O - => 4>G5@8 >:070;8AL 2 1572KE>4=>< ?>;>65=88. "5@0?52B ?@54?>;>68;, GB> >48= <C6 "?5@540; 4@C3><C A0<>2;N1;5==>ABL" 8 GB> 548=AB25==K9 A?>A>1, :>B>@K< >=8 <>3CB A?0AB8AL >B 459AB28O @>:0 - MB> ?@>4>;60BL 1KBL M3>8AB0<8 8 =5 >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=8O =0 B>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B A> 2A5<8 MB8<8 65=I8=0<8, 2 ?@>B82=>< A;CG05 "?@>:;OB85" :>A=5BAO 8 8E.  MB>< ?@8<5@5 A:C4=0O 8=D>@<0F8O, 40==0O A5<L59, 1K;0 @0AH8@5=0 8 ?>A;C68;0 >A=>2>9 4;O 0;LB5@=0B82=>3> AF5=0@8O. 'B>1K 872;5GL 87 :064>3> G;5=0 A5<L8 ;8G=>AB=CN @50:F8N =0 ?@>8AE>4OI55, B5@0?52B ?>AB5?5==> 2KO2;O; M;5<5=BK 8E ?@>H;>3> >?KB0. 0B5< 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K =045OBLAO =0 <C6G8=, 65=I8= ?>1C48;8 AB0BL 1>;55 A0<>2;N1;5==K<8 8 =57028A8<K<8. BGC645==>ABL, 3;02=0O B5<0 2 MB>9 A5<L5, 1K;0 ?>78B82=> ?5@5>?@545;5=0 :0: A?>A>1 871560BL "?@>:;OB8O" 8 :0: AB@5<;5=85 : =57028A8<>AB8.  ?>A;54CNI8E A5AA8OE B5@0?52B ?@>4>;68; @540:B8@>20=85 40==>9 A5<59=>9 4@0<K. !5<LO A 26-;5B=8< AK=><-?A8E>B8:>< 5>@38> >1@0B8;0AL 70 ?><>ILN : B5@0?52BC. 72-;5B=89 3;CE>9 >B5F A845;, A3>@182H8AL, 2 >B40;5=88 >B 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 1K; ?>E>6 =0 <5@B25F0, :0: 1C4B> 2 A5<L5 ?@8ACBAB2>20; =5 >=, 0 53> ?@87@0:. 0BL A845;0 A> A:>@1=K< 2K@065=85< ;8F0. !B0@H89 1@0B 8 53> 65=0 27O;8 =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL @0AA:070BL >1 8AB>@88 "1>;57=8" :;85=B0, ?>4G5@:820O 2=5H=NN AB>@>=C 8 AG8B0O 55 =0G0;>< B@02<C 3>;>2K 2> 2@5<O 02B><>18;L=>9 :0B0AB@>DK. @0B 3>2>@8; A :><?5B5=B=K< 284><, 8A?>;L7CO A>>B25BAB2CNI85 <548F8=A:85 8 ?A8E80B@8G5A:85 B5@<8=K, ?>4@>1=> >?8AK20O @07;8G=K5 4803=>7K, ?@8<5=5==K5 ;5:0@AB20 8 B. 4. !5<LO AG8B0;0, GB> ?@>1;5<K 5>@38> =>AOB AC3C1> <548F8=A:89 E0@0:B5@ 8 @0AA<0B@820;0 53> A8<?B><K :0: 8<5NI85 >@30=8G5A:CN ?@8@>4C. "5@0?52B ?@5@20; MB> 87;>65=85, GB>1K =5 A;54>20BL AF5=0@8N, ?@54;>65==><C A5<L59. 5@5>?@545;OO A>7402HCNAO A8BC0F8N, B5@0?52B ?@54;>68; =>2K9 O7K:, :>B>@K9 ?@5>1@07C5B 8 ?@8405B 70:>=G5==K9 284 @07;8G=K< 206=K< M;5<5=B0<, @0AA<0B@820O 2708<>459AB28O, > :>B>@KE A5<LO =5 C?><8=0;0 8 > :>B>@KE >=0 4>;6=0 1K;0 1K 40BL 1>;LH5 8=D>@<0F88. 0: B>;L:> MB> ?@>87>H;>, A5<LO 1K;0 2K=C645=0 ?@8=OBL =>2CN B>G:C 7@5=8O :>B>@0O, B5< A0<K<, AB0;0 >A=>2>9 4;O 87<5=5=89. "5@0?52B A?@>A8;, :>340 "C<5@" >B5F: ?5@54 B5<, :0: 5>@38> 701>;5; 8;8 ?>A;5. >?@>A A=0G0;0 A<CB8; 659<A0, => 70B5< >= >B25B8;, GB> MB> ?@>87>H;> ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 5>@38> 701>;5;. @0B >?OBL =0G0; >B7K20BLAO > "1>;57=8" 5>@38>, C?>B@51;OO ?A8E80B@8G5A:85 B5@<8=K; B5@0?52B A:070;, GB> A59G0A 53> 8=B5@5AC5B =5 5>@38>; >= A?@>A8;, :0: 4>;3> >B5F C65 "<5@B2"; 1@0B >B25B8;, GB> 53> >B5F "C<5@" 345-B> G5@57 3>4 ?>A;5 ?>;=>9 ?>B5@8 A;CE0. "5@0?52B A?@>A8; <0BL, C<5@ ;8 >= >B 4CH52=>3> ?>B@OA5=8O; <0BL >B25B8;0, GB> MB> B0:; B5@0?52B A?@>A8;, ?>O28;AO ;8 =>2K9 3;020 A5<L8 ?>A;5 53> "A<5@B8"; <0BL >B25B8;0, GB> 2 B><-B> 8 A>AB>8B 2AO ?@>1;5<0, GB> 4;O MB>3> 59 =C6=> =09B8 "=C6=>5 ;5:0@AB2>"; B5@0?52B 2KB0I8; 1;0=: 4;O @5F5?B>2, :0: 1C4B> =0<5@520OAL A>3;0A8BLAO A 55 70?@>A>< 8 2K?8A0BL MDD5:B82=>5 ;5:0@AB2>. "5@0?52B A?@>A8; <0BL, 4>;65= >= 2K?8AK20BL ;5:0@AB2> 4;O =5=>@<0;L=>3>>, :>B>@><C ?@8H;>AL 70=OBL <5AB> >BF0, 8;8 ;5:0@AB2> AC<0AH54H5<C, :>B>@K9 A?5F80;L=> "C18;" A2>53> >BF0, GB>1K 70=OBL 53> <5AB>. "5@0?52B ?>4G5@:=C; 206=>ABL MB>3> 2>?@>A0 8 70O28;, GB> B5@0?8O =5 A<>65B ?@>4>;60BLAO, ?>:0 >= =5 ?>;CG8B >B25B.  MB>< ?@8<5@5, :0: 8 2 ?@54K4CI5<, <>6=> 2845BL, :0: A5<LO 2K18@0;0 87 2A53> 55 ?@>H;>3> B>;L:> B5 <><5=BK, :>B>@K5 A>3;0A>2K20;8AL A> AF5=0@85<, 2K1@0==K< 8<8. B>1@0==K5 M;5<5=BK - 4803=>7K, ;5G5=85, B@02<0 3>;>2K - AB0;8 :0@:0A>< MB>3> 2KAB@>5==>3> 8<8 AF5=08@8O. "5@0?52B ?>?KB0;AO 87<5=8BL 7=0G5=85 @07;8G=KE G0AB59 AF5=0@8O 8 225AB8 2 =53> 4@C385 M;5<5=BK, :>B>@K5 87<5=O;8 ?5@2>=0G0;L=K9 :0@:0A, ?5@5>?@545;OO DC=:F8N :064>3> G;5=0 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. A?>;L7>20=85 -B0 B5E=8:0 4>:070;0 A2>N ?>;57=>ABL 4;O B5E A5<59, :>B>@K5 "70AB@O;8" 8 GC2AB2CNB 157=0456=>ABL ?>A;5 4>;38E ;5B 4><8=8@>20=8O 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O 8 ?>A;5 4@C38E 157CA?5H=KE ?>?KB>: B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 2<5H0B5;LAB20. =0 A428305B A0<C >A=>2C 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O 8 AB8<C;8@C5B A5<LN : ?>8A:C =>2KE 687=5==KE ?5@A?5:B82 8 A<KA;>2. @>94O G5@57 40==CN B5E=8:C, A5<LO =5 A<>65B A B>9 65 ;53:>ABLN ?@>83@K20BL BC 65 A5<59=CN 4@0<C A=>20 8 A=>20. 6-50.  !   (   1>A=>20=85 >340 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 8;8 A5<LO C2O705B 2 =52>7<>6=>AB8 ?@8=OBL B> 8;8 8=>5 @5H5=85, ?A8E>B5@0?52B B>65 GC2AB2C5B, GB> 70AB@O;0. =0 =5 2?@025 A45;0BL 2K1>@ 2<5AB> =8E, 8 ?>>I@8BL 8E : B>9 8;8 8=>9 0;LB5@=0B825 B>65 =5 2?@025. >340 2 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 @01>B5 2>7=8:0NB B0:>3> @>40 BC?8:8, <>6=> ?@54?8A0BL A5<L5 2>>1I5 =5 ?@8=8<0BL =8:0:>3> @5H5=8O. 0==0O B5E=8:0 >?8A0=0 ">44>< (Todd, 1984). 5;;5@ (Keller, 1984) C:07K205B =0 B>, GB> ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 ?>4E>4K =5 >1O70B5;L=> 4>;6=K 1KBL 03@5AA82=K<8, :>=D@>=B0F8>==K<8, A?>A>1AB2>20BL A>?5@=8G5AB2C 8;8 2K7K20BL :>=D;8:B. @54?8A0==>5 =5@07@5H5=85 ?@>1;5< CA8;8205B C65 ACI5AB2CNICN 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 =530B82=CN "42>9=CN A2O7L" 8 ?>2KH05B F5=C, :>B>@CN A5<L5 ?@8E>48BAO ?;0B8BL 4;O 55 40;L=59H53> ?>445@60=8O.  55 >A=>25 ;568B MDD5:B, AE>4=K9 A B5<, :>B>@K9 1K; >B<5G5= %59;8 (Haley, 1984) 2 @0<:0 ?@54AB02;5=89 > "AC@>2KE 8A?KB0=8O"(ordeals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odd, 1984, p.373-379). !C?@C65A:0O ?0@0 =8:0: =5 <>3;0 @5H8BL @072>48BLAO 8< 8;8 =5B, E>BO >=8 8 CB25@640;8, GB> >AB020BLAO 2 1@0:5 =5 65;0NB. 0 2>?@>A, ?>G5<C 65 2K 2 B0:>< A;CG05 =5 @072>48B5AL, AC?@C38 ?@82>48;8 >1H8@=K9 A?8A>: ?@>1;5<, A2O70==KE A D8=0=A>2K< ?>;>65=85<, 45BL<8, A>2<5AB=K< 8<CI5AB2><. >A;5 157CA?5H=KE ?>?KB>: 87<5=8BL GB>-;81> 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE =5?0@04>:A0;L=K<8 A@54AB20<8, ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2 :>=F5-:>=F>2 ?@87=0;0, GB> ACI5AB2CNB C1548B5;L;L=K5 4>2>4K 70 >B25@65=85 2A5E 55 ?>?KB>: 4>AB83=CBL @5H5=8O. =0 B5?5@L ?>=8<05B 2AN 3;C18=C 8E A8BC0F88 8 4065 A0<0 ?@825AB8 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5 4>2>4K 70 ?>445@60=8O ACI5AB2CNI53> "AB0BCA0 :2>", 8AE>4O 87 ?@54AB02;5=89 A8AB5<=>9 B5>@88. A8E>B5@0?52B 4>102;O5B B0:65, GB> >=8 4>;6=K =5 ?@8=8<0BL @5H5=8O ?> MB><C 2>?@>AC :0: <>6=> 4>;LH5. >7<>6=> 2 1C4CI5< >=8 8 ?@84CB : :0:><C-B> @5H5=8N, => :>=5G=> 65 =5 A59G0A. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@82>48B 8 4@C385 4>2>4K 70 B>, GB> ?@8=8<0BL @5H5=8O A59G0A 8< 2>2A5 =5 AB>8B. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54;030NB AC?@C30< 70:;NG8BL 4>3>2>@ =0 @072>4 "45 D0:B>". "0: :0: >=8 ?> ACB8 45;0 =5 682CB 2<5AB5, =>, 2 B>65 2@5<O D>@<0;L=> =5 @072545=K, B> <>3CB >AB020BLAO 2 B0:>< ?>;>65=88 B0: 4>;3>, :0: ?>65;0NB, >4=0:> ?@8 MB>< 4>;6=K OA=> AD>@<C;8@>20BL ?@8=F8?K, =0 :>B>@KE 1C4CB AB@>8BLAO 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C =8<8. @8=F8?K 4>;6=K :0A0BLAO B0:8E >1;0AB59 :0: 1KB>2K5 CA;>28O, >1I5=85 4@C3 A 4@C3><, 2878BK, D8=0=A>2K5 2>?@>AK 8 B.4. >340 70B5< AC?@C38 A?@>A8;8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, AG8B05B ;8 >=0, GB> 8< 459AB28B5;L=> =5>1E>48<> @072>48BLAO, B0 >B25B8;0, GB> ACI5AB2C5B <=>3> 4>2>4>2 70 B>, GB> >=8 MB>3> A45;0BL A59G0A ?@>AB> =5 <>3CB. "0:8< >1@07>< ?0@0 >:07K205BAO 2 A8BC0F88 42>9=>9 A2O78, 8 ?>=C6405BAO : B><C, GB>1K ;81> ?@5:@0B8BL =0E>48BLAO 2 MB>< A2>5< ?5@<0=5=B=>< A>AB>O=88 =5?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O 8 >AB028BL 2A5 B0:, :0: >=> 5ABL, ?@8=O2 A>7=0B5;L=>5 @5H5=85 "=8G53> =5 @5H0BL", ;81> 2A5 B0:8 @5H8BL :0:-B> A8BC0F8N A @072>4><.  @57C;LB0B5 ?@8<5=5=8O 40==>9 B5E=8:8 >=8 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 ?@8E>4OB : @5H5=8N 8 2 B>65 2@5<O C =8E =5B >ICI5=8O, GB> : MB><C @5H5=8N ?@8=C48;0 8E ?A8E>B5@0?52B.  ?@8<5@5, ?@82545==>< 59A7>< (;8G=>5 >1I5=85, 1985) AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 =5 <>3;0 ?@84B8 : A>2<5AB=><C @5H5=8N > B><, :0: 8< A;54C5B 2>A?8BK20BL 8E 4>GL. 10 1K;8 A>3;0A=K, GB> ?> ACB8 45;0 10;CNB A2>53> @515=:0, @02=> :0: 8E A>1AB25==K5 @>48B5;8 10;>20;8 8E, :>340 >=8 1K;8 45BL<8. !C?@C38 B0:65 1K;8 @074>A04>20=K ?>AB>O==K<8 B@51>20=8O<8 ?>:C?:8 2A5 =>2KE 8 =>2KE 25I59 8 B5<, GB> 452>G:0 B5@O;0 2AO:89 8=B5@5A : =8<, :>340 55 ?@>AL1K >:07K20;8AL C4>2;5B2>@5==K<8 8 =5>1E>48<K5 59 25I8 ?>:C?0;8AL. A8E>B5@0?52B ?>4G5@:=C;0 8E A>1AB25==>5 CB25@645=85 > B><, GB> 10;>20BL @515=:0 - 7=0G8B A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2>7=8:=>25=8N C =53> ?@>1;5<, :>340 >= AB0=5B 27@>A;K<. 4=0:>, 8E =5A?>A>1=>ABL ?@>B82>AB>OBL 452>G:5 G5@57 >B:07 C4>2;5B2>@OBL 55 B@51>20=8O, AB02OB @>48B5;59 ?5@54 ?@>B82>@5G85<, :>B>@>5 45;05B 2A5 ?@>8AE>4OI55 A =8<8 ?@>AB> =52K=>A8<K<. >A;5 15A54K 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O =5?0@04>:A0;L=KE B5E=8: AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 >:070;0AL 2 BC?8:5. =8 A>3;0A8;8AL A B5<, GB> 4>;6=K =09B8 :0:85-B> =>2K5 ?CB8 2 2>A?8B0=88 @515=:0, => 2<5AB5 A B5< =5 <>3CB ?@84B8 : :0:><C-B> @5H5=8N ?> MB><C ?>2>4C. 0 MB>< MB0?5 @01>BK ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8H;0 : 2K2>4C > =5>1E>48<>AB8 8A?>;L7>20BL AB@0B538N ?@54?8A0==>3> =5@07@5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K. =0 A:070;0 AC?@C30<, GB> 8A?@>1>20;0 <=>65AB2> 25I59 8 A59G0A =0:>=5F ?>=O;0, GB> 1K;0 =5 ?@020 2 ?>?KB:0E ?@825AB8 8E : :0:><C-B> >?@545;5==><C @5H5=8N. # =8E 1K;8 459AB28B5;L=> 4>AB0B>G=> ACI5AB25==K5 >A=>20=8O 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =5 >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=85 =0 55 ?@54;>65=8O 87<5=8BLAO. =0 >1JOA=8;0 B0:65, GB> >=8 =5 <>3CB A59G0A @5H8BL :0: 8<5==> 8< =5>1E>48<> 2>A?8BK20BL A2>N 4>GL, => >=8 >1O70B5;L=> ?@8<CB B0:>5 @5H5=85, :>340 1C4CB : MB><C 3>B>2K. > 4> B>3>, @07C<=> ?@>4>;60BL 4C<0BL 8 <CG8BLAO ?> MB><C ?>2>4C, =8G53> @50;L=> =5 87<5=OO. =8 4>;6=K ?@>3>2>@8BL <564C A>1>9 2A5, GB> 4>;6=K A45;0BL 4;O A2>59 4>G5@8 8 A>AB028BL ?>4@>1=K9 A?8A>: MB8E 45;. 0;55 8< =5>1E>48<> >?8A0BL ?>2545=85 452>G:8 8 ?>?@>A8BL 55 =5 87<5=OBL 53>, ?@>4>;60BL 25AB8 A51O :0: @0=LH5. @><5 B>3> AC?@C38 4>;6=K 1K;8 ?>4@>1=> >?8A0BL "?;NAK @>48B5;LAB20" - GB> E>@>H53> 2 B><, GB> BK @>48B5;L 8 ?>G5<C =C6=> 1KBL E>@>H8< @>48B5;5<. >B>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>A8B >?8A0BL, ?>G5<C B@C4=> 1KBL @>48B5;5<. !C?@C38 2=8<0B5;L=> 2KA;CH0;8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 0 70B5< :@>B:> A?@>A8;8 55, =5 1C45B ;8 ?>;57=> 4;O =8E ?>?KB0BLAO E>BL =5<=>65G:> 87<5=8BL A8BC0F8N. A8E>B5@0?52B >B25B8;0, GB> MB>3> 45;0BL =5 AB>8B, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 >=8 =5 ?>GC2AB2CNB, GB> ?>;=>ABLN 3>B>2K : 87<5=5=8O<. !59G0A 65 A 55 B>G:8 7@5=8O >=8 459AB28B5;L=> =5 3>B>2K. A8E>B5@0?52B >1JOA=8;0 MB>B A>25B A;54CNI8< >1@07><: G0AB> 55 :;85=BK 8A?KBK20NB ?@>1;5<K A 87<5=5=8O<8, :>340 >=8 : =8< 5I5 =5 3>B>2K. 4=0:> =8 C :>3> =8:>340 =5 1K;> ?@>1;5< A> A;8H:>< <54;5==K<8 87<5=5=8O<8. !0<K9 ;CGH89 A?>A>1 - =5 B>@>?8BLAO 8 42830BLAO 2 C4>1=>< B5<?5.  E>45 ?>A;54CNI59 @01>BK ?0@0 ?>45;8;0AL A2>8< >?KB>< >1I5=8O A 4>G:>9, 2 :>B>@>< >=8 ?@>O2;O;8 AB@>3>ABL 8;8 :>340 ?>;CG0;8 C4>2>;LAB285 >B >1I5=8O A =59, A>2A5< =5 B@0BO 45=53. A8E>B5@0?52B 5I5 @07 ?@54C?@548;0 AC?@C3>2, GB> >=8 =5 4>;6=K 42830BLAO A;8H:>< 1KAB@>, B0: :0: MB> <>65B ?@825AB8 : 1>;57=5==K< @07>G0@>20=8O<. A?>;L7>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 ?>;57=0 2 B>< A;CG05, :>340 8 :;85=BK 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 70AB@520NB 2 157CA?5H=KE ?>?KB:0E ?@84B8 : :0:><C-B> >?@545;5==><C @5H5=8N. %>@>H8< A83=0;>< 4;O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 ?>4C<0BL > 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@8<5=5=8O MB>9 B5E=8:8 O2;O5BAO 55 GC2AB2> D@CAB@0F88 8 @074@065=8O ?>-?>2>4C B>3>, GB> @5H5=8O C :;85=B>2 2A5 5I5 =5B. "5E=8:0 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL =5 ?>4B0;:820BL :;85=B>2 : @5H5=8N. 0@04>:A0;L=K< >1@07><, 5A;8 "A40ABLAO" 8 =5 ?@8=8<0BL =8:0:>3> @5H5=8O, B> MB> >:07K205BAO ?>;57=K< 4;O A0<>GC2AB28O :0: :;85=B>2, B0: 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. A8E>B5@0?52B 4> ?@8<5=5=8O MB>9 B5E=8:8 =5 4>;65= 8A?>;L7>20BL AB@0B538G5A:85 ?>4E>4K, => 8A?>;L7>20BL 8=B5@25=F88 4@C38E B8?>2. 0==0O ?0@04>:A0;L=0O B5E=8:0 >B=N4L =5 O2;O5BAO A;8H:>< 03@5AA82=>9, :>=D@>=B0F8>==>9, >@85=B8@>20==>9 =0 :>=D;8:B. 5A<>B@O =0 A?5F8D8G5A:>5 ?@>1;5<=>5 A>45@60=85, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>3> 8A?>;L7C5BAO B5E=8:0, 1C4L B> 2>A?8B0=85 45B59, @072>4K, D8=0=A>2K ?@>1;5<K, A0< 2K1>@ 87 0;LB5@=0B82 >:07K205BAO 1>;LH59 ?@>1;5<>9, G5< 687=L A 2>7<>6=>ABLN 1C4CI59 @50;870F88 :064>9 0;LB5@=0B82K. "0: :0: 2A5340 ACI5AB2C5B >?0A=>ABL CB@0BK =5GB> 206=>3>. 6-51   !  !" 1>A=>20=85 A8E>;>3 70:;NG05B A ?>4@>AB:>< ?0@8, GB> B>B 1C45B ?@>4>;60BL ?;>E> A51O 25AB8. 'B>1K 4>:070BL, GB> ?A8E>;>3 >H8105BAO 8 B0:8< >1@07>< 2K83@0BL ?0@8, ?>4@>AB>: 4>;65= ?@5:@0B8BL ?;>E>5 ?>2545=85. #8;LO<A 8 #8:A (Williams, Weeks, 1984) >?8AK20NB =5:>B>@K5 ?0@04>:A0;L=K5 B5E=8:8, ?@8<5=O5<K5 2 H:>;5 A 45BL<8 ?@54?>4@>AB:>2>3> 8 ?>4@>AB:>2>3> 2>7@0AB0. !CI5AB2C5B <=>65AB2> ?@58<CI5AB2, >15A?5G8205<KE 40==K< AB@0B538G5A:>9 ?>4E>4>< 2 @01>B5 A ?>4@>AB:>2K< :>=B8=35=B><. @8 ?@8<5=5=88 ?0@04>:A0 <5=LH5 ?>B@51=>ABL 2 A;>25A=KE CE8I@5=8OE 8;8 2 8=A09B5, ?>;030NB 65AA8 8 '159B (Jessee,L'Abate,1980). @><5 B>3>, #8:A 8 09B (Weeks,Wright,1979) >A>1> @5:><5=4CNB 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?0@04>:A0 4;O @01>BK A ;8F0<8, 8A?KBK20NI8<8 B@C4=>AB8 2 :@8B8G5A:85 ?5@8>4K A2>59 687=8, GB> 25AL<0 A>>B25BA2C5B >?8A0=8N ?>4@>AB:>2, ?>O2;ONI8EAO 2 :018=5B0E ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E A;C61 :>=AC;LB8@>20=8O 8 ?><>I8. 0@04>:A AG8B05BAO B0:65 MDD5:B82=K< 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 @01>B5 A ;8F0<8 A =87:8< C@>2=5< <>B820F88 8 2KA>:8< C@>2=5< A>?@>B82;5=8O 8 ?@>B82>AB>O=8O, GB> B8?8G=> 4;O <=>38E ?>4@>AB:>2 (Papp, 1981). >MB><C <>6=> @5:><5=4>20BL H8@>:>5 ?@8<5=5=85 ?0@04>:A0 2 @01>B5 A 45BL<8 ?>4@>AB:>2>3> 2>7@0AB0. @>F54C@0.  B5E=8:5 "?0@8" ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@54A:07K205B, GB> ?;>E>5 ?>2545=85 ?>4@>AB:0 1C45B ?@>4>;60BLAO 8 ?@54;0305B @515=:C 4>:070BL 59, GB> >=0 =5?@020. 0:;NG05BAO ?0@8, :>B>@>5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@>83@K205B, 5A;8 @515=>: 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 =5 2545B A51O ?;>E>. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B @0AAG8BK205B, GB> ?>4@>AB>: >B:065BAO >B A2>53> ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> >??>78F8>==>3> ?>2545=8O, >ACI5AB2;O5<>3> B>;L:> @048 B>3>, GB>1K ?5@5G8BL C65 ACI5AB2CNI5<C ?@54AB02;5=8N > =5< ?A8E>B5@0?52B0. "0:8< >1@07><, 5A;8 ?>4@>AB>: A=>20 1C45B 25AB8 A51O ?>-?@56=5<C, MB> 4>:065B, GB> B5@0?52B 1K;0 ?@020 8 2K83@0;0. "0:8< >1@07><, =5 AB>;L:> B5@0?52B :>=B@>;8@C5B ?>2545=85 ?>4@>AB:0, A:>;L:> A0< ?>4@>AB>: ?@>872>;L=> 2K18@05B AB@0B538N A2>53> ?>2545=8O. 3> ?@>B82>AB>O=85 B5@0?52BC 2K@0605BAO 2 >B:075 >B ?;>E>3> ?>2545=8O.  40==>9 B5E=8:5 >:07K205BAO >A>15==> ?>;57=K< B>, GB> >=0 ?><>305B @515=:C >2;045BL A>1AB25==K< ?>2545=85<, ?@8>1@5AB8 DC=:F8N A0<>:>=B@>;O. 54L 53> 4C@=>5 ?>2545=85 =5 5ABL =57028A8<>ABL, => G0AB> - ;8HL 70<0A:8@>20==0O ?>?KB:0 MBC =57028A8<>ABL >1@5AB8. 0@8 <>65B 70:;NG0BLAO A :0:8<-B> 70:;04>< 8;8 157 =53>. ;02=>5, GB>1K @515=>: >:070;AO 2 B0:8E CA;>28OE, GB> >= 2K83@K205B, :>340 2545B A51O ?>4>10NI8< >1@07><. @8<5@. @8<5@ ?@54;>65= #8;LO<A>< 8 #8:A>< (B0< 65). > 2@5<O H:>;L=KE 70=OB89 420 A5<8:;0AA=8:0 1K;8 ?>A;0=K 2 :018=5B ?A8E>;>30-:>=AC;LB0=B0, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: >=8 ?>4@0;8AL. 064K9 28=C 70 =0G0;> 4@0:8 20;8; =0 4@C3>3>. >340 ?A8E>;>3 =0G0;0 @0AA?@0H820BL 8E =0AG5B 4@0:8, >10 70O28;8, GB> >=8 2>>1I5 =5 A45;0;8 =8G53> ?;>E>3> - =0 A0<>< 45;5 CG8B5;L=8F0 ?@840;0 A;8H:>< <=>3> 7=0G5=8O ?@>87>H54H5<C, 8 =0:07K20BL 8E 1K;> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 =5 70 GB>. A8E>;>3 704C<G82> 70<5B8;0, GB> >=0 3>B>20 A>3;0A8BLAO A 8E <=5=85<, 5A;8 B>;L:> >=8 4>:06CB 59, GB> CG8B5;L=8F0 2 A0<>< 45;5 >B=5A;0AL : A>1KB8N A;8H:>< AB@>3>. =0 ?>?@>A8;0 8E =0 A;54CNI5< C@>:5 ?>25AB8 A51O B>G=> B0: 65, :0: 2 ?@54K4CI55. A;8 4@C30O CG8B5;L=8F0 =5 ?>H;5B 8E A=>20 : =59, 7=0G8B, ?5@20O CG8B5;L=8F0 O2=> >H81;0AL 2 A2>5< AC645=88 >1 8E ?;>E>< ?>2545=88. 4=0:>, 5A;8 C =8E >?OBL 1C4CB =5?@8OB=>AB8, B>340 ?A8E>;>3 =5 A<>65B ?>4B25@48BL 8E <=5=85 >1 CG8B5;L=8F5 8 MB> 4>:065B, GB> ?@8G8=>9 8E =5?@8OB=>AB59 O28;>AL 8E A>1AB25==>5 ?;>E>5 ?>2545=85, 0 =5 =5A?@0254;82>ABL CG8B5;L=8FK.  B0:>< A;CG05 8E =0:06CB 70 ?;>E>5 ?>2545=85. #G5=8:8 >B=5A;8AL : MB><C ?@54;>65=8N =54>25@G82>, 0 ?A8E>;>3 ?@>4>;60;0 =0AB0820BL, GB> E>G5B, GB>1K =0 A;54CNI5< C@>:5 >=8 ?>A?>@8;8 8;8 ?>4@0;8AL B0: 65, :0: B>;L:> GB> =0 ?@54K4CI5<. "5< =5 <5=55 ?@>H;> =5A:>;L:> <5AOF52, 0 CG5=8:8 B0: 8 =5 ?>O28;8AL 2 55 :018=5B5. @C3>9 ?@8<5@ ?@54AB02;5= 59AF5< (;8G=>5 >1I5=85,1985). 20 1@0B0 2 E>45 A50=A0 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 >128=O;8 >48= 4@C3>3> 2 B><, GB> B>B - A:0=40;8AB. 064K9 CB25@640;, GB> A?>@8B B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 4@C3>9 =0G0;. A8E>;>3 ?@54;>68;0 8< 4>:070BL 59 8 4@C3 4@C3C, :B> 65 8<5==> 87 =8E =5 <>65B A51O :>=B@>;8@>20BL. =0 A:070;0, GB> >48= 87 A?>A>1>2, ?>72>;ONI8E 2KOA=8BL MB> - 70:;NG5=85 ?0@8. >A;5 4>;3>3> >1AC645=8O 1K;8 >?@545;5=K CA;>28O ?0@8. ">B, :B> A@07C =0G=5B ?@>B82>@5G8BL 8;8 =5 A>3;0H0BLAO A CB25@645=85<, B>;L:> GB> A45;0==K< 4@C38<, 4>;65= >B40BL 1@0BC 4>;;0@. 0 A;54CNI5< A5AA88 1@0BLO A<CI5==> ?@87=0;8AL, GB> 2 B5G5=85 ?5@2KE 65 ?OB=04F0B8 <8=CB ?>A;5 70:;NG5=8O ?0@8 ?@>83@0;8 >10. 4=0:>, ?@>83@02 ?> =5A:>;L:C @07, >=8 2A5 65 =5 >B:070;8AL >B ?0@8 8, B0:8< >1@07><, =0CG8;8AL :>=B@>;8@>20BL A>1AB25==K9 AB8;L >1I5=8O. >765, C65 ?> A>1AB25==>9 8=8F80B825, >=8 70:;NG8;8 ?0@8 =0AG5B ?>EC45=8O 8, B0:8< >1@07><, ?@8>1@5;8 =5:>B>@K9 :>=B@>;L =04 A2>8< 25A><.  B> 65 2@5<O 8E @>48B5;8 =5 8=B5@5A>20;8AL A?>@0<8 45B59 8 15A54>20;8 A ?A8E>;>3>< ?> ?>2>4C ?@>1;5< A2>53> AC?@C65AB20. A?>;L7>20=85. -B0 ?@>F54C@0 8450;L=0 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 @01>B5 A CG5=8:0<8 2 H:>;0E 8;8 A ?>4@>AB:0<8 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E :>=AC;LB0F8>==KE :018=5B0E. 0@04>:A >1@0I05B ?@>B82>AB>O=85 ?>4@>AB:>2 02B>@8B5BC 2 A>B@C4=8G5AB2> A =8<. >4@>AB:8 2>2;5:0NBAO 2 70:;NG5=85 ?0@8, 2 :>B>@>< 2K83@K20NB, 5A;8 254CB A51O :0: ?>;>65=>. -B0 B5E=8:0 ?>4E>48B 4;O @515=:0, :>B>@><C A2>9AB25==> A8;L=>5 ?@>B82>459AB285 A>3;0A8N A 02B>@8B5B>< 8 1>;LH>5 AB@5<;5=85 : ?>1545 2 A>@52=>20=88. #8;LO<A 8 #8:A (B0< 65) A>25BCNB ?@8 ?@8<5=5=88 40==>9 B5E=8:8 A>1;N40BL =5:>B>@CN >AB>@>6=>ABL. A;8 H:>;L=K9 ?A8E>;>3 A>25BC5B CG5=8:C ?;>E> 25AB8 A51O =0 A;54CNI5< C@>:5, >=0 4>;6=0 1KBL C25@5=0, GB> 55 ?>ABC?>: =5 1C45B 2>A?@8=OB :>;;530<8 :0: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=0O >H81:0. >;57=> B0:65 8<5BL E>@>H85 >B=>H5=8O A ?@5?>4020B5;LA:8< A>AB02>< CG51=>3> 702545=8O 8 8725AB8BL 8E, :0:>3> B8?0 :>@@5:F8>==CN B5E=8:C >=0 8A?>;L7C5B. 6-52  !//!,  &:    !  !#' ! "+ "   #!"#' !, 1>A=>20=85 !CBL 40==>9 B5E=8:8, ?@8<5=O2H59AO 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 @01>B0E ?@54AB028B5;59 H:>;K AB@0B538G5A:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 8 04;5@80=F0<8, A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> A5<LO A>?@>B82;O5I53>AO ?>78B82=K< 87<5=5=8O< 845=B8D8F8@>20==>3> :;85=B0 ?>445@68205B 53> >??>78F8>==>5 =530B82=>5 ?>2545=85 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 5<C ?@>B82>AB>OBL. "0:8< >1@07>< A0< A<KA; >??>78F8>==>AB8 8 A2O70==>9 A =59 A8;>2>9 83@K ?>4@K205BAO, 8 5A;8 845=B8D8F8@>20==K9 :;85=B ?@8=8<05B CABC?:C, :>=D@>=B0F8O ?@5:@0B8BAO 8 AB@C:BC@0 A5<L8 1C45B ?@5>1@07>20=0 2 1>;55 DC=:F8>=0;L=CN AB>@>=C. B0:, 4;O ?@>4>;6=5=8O :>=D@>=B0F8>==>3> ?>2545=8O :;85=B 4>;65= 1K; 1K 53> ?@5:@0B8BL (B0: :0: >=> >:@C65=85< ?@8=8<05BAO) 8 70=OBLAO G5<-B> 1>;55 :>=AB@C:B82=K<. >340 65 53> ?>2545=85 C;CGH05BAO, A5<L5 =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 @C30BL 53>, @0AAB@0820BLAO, 87;8H=5 :>=B@>;8@>20BL 53> ?>2545=85 B.5. 8=K<8 A;>20<8 45;0BL B>, GB> ?> ACB8 45;0 ?>445@68205B >??>78F8>==K9 A8<?B><. "0: 8;8 8=0G5 A5<LO 2K83@K205B, ?@5>1@07>2K20O A2>N AB@C:BC@C 2 ?>78B82=>< =0?@02;5=88.  >A=>25 B5E=8:8 ;568B ?@54?>;>65=85, GB> A>?@>B82;ONI89AO @515=>: >B:065BAO 2K?>;=OBL ?@54?8A0=85. #A?5E 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> E>BO 1K >48= 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 2 A>AB>O=88 A>B@C4=8G0BL A ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 8 8A?>;L7>20BL ?0@04>:A ?@8 2708<>459AB288 A @515=:><. #A?5E B0:65 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> 0::C@0B=> ?A8E>B5@0?52B D>@<C;8@C5B ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 2<5H0B5;LAB2>. @>F54C@0 >340 38?>B570 AD>@<C;8@>20=0, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?5@5>?@545;O5B 2 ?>78B82=KE B5@<8=0E A8<?B><0B8G5A:85 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK (A<. B5E=8:C "@5D@59<8=3"). ! "CABC?G82K<8" G;5=0<8 A5<L8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 2AB@5G05BAO >B45;L=> >B @515=:0. < 3>2>@OB, GB> 5A;8 >=8 1C4CB A;54>20BL ?@54?8A0=8N, :>B>@>5 8< A59G0A 404CB, @515=>: A:>@55 2A53> 87<5=8B A2>5 ?>2545=85 2 ?>78B82=CN AB>@>=C 8 MB> 157CA;>2=> C;CGH8B ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 :;8<0B 2 4><5. 0B5< 8< 405BAO A0<> ?@54?8A0=85, :>B>@>5 >=8 4>;6=K ?>->G5@548 ?@54JO2;OBL @515=:C, ?@>O2;OO ?@8 MB>< AB>9:>ABL. ;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@81028BL 8< C25@5==>AB8 <>6=> ?@>@5?5B8@>20BL GB> 8 :0: 3>2>@8BL @515=:C ?@O<> =0 A5AA88. 0@04>:A0;L=>5 ?>2545=85 4>;6=> ?@>4>;60BLAO 4065 B>340, :>340 @515=>: ?@5:@0B8B A2>N :>=D@>=B0F8N.  B5G5=88 =5A:>;L:8E ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE 2AB@5G ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>445@68205B 2 :;85=B0E <>B820F8N : ?@8<5=5=8N 40==>9 B5E=8:8 - 4> B5E ?>@ ?>:0 =>2K5 ?>2545=G5A:85 >1@07FK =5 AB0=CB =>@<>9 4;O A5<L8. @8 MB>< A8;5= A>1;07= ?>E20;8BL @515=:0 70 B>, GB> >= 87<5=8; A2>5 ?>2545=85 2 ;CGHCN AB>@>=C 8 ?>>I@OBL 53> : "?@>4>;65=8N 2 B>< 65 4CE5". 4=0:> B0:0O ?>E20;0 <>65B ?@825AB8 : C=8GB>65=8N MDD5:B0 ?0@04>:A0;L=>AB8 8 : 2>72@0I5=8N A8<?B><>2. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B A:070BL @515=:C, GB>, :>=5G=>, >= <>65B 25AB8 A51O :0: E>G5B, => 25AB8 A51O ?>-=>2><C >G5=L @8A:>20==>, 8 5A;8 459AB28B5;L=> 53> 65;0=85 87<5=8BLAO >G5=L 1>;LH>5, >= 4>;65= 1KBL >G5=L >AB>@>6=K<. @8<5@ 5:<0= >?8AK205B A;54CNI89 A;CG09 (;8G=>5 A>>1I5=85, 1984). 45=B8D8F8@>20==K< ?0F85=B>< 2 MB>9 A5<L5 O2;O5BAO 17-;5B=89 C0=, :>B>@>3> ?@825;0 : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 53> <0BL. # C0=0 5ABL AB0@H0O A5AB@0, :>B>@0O 2KH;0 70<C6 8 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 6825B 2 !525@=>9 0@>;8=5. B5F C0=0 >AB028; A5<LN 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 53> @>645=8O 8 A5<L ;5B =0704 C<5@. C0= =8:>340 =5 1K; E>@>H8< CG5=8:><, >4=0:> :>5-:0: ?5@5E>48; 87 :;0AA0 2 :;0AA. > 420 8;8 B@8 3>40 =0704 A8BC0F8O A CG51>9 @57:> CEC4H8;0AL, GB> A>2?0;> A 70<C65AB2>< 53> A5AB@K 8 55 >BJ574>< 87 4><0. ! B>3> 2@5<5=8 C0= ?>A5I05B H:>;C =5@53C;O@=>. <C C40;>AL =01@0BL 4>AB0B>G=> 70G5B>2, GB>1K A>E@0=8BL =04564C CA?5H=> 70:>=G8BL H:>;C, 5A;8 >= >AB0=5BAO B0< 5I5 =0 >48= 3>4. 4=0:> 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O C0= =5 ?>A5I05B 70=OB89 8 ?@>20;8205BAO =0 2A5E M:70<5=0E. = =5 C25@5= 2 B><, GB> 5<C 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 E>G5BAO 45;0BL, >4=0:> 7=05B =025@=O:0, GB> 2 H:>;C >= E>48BL =5 65;05B. 0BL 65 =0AB08205B =0 B><, GB>1K >= >AB020;AO 2 H:>;5. !>3;0A=> AD>@<C;8@>20==>9 38?>B575 2 >A=>25 MB>3> A8<?B><0 ;568B 65;0=85 <0B5@8 >AB028BL C0=0 4><0 8 B.>. ?>;CG8BL 4;O A51O C4>1=>3> @515=:0, > :>B>@>< >=0 <>3;0 1K 701>B8BLAO. =0G0;5 B5@0?52B ?>3>2>@8; A <0B5@LN; 70B5< : =8< ?@8A>548=8;AO C0=. "5@0?52B: >E>65, C0= 87> 2A5E A8; ?KB05BAO 4>:070BL, ?@>O2;OO ?@8 MB>< C?>@AB2>, GB> >= =5 <>65B 4>18BLAO CA?5E0 2 H:>;5. 0<0: / 7=0N, GB> >= <>3 1K CG8BLAO, 5A;8 1K B>;L:> 70E>B5;. "5@0?52B. 0, =025@=>5, K ?@02K, >4=0:> >=, >G5284=>, A;8H:>< 0A ;N18B 4;O MB>3>. 0<0: 'B> K 8<55B5 2 284C? A;8 1K >= <5=O ;N18;, >= 1K ?>H5; 2 H:>;C, 8 O 1K;0 1K >G5=L AG0AB;820. "5@0?52B: 0, <>65B ?>:070BLAO, GB> MB> ?@8=5A;> 1K 0< AG0ABL5, >4=0:> 345-B> 2 3;C18=5 4CH8 >= >A>7=05B, GB> 5A;8 >= 70:>=G8B H:>;C 8 C545B 87 4><0, K 1C45B5 GC2AB2>20BL A51O >G5=L >48=>:>9. 0<0:  >65, MB>3> =5 <>65B 1KBL! "5@0?52B: -B> 2?>;=5 <>65B >:070BLAO ?@024>9. 5B8 45;0NB ?>4>1=K5 25I8 87 ;N128 : A2>8< @>48B5;O<. >=5G=>, MB> =5>A>7=0==>5 @5H5=85 A 8E AB>@>=K. 0<0: A;8 MB> ?@0240, B> GB> 65 O <>3C A45;0BL? "5@0?52B: K <>65B5 A45;0BL 425 >G5=L 206=K5 25I8. @5645 2A53>, K <>65B5 =0G0BL 68BL A2>59 A>1AB25==>9 687=LN, >B45;L=>9 >B 687=8 0H8E 45B59. K 2A5340 1K;8 A;8H:>8 CA5@4=>9 <0B5@LN, 65@B2>20;8 2A5< @048 =8E. "5?5@L K 4>;6=K 1>;LH5 ?@>2>48BL 2@5<5=8 A> A2>8<8 4@C7LO<8, 0< =5>1E>48<> 2=>2L =0CG8BLAO @04>20BLAO 687=8. 06=>, GB>1K C0= ?>=O;, GB> K 2?>;=5 A<>65B5 2K68BL 8 157 =53>. >-2B>@KE, O 1K ?@54;>68; 20< A<8@8BLAO A 65;0=8O<8 A0<>3> C0=0 8 A:070BL 5<C, GB> K E>B8B5, GB>1K >= CH5; 87 H:>;K. 0<0: > MB> 157C<85! "5@0?52B: 0209B5 =045OBLAO, GB> C0=C MB> B>65 ?>:065BAO 157C<85<. !:068B5 5<C, GB> K E>B8B5, GB>1K >= >AB028; H:>;C 8 =0H5; A515 @01>BC. >=5G=>, 5<C ?@845BAO 27OBL =0 A51O 1>;LH5 >1O70==>AB59 ?> 4><C, 2:;NG0O B>, GB> 5<C =C6=> 1C45B >B4020BL ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 ?>;>28=C A2>59 70@?;0BK =0 ?>:@KB85 4><0H=8E @0AE>4>2. K @0AA:065B5 5<C >1 MB8E CA;>28OE. 14C<09B5, :0:85 8<5==> >1O70==>AB8 ;O3CB =0 53> ?;5G8, ?@8G5< G5< 8E 1C45B 1>;LH5, B5< ;CGH5. @8 MB>< <>65B A;CG8BLAO >4=0 87 42CE 25I59. C0= >AB028B H:>;C 8 AB0=5B 1>;55 >B25BAB25==K< G5;>25:><. ;8, GB> 1>;55 25@>OB=>, C0= 70E>G5B >AB0BLAO 2 H:>;5 8 4>18BLAO B0< CA?5E0, 8 ?>MB><C >= AB0=5B 1>@>BLAO A 0<8 70 >ACI5AB2;5=85 MB>3>. 0<0: > <=5 =5 =C6=K 53> 45=L38 8 O =5 E>GC, GB>1K >= 2A5 2@5<O 1K; @O4>< A> <=>9. "5@0?52B: ">340 K <>65B5 B09=> ?5@52>48BL MB8 45=L38 =0 53> AG5B 2 10=:5. K 3>B>2K MB> A45;0BL? 0<0: / 3>B>20 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =0 2A5 GB> C3>4=>. "5@0?52B: >B 1C<030, =0 :>B>@>9 K <>65B5 70?8A0BL B>, 70 GB> C0= 4>;65= 1C45B >B25G0BL. (@>8AE>48B 45B0;L=>5 >1AC645=85 1C4CI8E >1O70==>AB59 C0=0, :>B>@K5 ?;0=8@CNBAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K <0BL 8 AK= <=>3> 2@5<5=8 ?@>2>48;8 2<5AB5. 0B5< >=8 @5?5B8@CNB :0: <0BL 1C45B ?@54AB02;OBL MB>B ?;0= C0=C).  B5?5@L ?>7>28B5 C0=0. (E>48B C0=.) K A B2>59 <0<>9 >1AC640;8, GB> <K <>65< A45;0BL, 4;O B>3> GB>1K B515 ?><>GL. / ?>45;8;AO A B2>59 <0<>9 <KA;O<8 > B>< GB>, ?>-<>5<C, BK 87> 2A5E A8; ?KB05HLAO 4>:070BL, GB> =5 E>G5HL E>48BL 2 H:>;C 8 ?@54?>G5; 1K A845BL 4><0 8 701>B8BLAO > A2>59 <0<5. =0 65 @5H8;0, GB>, =025@=>5, MB> =5?;>E0O 845O - ?>72>;8BL B515 C9B8 87 H:>;K =0 >?@545;5==KE CA;>28OE. 'B> BK ?> MB><C ?>2>4C 4C<05HL? C0=:  :0:8E CA;>28OE 845B @5GL? "5@0?52B: >3>2>@8 >1 MB>< A <0<>9. C0=: 'B> MB> 70 CA;>28O? 0<0: C0=, B0: :0: B515 =5 =@028BAO H:>;0, O E>B5;0 1K, GB>1K BK 55 1@>A8; 8 =0H5; @01>BC =0 ?>;=K9 @01>G89 45=L. K B0:65 CA;>28<AO > B><, :0: <K 1C45< 45;8BL >1O70==>AB8 ?> 4><C. >;LH0O G0ABL <>59 70@?;0BK A59G0A CE>48B =0 @0AE>4K ?> 4><C, ?>MB><C BK 4>;65= 1C45HL >B4020BL <=5 ?>;>28=C A2>59 70@?;0BK, GB>1K >?;0B8BL G0ABL @0AE>4>2. K >10 1C45< @01>B0BL, ?>MB><C =0< ?@845BAO @0745;8BL 4><0H=85 >1O70==>AB8: ?@83>B>2;5=85 ?8I8, C1>@:C, AB8@:C 8 B.?. ><8<> MB>3> BK 1C45HL A0< >?;0G820BL A2>8 @073>2>@K ?> B5;5D>=C, @5<>=B <0H8=K, 0 B0:65 AB@0E>2:C 70 =55. C0=: >AB>9, => B0: <=5 A0<><C =8G53> =5 >AB0=5BAO! # <5=O =5 1C45B 4065 <8=CBK, GB>1K A2>1>4=> 274>E=CBL! 0<0: / =8:>340 =5 CB25@640;0, GB> 1KBL 27@>A;K< ;53:>; => 5A;8 BK =5 E>G5HL E>48BL 2 H:>;C, B> <=5 ?>=04>18BAO B2>O ?><>IL 8 BK 4>;65= 1C45HL ?>9B8 =0 >?@545;5==K5 65@B2K. / E>B5;0 1K, GB>1K BK =0G0; 8A:0BL @01>BC =5<54;5==>. C0=: >65B 1KBL, =0G8=0O A 702B@0H=53> 4=O. >;65= ;8 O ?>-?@56=5<C E>48BL 2 H:>;C, ?>:0 O 1C4C 8A:0BL @01>BC? 0<0: / =5 C25@5=0, GB> BK A<>65HL >4=>2@5<5==> E>48BL 2 H:>;C 8 8A:0BL @01>BC. !53>4=O 25G5@>< <K <>65< >1AC48BL A?8A>: 4><0H=8E >1O70==>AB59 A B5<, GB>1K BK <>3 =0G0BL 2K?>;=OBL B2>N G0ABL =0G8=0O C65 A 702B@0H=53> 4=O. C0=: @54?>;>68<, O =5 70E>GC 1@>A0BL H:>;C. 0<0: / 4C<0N, GB> B5?5@L C65 1C45B ;CGH5, 5A;8 BK 2A5 B0:8 87 =55 C945HL. "5?5@L C0= =0G8=05B C15640BL A2>N <0BL, GB> 5<C =04> >AB0BLAO 2 H:>;5, >15I0O, GB> 1C45B CG8BLAO 3>@074> ;CGH5. A8E>B5@0?52B 8 <0<0 B@51CNB >B =53> >15I0=8O, GB> 5A;8 2 B5G5=85 42CE =545;L =5 1C45B 70<5B=KE C;CGH5=89 2 53> ?>A5I05<>AB8, ?>2545=88 8 >F5=:0E, B> >= 4>;65= 1C45B 1@>A8BL H:>;C 8 =09B8 @01>BC, 8 MB> 1C45B 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 A>>B25BAB2>20BL 53> AB@5<;5=8O< 701>B8BLAO > A2>59 <0B5@8. @>2545==0O @01>B0 ?@825;0 : B><C, GB> G5@57 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O <0BL A<>3;0 =09B8 1>;LH5 A>1AB25==KE 8=B5@5A>2, AB0;0 25AB8 1>;55 0:B82=CN 687=L 2=5 A5<L8.  B> 65 2@5<O C0= AB0; ;CGH5 CG8BLAO 8 >AB0;AO 2 H:>;5. @C3>9 A;CG09 ?@82>48BAO 2 @01>B5 (5@<0= (Sherman,1983). 6>@46 60;C5BAO =0 B>, GB> 53> 65=5 0@B5 A>25@H5==> =5 8=B5@5A=K 53> @>48B5;8, :>B>@K5 682CB 2 B>< 65 <=>3>:20@B8@=>< 4><5; B>340 :0: A0< 6>@46 G0AB> 8E =025I05B. 0@B0 65 >1865=0 =0 B>, GB> >= C45;O5B 8< B0: <=>3> 2@5<5=8. !C?@C38 G0AB> AA>@OBAO 87-70 MB>9 A8BC0F88, :>B>@0O CAC3C1;O5BAO B5<, GB> 8< G0AB> =5 E20B05B 45=53.  MB>< A;CG05 1K;> 8A?>;L7>20=> A;54CNI55 ?0@04>:A0;L=>5 2<5H0B5;LAB2>.  >BACBAB288 <C60 65=5 ?@54;030NB =0 A;54CNI59 =545;5 B@864K ?@83;0A8BL =0 >154 53> @>4AB25==8:>2. @8 MB>< 59 =5>1E>48<> ?>:C?0BL 4>@>385 ?@>4C:BK 8 =0?8B:8, B@0BO 45=L38 6>@460. >340 6>@46 =0G=5B 704020BL 59 2>?@>AK, >=0 4>;6=0 >B25B8BL: "/ 5I5 @07 2A5 >14C<0;0 8 ?>=O;0, GB> BK 1K; 01A>;NB=> ?@02. K 4>;6=K 1>;LH5 701>B8BLAO > B2>8E @>48B5;OE, O ?>=8<0N, =0A:>;L:> MB> 4;O B51O 206=>. AB0B8, GB> BK 4C<05HL ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB>1K 87<5=8BL =0H8 ?;0=K =0 AC11>B=89 25G5@ 8 ?@>25AB8 53> A B2>8<8 @>48B5;O<8?"  @57C;LB0B5 6>@46 ?>=O;, GB> =025@=>5 =5 AB>8B ?@>O2;OBL 87;8H=5 <=>3> 701>BK > @>48B5;OE 2 B> 65 2@5<O 0@B0 AB0;0 1>;LH5 701>B8BLAO > 1;87:8E 6>@460, B5< A0<K< 4>AB02;OO 5<C C4>2>;LAB285. A?>;L7>20=85 &5;L 40==>9 B5E=8:8 - C<5=LH8BL 70?CB0==>ABL A2O759 2 40==>9 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5 8 ?><>GL A5<L5 AB0BL 1>;55 48DD5@5=F8@>20==>9. -B0 F5;L 4>AB8305BAO G5@57 ?>>I@5=85 :0: CABC?G82KE, B0: 8 :>=D@>=B0F8>==K< G;5=>2 A5<L8 : 87<5=5=8N A2>53> ?>2545=8O. #ABC?G82K9 87<5=O5B A2>5 ?>2545=85 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 87<5=8BL ?>2545=85 >??>78F8>=5@0.  =0>1>@>B, >??>78F8>=5@ 87<5=O5BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>1548BL CABC?G82KE. @8 MB>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?@8A>548=O5BAO : A>?@>B82;5=8N 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 53> ?@5>4>;520BL 8;8 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL. ;85=BK 2 B> 65 A0<>5 2@5<O 45;0NBAO >B25BAB25==K<8 70 A8<?B><(!<. A;54CNICN B5E=8:C "5;0O :;85=B0 >B25BAB25==K< 70 A8<?>B><"). 6-53. / " ""!"+  !" 1>A=>20=85 0==0O AB@0B538O @01>BK 8AE>48B 87 B>3> D0:B0, GB> <=>385 A5<L8, >1@0I0OAL 70 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>ILN, 2 B>65 A0<>5 2@5<O >B25@30NB ;N1K5 ?@54;>65=8O > =59. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O A8AB5<=>9 B5>@88, MB8 ?@>B82>@5G82K5 CAB0=>2:8 8<5NB 2 :0G5AB25 A2>53> 8AB>G=8:0 48=0<8G5A:>5 @02=>25A85, ACI5AB2CNI55 <564C B5=45=F859 : 87<5=5=5=8O<, A>45@60I59AO 2 ?@>AL15 > ?><>I8 8 B5=45=F859 : @02=>25A8N, :>B>@0O =02O7K205B ?>2B>@5=85 ?@82KG=KE A5<59=KE ?@028; 2708<>459AB28O. !?>A>1AB2CO 4>AB865=8N A5<L59 :>=B@>;O =04 A8<?B><0B8G5A:8< ?>2545=85<, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?><>305B ?@8>1@5AB8 >ICI5=85 A8;K 8 ?>@O4:0 2 8E 687=8. "5E=8:0 "5;0O :;85=B0 >B25BAB25==K< 70 A8<?B><" H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 AB@0B538G5A:>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 - =4>;LD8, =65;> (Andolfi, Angelo, 1982), %59;8, %>D<0= (Haley,1973, Haley, Hoffman,1967). A8E>B5@0?52B @5:><5=4C5B ?@>4>;65=85 ?@>O2;5=8O :0:>3>-B> A?5F8D8G5A:>3> A8<?B><0, =0?@8<5@, 15A?>:>9AB20, ?;0G0, 60;>AB8 : A515, D>18G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O, A :>B>@K< ?@8E>48B A5<LO, GB> A0<> ?> A>15 8<55B ?0@04>:A0;L=K9 MDD5:B - >=8 254CB A51O B0:, :0:-1C4B> A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 2=5 AD5@K 8E :>=B@>;O 8 2A;54AB285 MB>3> GC2AB2CNB A51O 15A?><>I=K<8. >340 65 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 ?@54?8A0=> ?A8E>B5@0?52B><, G;5=K A5<L8 8<5NB 2K1>@ 2 A?>A>10E 53> >ACI5AB2;5=8O. A;8 A5<LO A;54C5B ?@54?8A0=8N 8 ?@>4>;605B ?@>O2;OBL A8<?B>< ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, >=8 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 15@CB =04 A8<?B><>< :>=B@>;L. A;8 65 ?@54?8A0=85 ?><>305B 8=48284C 8;8 A5<L5 >ICB8BL 01AC@4=>ABL A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 >:070;8AL (=0?@8<5@, >4=C <0BL ?>?@>A8;8 A>AB028BL 70 >48= G0A A?8A>: 87 15 =5AG0AB=KE A>1KB89, :>B>@K5 <>3CB ?@>87>9B8 A 55 @515=:><), B> B>340 :;85=B 2 A>AB>O=85 ?>GC2AB2>20BL >B2@0I5=85 : A8<?B><C 8 2 8B>35 >B25@3=CBL A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85.  2 B>< 8 2 4@C3>< A;CG05, >= 8;8 >=0 AB0=>2OBAO >B25BAB25==K<8 70 A2>5 ?>2545=85. 5HB0;LB-?A8E>;>38 <>3CB >1JOA=8BL MB>B D5=><5= B5<, GB> :;85=BK :0:-1K ?@8>1@5B0NB A2>5 ?>2545=85 2 A>1AB25==>5 ?>;L7>20=85, ?@5>4>;520NB 8A:CAAB25==K9 @07@K2 <564C B5<, GB> >=8 E>BOB 8 B5<, GB> >=8 @50;L=> 45;0NB. 0==0O B5E=8:0 <>65B >:070BLAO >A>15==> MDD5:B82=>9 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O B5@0?52B8G5A:8E 8=B5@25=F89 C65 =0 ?5@2KE 2AB@5G0E A A5<L59 8 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4065 B>340, :>340 C ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 5I5 =5 2K:@8AB0;;87>20;0AL @01>G0O 38?>B570, => 2<5AB5 A B5<, 8<5==> =0 MB>< MB0?5 @01>BK, 59 =5>1E>48<> 4>AB8GL >?@545;5==>3> C@>2=O @02=>25A8O 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B C:07K05B =5A:>;L:> ?CB59 >3@0=8G5=8O 459AB28O A8<?B><0. >6=> ?>AB028BL ?@545; 2@5<5=8 ?@>O2;5=8O A8<B><0B8G5A:>3> ?>2545=8O 8;8 53> 8=B5=A82=>AB8. 0?@8<5@, ?@54?8A0BL ?@>O2;5=85 A8<?B><0 8;8 8=B5=A8D8:0F8N 53> 459AB28O 5654=52=> 2 B5G5=88 >?@545;5==>3> ?@><56CB:0 2@5<5=8. @><5 B>3> G0AB> 1K205B ?>;57=>, GB>1K :;85=BK A0<8 <>3;8 ?@54C304K20BL =0ABC?;5=85 A8<?B><0 8 ?@8>AB0=02;820BL 53> 459AB285 5I5 4> B>3>, :0: >= >:>=G0B5;L=> @07K3@0;AO. @8<5=OO 40==CN B5E=8:C ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B ?><>GL :;85=B0< ?>25@8BL 2 B>, GB> >=8 2 A>AB>O=88 :>=B@>;8@>20BL A2>5 A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85. 0@04>:A0;L=K9 MDD5:B 745AL A>7405BAO 2KA:07K20=85< ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 > B><, GB> :;85=B0< =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 87102;OBLAO >B A8<?B><0, >=8 ;8HL 4>;6=K =0CG8BLAO 53> A45@6820BL. 0?@8<5@, ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>A;54>20B5;L=> 70405B A;54CNI85 2>?@>AK: "0:>5 4;O 20A A0<>5 C4>1=>5 2@5<O 4;O 15A?>:>9AB20? !:>;L:> 20< =5>1E>48<> 5654=52=> 2@5<5=8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K C4>2;5B2>@8BL A2>N ?>B@51=>ABL 2 15A?>:>9AB25? ! :0:>9 8=B5=A82=>ABLN 20< =C6=> 15A?>:>8BLAO?  :0:>< ?>;>65=88 20< C4>1=55 15A?>:>8BLAO - A84O, AB>O, H030O, 45;0O 70?8A8 8;8 ABCG0 A51O 2 3@C4L :C;0:><? @54?>GB5B5 ;8 2K 15A?>:>8BLAO ?@8 A25B5 8;8 2 B5<=>B5?" =K5 ?A8E>B5@0?52BK A2O7K20NB :@09=5 8AB>I0NI85 :;85=B>2 A8<?B><K A :>=:@5B=K<8 ?@54<5B0<8 - B0:8<8, :0: "ABC; 4;O 15A?>:>9AB2K0" ?@8 MB>< 22>48BAO, =0?@8<5@, A;54CNI55 ?@028;> - 5A;8 :0:85-=81C4L <KA;8, ?@O<> =5 A2O70==K5 A 15A?>:>9AB2><, ?>A5BOB :;85=B>2 2> 2@5<O 2K?>;=5=8O C?@065=8O, B> >=8 4>;6=K A@07C 65 2AB0BL A> ABC;0. A8E>B5@0?52B <>65B 70:>=G8BL A5AA8N A;54CNI8<8 A;>20<8: "!>3;0A=K ;8 2K 15A?>:>8BLAO 5654=52=> 4> =0H59 A;54CNI59 2AB@5G8 =0 B5E CA;>28OE, > :>B>@KE <K B>;L:> GB> 4>3>2>@8;8AL?" "0: :0: 2A5 >:@C60NI85 :;85=B0 C15640NB 53> 2 B><, GB> 15A?>:>8BLAO =5 AB>8B, 8 8<5==> MB> >= 3>B>2 CA;KH0BL >B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 40==>5 ?@54?8A0=85 O2;O5BAO AN@?@87><, ?>72>;O5B :;85=BC 87CG8BL 2 45B0;OE ?@>F5AA A>1AB25==>3> 15A?>:>9AB20 8 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 ?@5>4>;5BL 53>. @8<5@ 5:<0=(Peckman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annum,1980). @8<5@K 6>= 8 !LN . >1@0B8;8AL 70 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>ILN 2 A2O78 A AC?@C65A:8<8 AA>@0<8. < >1>8< 1K;> =5<=>3> 70 B@84F0BL 8 >=8 A>AB>O;8 2 1@0:5 C65 45AOBL ;5B. # =8E 1K;> 42>5 45B59 - A5<8;5B=89 AK= 8 G5BK@5E;5B=OO 4>GL. 6>= - 4>2>;L=> ?@5CA?520NI89 042>:0B, @01>B0NI89 2 <5AB=>9 042>:0BA:>9 :><?0=88. K94O 70<C6, !LN =0 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O ?@5@20;0 A2>5 >1@07>20=85, => 70B5< 25@=C;0AL 2 <5AB=K9 C=825@A8B5B 4;O 7025@H5=8O @01>BK =04 48AA5@B0F859. @>1;5<0, A :>B>@>9 >=8 ?@8H;8 : B5@0?52BC, 70:;NG0;0AL 2 55 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 1@0:><. > 2@5<O >?8AK205<>9 745AL A5AA88 AC?@C38 A?>@OB > @0745;5=88 >1O70==>AB59 ?> 2>A?8B0=8N 45B59. 10 A5@4OBAO 4@C3 =0 4@C30 8 A?>@ ?>AB>O==> 2>72@0I05BAO : >4=>9 8 B>9 65 B>G:5. =0G0;5 ?>4E>4 42CE B5@0?52B>2 70:;NG0;AO 2 B><, GB>1K A>740BL 75@:0;L=>5 >B@065=85 =0AB@>5=8O ?0F85=B>2. =8 =0G0;8 A> A;54CNI59 @>;52>9 83@K: "5@0?52B 1: >A;CH09, 6>=, C <5=O 8 B0: <=>3> 45;, > :>B>@KE O 4>;6=0 701>B8BLAO. "515 ?@845BAO ?5@5A<>B@5BL B2>5 @0A?8A0=85 B0:, GB>1K BK A<>3 ?>9B8 =0 >B:@KB>5 70=OB85 =0 A5<8=0@5 C "><0. "K 254L 7=05HL, GB> =0 MB>B @07 ?@>D5AA>@ 6>=A 1C45B >1AC640BL 8<5==> 53> A;CG09. "5@0?52B 2: / =5 A<>3C.  H5ABL G0A>2 O 2AB@5G0NAL A 68<>< ?> ?>2>4C A;CG0O !<8B0. @>AB8, !LN, => 2 MB>B @07 O ?><>GL =5 A<>3C. "5@0?52B 1: 5 B0: ;8 ?@>8AE>48B :064K9 @07? "2>O @01>B0 2A5340 206=55 <>59. "5@0?52B 2: C, <>O @01>B0 ?>72>;O5B =0< ?;0B8BL ?> AG5B0<. "5@0?52B 1: / 7=0;0, GB> BK <=5 B0: >B25B8HL. "K 2A5340 B0: 45;05HL, :>340 =5 <>65HL ?@84C<0BL =8G53> ?>;CGH5. >A<>B@8, <K B>;L:> 7;8<AO 4@C3 =0 4@C30, 8 MB> =5 <>65B =0A =8:C40 ?@825AB8. 5C65;8 <K =5 <>65< ?>?KB0BLAO ?@84B8 : :0:><C-B> @5H5=8N? "5@0?52B 2: C, E>@>H>,.. O A MB8< A>3;0A5=. >65B 1KBL, O <>3C =5<=>3> 87<5=8BL A2>5 @0A?8A0=85. / ?>?@>HC 68<0 2AB@5B8BLAO A> <=>9 2 2>A5<L CB@0. ">340 O A<>3C C9B8 A @01>BK 2 ?OBL G0A>2. "5@0?52B 1: %>@>H>, B>340 C B51O 1C45B 1>;55 G5< 4>AB0B>G=> 2@5<5=8, GB>1K 4>1@0BLAO 4> B>3> <5AB0, 345 ?@>2>48BAO A5<8=0@. "5@0?52B 2: !LN, 1K;> 1K E>@>H>, 5A;8 1K 2 1C4CI5< BK ?@54C?@5640;0 <5=O 70@0=55. =5 >G5=L =5C4>1=> 2 ?>A;54=NN <8=CBC <5=OBL A2>8 ?;0=K. "5@0?52B 1: -B> @07C<=>. A;8 BK E>G5HL, <>65B 1KBL, <K A>AB028< @0A?8A0=85 =0 A;54CNICN =545;N A53>4=O 25G5@><? # <5=O 70?8A0=K 2A5 206=K5 45;0. "5@0?52B 2: >@01>B05< =04 MB8< ?>A;5 C68=0. (0C70) "5@0?52B: (>1@0I0OAL : AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@5) C, 0 B5?5@L A<>3;8 1K 2K 242>5< ?>?KB0BLAO @07@5H8BL A2>N ?@>1;5<C? > 2@5<O >?8A0==>9 2KH5 ?5@2>9 G0AB8 A5AA88 B5@0?52BK 2=0G0;5 A>740;8 75@:0;L=>5 >B@065=85 =0AB@>5=89 A2>8E :;85=B>2. -B> 1K;> A45;0=> 4;O >1@07>20=8O 0;LO=A>2. 4=0:> 2 A5@548=5 480;>30 B5@0?52BK 87<5=8;8 A2>N AB@0B538N 8 ?>:070;8 ?@8<5@ A>2A5< 4@C3>3> ?>4E>40 : ?@>1;5<5 - ?>?KB:8 55 @5H5=8O =0 >A=>25 A>B@C4=8G5AB20. >340 AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 ?@>4>;68;0 A2>N 48A:CAA8N, >=8 A@07C 65 =0G0;8 8A:0BL ?CB8 @50;L=>3> @07@5H5=8O ?@>1;5<K 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K ?KB0BLAO 2K83@0BL >G:8 2> 2708<=>9 1>@L15 8;8 A?>@8BL 2 B><, :B> O2;O5BAO 1>;LH59 65@B2>9. >-B5@0?52BK <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 87<5=5=8O<, 1;>:8@CO 2=CB@8A5<59=>5 >1I5=85. -B>B ?>4E>4 <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 2 G0AB=>AB8 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 >48= 87 G;5=>2 A5<L8 2>2;5G5= 2 4@C385 >B=>H5=8O, 2=5 =C:;50@=>9 A5<L8, B5< A0<K< <5H0O MDD5:B82=><C 2=CB@8A5<59=>C 2708<>459AB28N. !;54CNI89 ?@8<5@ 8;;NAB@8@C5B MB>. >A?>60 ., 55 425=04F0B8;5B=OO 4>GL 8 101CH:0 A <0B5@8=A:>9 AB>@>=K ?@8ABC?8;8 : A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 87-70 A;>6=>AB59, A :>B>@K<8 4>GL AB0;:820;0AL 2 H:>;5. > 2@5<O ?5@2>9 2AB@5G8 AB0;> OA=>, GB> 101CH:0 1K;0 A;8H:>< B5A=> 2>2;5G5=0 2 >B=>H5=8O A 2=CG:>9. >-B5@0?52BK, >1AC482 MBC A8BC0F8N, @5H8;8 2K1@0BL A;54CNICN AB@0B538N. "5@0?52B 1 A:070; 101CH:5: ">A?>60 ., A53>4=O O 1K; 1K 1;03>40@5=, 0< 5A;8 1K K ?>@01>B0;8 2<5AB5 A> <=>9.  B> 2@5<O, :>340 0H8 4>GL 8 2=CG:0 >1AC4OB =5:>B>@K5 A2>8 ?@>1;5<K A 4>:B>@>< . (B5@0?52B>< 2), K ?@>AB> ?>A848B5 745AL A> <=>9, 8 <K 1C45< A;CH0BL 8 =01;N40BL." > 2@5<O A5AA88, :>340 101CH:0 ?KB0;0AL 2<5H0BLAO 2 @073>2>@, 59 B25@4> A:070;8: "><=8B5, =0H0 A 20<8 @01>B0 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K A;CH0BL 8 =01;N40BL." -B>B A>N7 A 101CH:>9, :>B>@K9 ?@8>AB0=>28; 55 2<5H0B5;LAB2> 2 CA8;8O <0B5@8, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 B>, GB>1K A?@028BLAO A 4>G5@LN, CAB@0=O5B B@5C3>;L=8: 2=CB@8A5<59=KE >B=>H5=89 8 A>7405B 85@0@E8G5A:CN 3@0=8FC <564C ?>:>;5=8O<8. 01CH:5 >B2>48BAO >A>1>5 <5AB> 2 A>N75 A B5@0?52B>< 1, B0: GB> >=0 =5 GC2AB2C5B A51O ?@>AB> 2K1@>H5==>9 87 A5<L8. "5?5@L >=0 O2;O5BAO =01;N40B5;5<, 8<5NI8< >A>1>5 7040=85. A;54AB285 MB>3> <0=52@0 <0BL, 4>GL 8 B5@0?52B 2 A<>3;8 ?@89B8 : A>2<5AB=><C @5H5=8N ?> ?>2>4C >1AC6402H59AO 8<8 ?@>1;5<K. A?>;L7>20=85 >-B5@0?8O <>65B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO 2> <=>38E A8BC0F8OE. '0AB> >=0 8A?>;L7C5BAO ?@8 @01>B5 A >A>15==> 1>;LH8<8 A5<LO<8, 0 B0:65 2 E>45 3@C??>2>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 A A5<LO<8 8 AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8. > 2A5E MB8E A;CG0OE MDD5:B <>45;8@>20=8O <>65B >:070BLAO 25AL<0 ?>;57=K<, >A>15==> :>340 2 @>;8 :>-B5@0?52B>2 2KABC?0NB <C6G8=0 8 65=I8=0. "5E=8:0 B0:65 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 2 B@5=8=3>2KE F5=B@0E, 345 >=0 A;C68B CG51=K< F5;O<. 0?@8<5@, =0G8=0NI89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B @01>B05B A 55 AC?5@287>@>< 8;8 420 =>28G:0 =0E>4OBAO ?>4 =01;N45=85< >4=>3> AC?5@287>@0. >=5G=> 745AL <>3CB 1KBL 8 =54>AB0B:8. ;02=K9 87 =8E - F5=0, :>B>@CN =5>1E>48<> ?;0B8BL 70 2>2;5G5==>ABL 2 ?@>F5AA 4>?>;=8B5;=>3> ?@>D5AA8>=0;0. "0:65 206=>, GB>1K >10 :>-B5@0?52B0 1K;8 2 A>AB>O=88 459AB28B5;L=> 2708<>459AB2>20BL 4@C3 A 4@C3><(2 B>< G8A;5 8 A B5>@5B8G5A:8<8 >@85=B0F8O<8 4@C3>3>), 0 =5, =0>1>@>B, <5H0BL 4@C3 4@C3C. @8G5< ACI5AB25==>, 8 MB> O2;O5BAO =5>1E>48<>9 A>AB02=>9 G0BLN @01>BK ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 70@0=55 2K45;8BL 2@5<O 4;O >1AC645=8O A;CG0O, :0: 4> A5AA88, B0: 8 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>A;5 =55. 8G53> AB@0H=>3>, 5A;8 8=>340 ?@>D5AA8>=0;K =0 A5AA8OE <>3CB =5 A>3;0H0BLAO 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 1C4CB 8A:@5==5 8 157 87;8H=8E AB@0E>2 ?>:070BLAO =5A>25@H5==K<8, AB@5<8BLAO ?@5>4>;5BL A2>8 @07;8G8O, <>45;8@CO :0: MB> 45;05BAO ?5@54 A5<L59, GB>1K 8 >=8 45;0;8 B0:65 ?@8 @07@5H5=88 A2>8E A>1AB25==KE :>=D;8:B>2. @C3>9 284 :>-B5@0?88 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> >48= 87 :>-B5@0?52B>2 =0E>48BAO 70 >4=>AB>@>==8< 75@:0;><, 2708<>459AB2CO A :>;;53>9, @01>B0NI8< A A5<L59, ?@8 ?><>I8 B5;5D>==KE 72>=:>2, ABC:>2 2 425@L 8 B.4. (A<.@0745;K "845><03=8B>D>==K9 ?@>83@KH" 8 ""5;5D>==K5 72>=:8 2 E>45 A5AA88" 2 40==>9 3;025). 5-55. "$+   +( " 5A;8 1 40@ =0< 1K; 1K 40= E>BL @07 !51O C2845BL B0:, :0: 284OB =0A!" ( >15@B 5@=A /?5@52>4 ..C:0@:8=0/ ) 1>A=>20=85 ">;L:> A59G0A AB0;> 2>7<>6=> 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 @50;87>20BL MB8 15AA<5@B=K5 A;>20 >15@B0 5@=A0: 2845<03=8B>D>= <>65B >:070BLAO ?>;57=K< =5 B>;L:> :0: A@54AB2> 4;O 70?><8=0=8O B5@0?52B>< 8 :;85=B0<8 B5E 8;8 8=KE A>1KB89, ?@>8AE>4OI8E 2> 2@5<O A5AA88, => 8 2 :0G5AB25 A>1AB25==>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> 8=AB@C<5=B0. @54?>;0305BAO, GB> 5A;8 G;5=K A5<L8 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 1C4CB =01;N40BL =0 M:@0=5 A2>5 ?>2545=85, B> MB> ?><>65B :0: B>9, B0: 8 4@C3>9 AB>@>=5. A8E>B5@0?52BC <>65B AB0BL 1>;55 OA=>, GB> 459AB28B5;L=> ?@>8AE>48B 2 A5<L5, 2 G0AB=>AB8, >= ;CGH5 ?>9<5B @>;L :064>3> 8=482840 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. @><5 B>3> 2845><03=8B>D>==K9 ?@>83@KH <>65B A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?@>O2;5=8N :>=D@>=B0F88 2 A5<L5 8 55 =0;8G85 C65 B@C4=> 1C45B :><C-;81> >B@8F0BL. 3@>:8 8<5NB 2>7<>6=>ABL A ?><>ILN 2845><03=8B>D>=0 24@C3 AB0BL =01;N40B5;O<8 A>1AB25==>3> ?>2545=8O 8 C2845BL 2>>G8N, GB> A0<8 45;0NB. >3CB >1AC640BLAO, 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BLAO, 0=0;878@>20BLAO 8 ?5@583@K20BLAO >B45;L=K5 G0AB8 A5AA88, GB> >A>15==> 0:BC0;L=> 2 @01>B5 A B5<8 A5<LO<8 8 AC?@C65A:8<8 ?0@0<8, G;5=K :>B>@KE ?>-@07=><C A<>B@OB =0 <8@, 8 @07;8G8O MB8 4>2>;L=> ACI5AB25==K5. @>F54C@0 0==0O ?@>F54C@0 @07@01>B0=0 ;35@>< (Alger,1976). !5<L5 A>>1I05BAO > B><, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?;0=8@C5B 70?8A0BL @01>BC =0 2845><03=8B>D>=, B0: :0: MB> ?><>65B B5@0?52B8G5A:><C ?@>F5AAC. #:07K205BAO, GB> ?;5=:0 =5 1C45B ?>:070=0 =8:><C 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 :;85=BK =5 404CB =0 MB>B AG5B A2>53> ?8AL<5==>3> @07@5H5=8O. ;85=B0< B0:65 40NB =5:>B>@CN 8=D>@<0F8N ?> ?>2>4C >B;8G8O B5;52878>==KE >1@07>2 >B B>3>, GB> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?@>8AE>48B 2 687=8, GB>1K >=8 =5 >G5=L ?5@56820;8 >B =5A>>B25BAB28O ?@54AB02;5=8O > A515 A0<>< 8 B>3>, GB> >=8 C284OB =0 B5;5M:@0=5. ;02=>5 2=8<0=85 ?@8 ?@>A<>B@5 >1@0I05BAO =0 AB8;8 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> 2708<>459AB28O. @8 MB>< 206=>, GB>1K ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>3 E>@>H> >1@0I0BLAO A 2845>B5E=8:>9. 845><03=8B>D>==K5 ?@>83@KH8 <>3CB >ACI5AB2;OBLAO =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>A;5 70?8A8 8;8 65 =0 A;54CNI59 A5AA88. A8E>B5@0?52B ;81> A0< 2K18@05B :CA:8 4;O ?@>A<>B@0, ;81> ?>;0305BAO =0 <=5=85 A5<L8. @8<5@ 8AB5@ 8 <8AA8A . ?@>E>48;8 :>=AC;LB0F8N ?> ?>2>4C AC?@C65A:8E ?@>1;5<. =8 1K;8 65=0BK C65 8 ;5B 8 C =8E 1K; H5AB8;5B=89 AK= 8 B@5E;5B=OO 4>G:0. 5=0 60;>20;0AL =0 45?@5AA8N, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: <C6 ?>;030;, GB> >=8 68;8 1K 3>@074> AG0AB;8255, 5A;8 1K >=0 45;0;0 2 B>G=>AB8, B> GB> >= 59 3>2>@8B.  B5G5=88 70?8A0==>9 =0 2845><03=8B>D>= A;54CNI59 A5AA88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8=B5@2LN8@>20;0 AC?@C3>2 ?>-?>2>4C 8E ?@>1;5<. "5@0?52B("): 8AA8A , K B>;L:> GB> A:070;8, GB> 0H <C6 2545B A51O B0:8< >1@07><, :0: 1C4B> >= 0A =5 C20605B. 5 <>3;8 1K K ?>4@>1=55 :>A=CBLAO MB>3> 2>?@>A0. 8AB5@ : / =5 8<5N ?>=OB8O, ?>G5<C 59 ?@8H;> 2 3>;>2C A:070BL MBC 3;C?CN 8 15AA<KA;5==CN 25IL. ": 8AB5@ , O 7040;0 2>?@>A 0H59 65=5. 09B5 65 59 2>7<>6=>ABL >B25B8BL. 8AA8A : = A>25@H5==> =5 F5=8B B>, GB> O 3>2>@N. = =8:>340 =5 A?@0H8205B C <5=O A>25B0, 4065 ?>-?>2>4C 4><0H=8E 45;. 8AB5@ : "515 4>;6=> 1KBL 8725AB=>, ?>G5<C B0: ?@>8AE>48B. / G0AB> >BACBAB2CN 4><0. / @01>B0N. 0 <=5 45@68BAO 4><.  O 1>;LH5 7=0N > B><, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 <8@5 8 :0: >= CAB@>5=. 8AA8A : "K AG8B05HL, GB> 7=05HL 01A>;NB=> 2A5. 8AB5@ : >=5G=>.  :@><5 B>3>, O ?@>AB> ?KB0NAL 701>B8BLAO > B515 8 45BOE, 45;0N 4;O B51O B>;L:> E>@>H55. 5 7=0N, GB> 745AL <>65B 1KBL ?;>E>3>. A;8 1K BK 45;0;0 B>;L:> B>, GB> O B515 3>2>@N, 2A5 1K;> 1K =>@<0;L=>/=5 ?>=OB=>??????????????..../ 8AA8A : 5=0286C, :>340 BK >1@0I05HLAO A> <=>9 :0: A <0;5=L:8< @515=:><. @>AB> =5 2K=>HC MB>3>! 8AB5@ : >A;CH09, 254L O 4>;65= 701>B8BLAO > B515, 2 MB>< - <>O >B25AB25==>ABL 8AA8A : > BK 254L =5 <>9 >B5F, ?>G5<C 65 BK 2545HL A51O :0:... 8AB5@ : A5 MB> C60A=>. "K ?@>87=5A;0 A0<CN 3;C?CN 25IL 87 B>3>, GB> ?> MB><C ?>2>4C <>6=> A:070BL. "5@0?52B 40;0 2>7<>6=>ABL AC?@C30< ?@>A<>B@5BL B>;L:> GB> 70?8A0==K9 =0 2845<03=8B>D>= M?87>4. 865 ?@82545=0 70?8AL ?>A;54>202H53> 70 ?@>A<>B@>< >1AC645=8O. ": 'B> 2K 4C<05B5 ?>-?>2>4C B>;L:> GB> C2845==>3>? 8AA8A : 5C65;8 O 459AB28B5;L=> B0: 2K3;O6C? ": <59B5 2284C, GB> 0H >1@07 =0 M:@0=5 =5 A>2A5< A>>B25BAB2C5B B><C, :0: K 2K3;O48B5 2 @50;L=>9 687=8. 0 M:@0=5 ;N48 2K3;O4OB 3>@074> EC65, G5< 2 687=8. 8AA8A : 045NAL, GB> B0:. 8AB5@ : / B>65 2K3;O45; 4>2>;L=> =5C:;N65. ": 'B> 65 K 4C<05B5 ?>-?>2>4C B>;L:> GB> C2845==>3>? 8AB5@ : / 4>;65= ?@87=0BL, GB> =5 7=0; @0=LH5, GB> 2K3;O6C AB>;L =0G0;LAB25==>. ": >G5<C =0G0;LAB25==>? 8AB5@ : / 2<5H820;AO 2 0HC 15A54C A 65=>9.  5I5 O 70<5B8;, GB> 3>2>@N A;8H:>< 3@><:>. ": 5 B0: ;8 K @073>20@8205B5 8 4><0?  GB> K <>65B5 A:070BL >B=>A8B5;L=> B5E CB25@645=89, :>B>@K5 2K 45;0;8? 8AB5@ : 45AL B>65 1K;8 ?@>:>;K. / =07K20; 55 70<5G0=8O 3;C?K<8. 8AA8A : 0,BK 45;0; 8<5==> B0:. 5@6C ?0@8 BK =5 >B405HL A515 >BG5B 2 B><, =0A:>;L:> G0AB> BK B0: ?>ABC?05HL. @><5 B>3>, 70<5B8; ;8 BK, GB> BK =0 <5=O A>2A5< =5 A<>B@5;, :>340 3>2>@8;? "K A<>B@5; =0 4>:B>@0 ., 0 =5 =0 <5=O. ": 8AA8A , 0 GB> K <>65B5 A:070BL ?>-?>2>4C B>3>, :C40 2K A<>B@5;8. !<>B@5;8 ;8 K =0 0H53> <C60, :>340 3>2>@8;8? 8AA8A : / =5 A<>B@5;0 =8 =0 :>3>. <5==> B0:. / A845;0, CAB0282H8AL 2 ?>;. ": 'B> K 4C<05B5 > B><, GB> 2A5 MB> 7=0G8B? 8AA8A : / ?@>AB> A:C:>6820NAL, :>340 >= B0: A> <=>9 @073>20@8205B. / 25;0 A51O ?@>AB> :0: @515=>:, => 8<5==> B0:>9 O A51O GC2AB2CN 2A5340, :>340 >= =0 <5=O >@5B.  MB>< A;CG05 ?@>A<>B@ B>;L:> GB> A45;0==>9 =0 A5AA88 2845><03=8B>D>==>9 70?8A8 >:070;AO >A>15==> C<5AB=K< 2 ?@>OA=5=88 B>3> ?>2545=8O, ACI5AB2>20=85 :>B>@>3> >B@8F05BAO >4=8< 87 G;5=>2 AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K. @>3@5AA <C60 2 >B=>H5=88 ?@87=0=8O 8< ?@020 65=K 2KA:07K20BL A2>5 <=5=85 >G52845=. @><5 B>3>, 65=0 A45;0;0 25AL<0 206=K5 =01;N45=8O > 2:;045 55 A>1AB25==>3> ?>2545=8O 2 B>, :0: 55 <C6 A =59 >1@0I05BAO. A?>;L7>20=85 845><03=8B>D>==K9 ?@>83@KH <>65B 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 25745, 345 MB> 4>ABC?=> 2 B5E=8G5A:>< ?;0=5. A?>;L7>20=85 B5E=8:8 =5 4>;6=> 1KBL >3@0=8G5=> 27@>A;K<8 :;85=B0<8, >=0 <>65B A CA?5E>< ?@8<5=OBLAO 8 A 45BL<8, >A>15==> A ?>4@>AB:0<8. 7-56. "$+    / !!! 1>A=>20=85 A?>;L7>20=85 B5;5D>=0 =0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E A5AA8OE A A5<L59 2?5@2K5 1K;> >?8A0=> >??5@A<8B>< (Coppersmith,1980). 5@2>=0G0;L=> B5;5D>==K5 72>=:8 B5@0?52BC 2> 2@5<O A5AA88 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >ACI5AB2;OBL =5?>A@54AB25==>5 AC?5287>@AB2> 53> @01>B>9. <5AB5 A B5< B5;5D>==K5 72>=:8 <>3CB 8<5BL 8 ?>;57=K5 2 A>1AB25==>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>< A<KA;5 DC=:F88: 2:;NG0BL 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:CN A8AB5<C =>2KE G;5=>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 =01;N40B5;59 70 >4=>AB>@>==8< 75@:0;><; 8;8 65 G;5=>2 A5<L8, :>B>@K5 2 MB>B <><5=B =0E>4OBAO 2 4@C3>< <5AB5; A?>A>1AB2>20BL 87<5=5=8N ?;0=0 45OB5;L=>AB8 B5@0?52B0; 22545=8N 2 :>=B5:AB A5AA88 =>2>3> A>45@60=8O; 72>=:8 <>3CB >1@0B8BL 2=8<0=85 B5@0?52B0 =0 B>, GB> >=0 2>7<>6=> C?CAB8;0 (G0AB> =01;N40B5;8-?@>D5AA8>=0;K <>3CB 70<5B8BL 1>;LH5, =01;N40O A> AB>@>=K, ?> A@02=5=8N A =5?>A@54AB25==> 2>2;5G5==K< 2 @01>BC A A5<L59 8E :>;;53>9), >=8 B0:65 8<5NB 2>7<>6=>ABL 2K720BL ;N1>?KBAB2> C :;85=B>2, ?><>GL :;85=B0< 8 B5@0?52BC >B2;5GLAO =02@5<O >B B5:CI53> >1AC645=8O 8 273;O=CBL =0 ?@>1;5<C A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?5@5AB@C:BC8@>20=8N A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K, ?@>OA=8BL 3@0=8FK 8 >@30=870F8N A5<5=KE AC1A8AB5<, >1;53G8BL CAB0=>2;5=85 0;LO=A>2 8 4020BL 2>7<>6=>ABL =01;N40B5;O< ?@8=8<0BL AB>@>=C @07;8G=KE G;5=>2 A5<L8 8 B.4. 2>=:8 B0:65 <>3CB 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O ?><>I8 ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 2 ?@8A>548=5=88 : A5<L5. @>F54C@0 >??5@A<8B >1AC6405B B@8 @07;8G=KE B8?0 AB@0B538G5A:8E B5;5D>==KE 72>=:>2. 5@2K9 - 72>=>: ?A8E>B5@0?52BC >B AC?5@287>@0 8;8 :0:>3>-B> 4@C3>3> G;5=0 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 :><0=4K, :>B>@K9 ?@>872>48BAO 87 :><=0BK 70 >4=>AB>@>==8< 75@:0;><. 3> F5;LN <>65B 1KBL AB@5<;5=85 ?@840BL @01>B5 =>2>5 =0?@02;5=85 - =01;N40B5;8 <>3CB GC2AB2>20BL, GB> ?A8E>B5@0?52B =5 :0A05BAO, E>BO 4>;65=, >G5=L 206=>3> 2>?@>A0. ><0=40 <>65B B0:65 ?5@540BL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC A2>5 @07>G0@>20=85 ?>-?>2>4C =0AB@>5==>AB8 =0 A5@L57=CN @01>BC A5<L8 8;8 B>3> ?@>3@5AA0, :>B>@K9 5N 4>AB83=CB. -B> 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 70=OBL ?>78F8N, ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN :><0=45 =01;N40B5;59, =045OAL ?@8 MB>< =0 ?>445@6:C A5<L8. B>@>9 B8? B5;5D>==>3> 72>=:0 - >B G;5=0 :><0=4K =01;N40B5;59 =5?>A@54AB25==> :0:><C-=81C4L G;5=C A5<L8. 57C;LB0B, :0: 8 2 ?5@2>< B8?5, <>65B 1KBL A0<K< =5>6840==K<, B0: :0: 72>=>: @0718205B CAB>O2HCNAO =0 A5AA88 0B<>AD5@C, 2=>AO 2 =55 =>2K5 M;5<5=BK. @><5 B>3>, B5;5D>==K9 72>=>: ?>?0405B 2 D>:CA >1AC645=8O =0 A5AA88, 8 MB> <>65B 1KBL >A>15==> ?>;57=> B>340, :>340 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?KB05BAO 2:;NG8BL 2 48A:CAA8N G;5=0 A5<L8, 70=O2H53> ?>78F8N 0CBA0945@0. "@5B89 B8? 72>=:0 - >B G;5=0 A5<L8, :>B>@K9 @0=55 ?>:8405B ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 :018=5B 8 ?@8A>548=O5BAO : =01;N40B5;O< 70 >4=>AB>@>==8< 75@:0;><. 3> 72>=>: 8 @073>2>@ A> A2>8< @>4AB25==8:>< B0:65 87<5=O5B 0B<>AD5@C =0 A5AA88 8 ?5@5D>:CA8@C5B 2=8<0=85 :;85=B>2. @8<5@K !;54CNI85 420 ?@8<5@0 >?8A0=K 2 @01>B5 >??5@A<8B0 (Coppersmith,1980). C6, 65=0 8 8E 42>5 45B59 ?@>E>48;8 A5<59=CN B5@0?8N.  D>:CA5 @01>BK >:070;>AL >B:;>=ONI55AO ?>2545=85 4>G5@8. 070;>AL, GB> =0 AK=0 A5<LO =5 >1@0I05B A>2A5< =8:0:>3> 2=8<0=8O. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, A0<K9 <;04H89 G;5= A5<L8 =5 >G5=L B> E>B5; CG0AB2>20BL 2 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5. > 2@5<O >4=>9 87 A5AA89, 15A54CO A @>48B5;O<8, B5@0?52B 70=O; AK=0 @8A>20=85<, !@07C 65 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= =0G0; 2K?>;=OBL MB> 7040=85, >48= 87 G;5=>2 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 :><0=4K ?>72>=8; <0;LG8:C ?> B5;5D>=C 8 ?>E20;8; 53> 70 @01>BC. 2>=>: 2K720; ;N1>?KBAB2> C 4@C38E G;5=>2 A5<L8, >=8 AB0;8 53> @0AA?@0H820BL :B> MB> 5<C 72>=8;, 8 >B25BK <0;LG8:0 AB0;8 =0G0;>< 53> 25@10;L=>9 2>2;5G5==>AB8 2 @01>BC =0 A5AA88. 0 MB8< ?>A;54>20;> C<5=LH5=85 48AB0=F88 <564C <0;LG8:>< 8 53> @>48B5;O<8, 0 B0:65 C<5=LH5=85 A;8H:>< A8;L=>9 2:;NG5==>AB8 @>48B5;59 2 687=L 4>G5@8. !;54CNI89 ?@8<5@ 45<>=AB@8@C5B B5;5D>==>5 >1I5=85 <564C ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 8 AC?5@287>@><. > 2@5<O @01>BK ?A8E>B5@0?52B AB>;:=C;0AL A 1>;LH8< A>?@>B82;5=85< A5<L8. ><0H=85 7040=8O ?>AB>O==> 83=>@8@>20;8AL. !C?5@287>@ ?>72>=8; ?A8E>B5@0?52BC 8 A?@>A8;, E>G5B ;8 A5<LO @01>B0BL, 8 8<55B ;8 A<KA; B@0B8BL =0 =55 2@5<O - B>G:0 7@5=8O AC?5@287>@0 A>AB>O;0 2 B><, GB> =5 AB>8B. A8E>B5@0?52B ?5@540;0 A:070==>5 AC?5@287>@>< A5<L5 8 ?@81028;0, GB> >=0 A =59 =5 A>3;0A=0, 4>AB0B>G=> E>@>H> 7=05B A5<LN 8 AG8B05B, GB> @01>B0 A 40==>9 A5<L59 @0=> 8;8 ?>74=> ?@8=5A5B ?>;L7C. !5<LO >1J548=8;0AL 2>:@C3 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 8 @01>B0 ?>H;0 1>;55 8=B5=A82=>. A?>;L7>20=85 ?8A0==0O B5E=8:0 MDD5:B82=55 2A53> 8A?>;L7C5BAO B>340, :>340 @01>B05B :><0=40 A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2. =0 ?>4E>48B :> 2A5< 8=482840<, 70 8A:;NG5=85< A>2A5< <0;5=L:8E 45B59. "5E=8:0 >A>15==> ?>;57=0 4;O @5AB@C:BC8@>20=8O A5<59=>9 A8AB5<K. "5;5D>==K5 72>=:8 <>3CB ?@>OA=8BL 3@0=8FK 8 >@30=870F8N AC1A8AB5<, >1;53G8BL D>@<8@>20=85 0;LO=A>2. ">, GB> G;5=K :><0=4K <>3CB 70=OBL ?>78F8N >B;8G=CN >B ?>78F8N @01>B0NI53> A A5<L59 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, A>7405B ?0@04>:A0;L=CN 42>9=CN A2O7L.  =5206=>, GB> :>=:@5B=> >=8 45;0NB, >=8 4>;6=K A :5<-B> :>>?5@8@>20BLAO. 2>=:8 <>3CB B0:65 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O >1;53G5=8O CA8;89 B5@0?52B0 ?> ?@8A>548=5=8N : A5<L5. "5E=8:0 <>65B ?@8<5=OBLAO 2 @0<:0E A0<KE @07;8G=KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E >@85=B0F89, E>BO 25@>OB=> =081>;LH89 8=B5@5A >=0 ?@82;5G5B A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2 AB@C:BC@0;L=>3> 8 AB@0B538G5A:>3> =0?@02;5=89. "5;5D>==K5 72>=:8 <>3CB B0:65 8A?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2:;NG8BL 2 ?@>F5AA >BACBAB2CNI53> G;5=0 A5<L8, A2O702H8AL A =8< ?> B5;5D>=C, 0 B0:65 A?>A>1AB2>20BL =5<54;5==><C 87<5=5=8N 2 ?>2545=88 :;85=B0. 0?@8<5@, ?@O<> 87 :018=5B0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 8 ?@8 ?>445@6:5 ?@8ACBAB2CNI8E, AB5A=8B5;L=K9 G;5= A5<L8 4>3>20@8205BAO >1 8=B5@2LN ?> ?@85<C =0 @01>BC, 8;8 :B>-B> "745AL 8 B5?5@L" 72>=8B @>4AB25==8:0< 8 @5H05B A =8<8 =01>;52H85 ?@>1;5<K. 7-57. ( "+ 1>A=>20=85 "5@0?52BC 1C45B ;53G5 ?>=OBL DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 A5<L8, 5A;8 >=0 1C45B 8<5BL, E>BO 1K 87@54:0, 2>7<>6=>ABL =01;N40BL A2>8E :;85=B>2 2 8E 4><0H=5< >:@C65=88, 1>;55 5AB5AB25==>< 4;O =8E, G5< B5@0?52B8G5A:89 :018=5B. ><0H=85 2878BK <>3CB A?>A>1AB2>20BL 2:;NG5=8N 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA 2A5E G;5=>2 A5<L8. >7<>6=> B0:65, GB> ?>78B82=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 ?>2545=88, ?>;CG5==K5 2 E>45 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 <>3CB 2 MB>< A;CG05 >:070BLAO 1>;55 045:20B=K<8 A5<59=>9 @50;L=>AB8, 8 B5< A0<K< ACI5AB2C5B 1>;LH0O 25@>OB=>ABL B>3>, GB> >=8 1C4CB A>E@0=5=K ?>A;5 >:>=G0=8O B5@0?88. @>F54C@0 >A;5 B>3>, :0: ?A8E>B5@0?52B 8=D>@<8@C5B A5<LN > A2>5< 65;0=88 ?>A5B8BL 8E 4><0, CAB0=02;820NBAO ?@85<;5<K5 2@5<5==K5 @0<:8 4;O B0:>3> 2878B0. A8E>B5@0?52B ?>4G5@:8205B ?@8 MB><, GB> B0:>5 ?>A5I5=85 - =5 >1I5AB25==>5 <5@>?@8OB85 8 =5 O2;O5BAO 8AA;54>20=85<, => ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 G0ABL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. "5@0?52BC =5>1E>48<> A A0<>3> =0G0;0 :>>?5@8@>20BLAO A A5<L59, B0:65 4>;6=0 C2060BLAO A5<59=0O "?@820B=>ABL". 8 > :0:8E =5>6840==KE 2878B0E =5 <>65B 1KBL 8 @5G8. 5H5=85 > B><, A:>;L:> B0:8E 2878B>2 =5>1E>48<> 2 :064>< :>=:@5B=>< A;CG05 ?@8=8<05BAO ?A8E>B5@0?52B><. >;LH8=AB2> ?A8E>B5@0?52B>2 2:;NG0NB >48= 4><0H=89 2878B 2 ?;0= B5@0?88, => B5 A?5F80;8ABK, :>B>@K5 @01>B0NB ?> ?@>3@0<<0<, D8=0=A8@C5<K< 3>AC40@AB2>< 8;8 ;>:0;L=K<8 A>>1I5AB20<8, >ACI5AB2;ONB ?>A5I5=85 :;85=B>2 =0 4><C 3>@074> G0I5. > 2@5<O B0:8E 2878B>2 A5<LO 8 ?A8E>B5@0?52B <>3CB ?@>AB> @073>20@820BL, 8;8 65 83@0BL, 2K?>;=OBL 4@C385 C?@06=5=8O 87 "B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> AC=4CG:0".  ;N1>< A;CG05 F5;L 4><0H=8E 2878B>2 A>AB>8B 2 >F5=:5 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O A5<L8 8 ?><>I8 55 G;5=0< 2 B><, GB>1K 8E ?>2545=85 AB0;> 1>;55 DC=:F8>=0;L=K<. @8A>548=5=8N : A5<L5 A?>A>1AB2C5B 708=B5@5A>20==>5 7=0:><AB2> ?A8E>B5@02?52B0 A ?@54<5B0<8, O2;ONI8<8AO A5<59=K<8 @5;8:28O<8, D>B>3@0D8O<8 8 B.4., >A>15==>, 5A;8 2878B - ?5@20O 2AB@5G0 A A5<L59. @8<5@ 30-;5B=OO <8AA8A . >1@0B8;0AL : A5<59=><C :>=AC;LB0=BC ?> ?>2>4C B@C4=>AB59, :>B>@K5 55 AK=, 11-;5B=89 ">44 8A?KBK20; 2 H:>;5. =0 GC2AB2>20;0 1>;LHCN =0?@O65==>ABL 8 G0AB> 2KE>48;0 87 A51O. @><5 B>3> <8AA8A . 3;C1>:> ?5@56820;0 A2>N =5A>AB>OB5;L=>ABL 8 ?>2545=85 55 AK=0 A;C68;> 4;O =55 ?>4B25@645=85< MB><C >ICI5=8N. >=AC;LB0=B ?@54;>68;0 ?@>25AB8 A;54CNICN A5AA8N 2 4><5 <8AA8A . 8 B0 A>3;0A8;0AL A MB8< ?@54;>65=85<. =8 CA;>28;8AL > ?@85<;5<>< 2@5<5=8 4;O B0:>3> 2878B0. %>BO <8AA8A . >?8A0;0 A2>8 4><0H=85 CA;>28O :0: 25AL<0 ?@85<;5<K5, B5@0?52B >B<5B8;0, GB> >=8 4>2>;L=> C1>385. 40=85 >:070;>AL 2 ?;>E>< A>AB>O=88 8 B0< 1K;> 1>;LH>5 G8A;> ?CABKE :20@B8@. 5A<>B@O =0 MB>, A0<0 :20@B8@0 <8AA8A . 1K;0 2 157C:>@87=5==>< A>AB>O=88. 515;L 1K;0 AB0@0O, => 1K;> >G5284=>, GB> 70 =59 BI0B5;L=> CE06820;8.  3>AB8=>9 1K;0 CAB0=>2;5=0 H8@<0 - 8 70 =59 @0A?>;030;0AL ?>AB5;L 4;O ">440.  E>45 ?@54K4CI8E ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:8E 2AB@5G <8AA8A . >?8AK20;0 A2>N <0BL :0: 1>;L=>3> G5;>25:0, => 2 E>45 4><0H=53> 2878B0 ?A8E>B5@0?52B ?>=O;0, GB> >=0 1K;0 1>;L=0 E@>=8G5A:8< 48015B>< 8 =5402=> C =55 0<?CB8@>20;8 =>3C. 0: B>;L:> 2AO A5<LO A>1@0;0AL 2 3>AB8=>9 AB0;> >G5284=>, GB> 101CH:5 A <0B5@8=A:>9 AB>@>=K ?@8=04;568B 2;0ABL 2 4><5, >=0 =0E>48BAO 2 F5=B@5 2A5E A5<59=KE A>1KB89 8 8<5==> 55 A;CH05BAO ">44. ! B>G:8 7@5=8O 55 4>G5@8, >=0 - >G5=L 02B>@8B0@=0. !> 2@5<5=8 0<?CB0F88 55 =>38 101CH:0 >3@0=8G8;0 A2>N 0:B82=>ABL 3@0=8F0<8 :20@B8@K, C =55 =5 1K;> 4@C759 8 >=0 ?>;030;0AL =0 AK=0 8 4>G:C 1C:20;L=> 2> 2A5<. > 0<?CB0F88 =>38 >=0 1K;0 2?>;=5 A0<>4>AB0B>G=0: @01>B0;0 8 A>45@60;0 A>1AB25==CN :20@B8@C 2 8450;L=>< ?>@O4:5. =D>@<0F8O, ?>;CG5==0O 2> 2@5<O 4><0H=53> 2878B0 2 A5<LN ., >:070;0AL 4;O B5@0?52B0 25AL<0 F5==>9. "5@0?52B AB0;> B5?5@L OA=>, GB> 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?@>8AE>48B 2 A5<L5 - >1 MB>< 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:>< :018=5B5 A>2A5< =5 3>2>@8;>AL, 0 A59G0A 2KH;> =0 ?>25@E=>ABL - AB0;> >G5284=>, A :0:8<8 A;>6=>ABO<8 ?@8E>48BAO 5654=52=> 8<5BL 45;> <0B5@8 8 AK=C. @>1;5<0 A>AB>O;0 2 B>< - O2;O5BAO ;8 MB>B 4>< 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 8E 4><>< - :@><5 B>3> 68;8I=K5 CA;>28O O2;O;8AL =5?@85<;5<K<8. >=AC;LB0=BC AB0;> OA=>, GB> <8AA8A . 8<5;0 ?@02> =0 15A?;0B=>5 68;L5, => >=0 >:070;0AL 157CA?5H=>9 2 "?@>1820=88" 53>. ><>GL 59 2 MB>< >:070;>AL >G5=L =5>1E>48<>. @><5 B>3> AB0;> OA=>, GB> ?><>IL 4>;6=0 >15A?5G820BLAO 2 B5@<8=0E 101CH:8, B.5. B0:, :0: 8<5==> >=0 AG8B0;0 ?@028;L=K<. 06=>ABL >?@545;5=8O AB@0B5389 @0AH8@5=8O 2>7<>6=>AB59 45OB5;L=>AB8 101CH:8 B0:65 A;C68;> ?@54<5B>< >1AC645=8O. ><0H=85 2878BK :@><5 B>3> A;C60B >?@545;5=8N "=5845=B8D8F8@>20==>9 A8;K" 2 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<5. 5A<>B@O =0 2A5 1>;52K5 B>G:8 8 =0?@O65=8O, ACI5AB2CNI85 2 40==>9 A5<L5, <8AA8A . ?@>4>;605B 0:B82=> 701>B8BLAO > A2>8E 1;86=8E, ?@>4>;605B ?>445@6820BL G8AB>BC 8 ?>@O4>: 2 4><5 A@548 ?> ACB8 45;0 =5=>@<0;L=KE CA;>289 ACI5AB2>20=8O. =0 CAB@>8;0 :20@B8@C B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K 55 AK= <>3 C548=8BLAO - >=0 AG8B0;0 MB> 206=K< 4;O 53> 74>@>2>3> @0728B8O. ?@545;5=85 40==KE ?>78B82=KE <><5=B>2 2 687=8 A5<L8 >:070;>AL >G5=L ACI5AB25==K< 4;O 40;L=59H53> E>40 B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0. A?>;L7>20=85 %>BO 1>;LH8=AB2> >?8A0=89 4><0H=8E 2878B>2, 8<5NI8EAO 2 ;8B5@0BC@5, >B=>AOBAO : @01>B5 A A5<LO<8 154=KE, 345 0:BC0;L=0 :@878A=0O 8=B5@25=F8O, =5B =8:0:8E A5@L57=KE >A=>20=89 4;O B>3>, GB>1K B0:85 2878BK >3@0=8G820;8AL 8<5==> MB>9 :0B53>@859 =0A5;5=8O. <5AB5 A B5< 4><0H=85 2878BK =081>;55 MDD5:B82=K 2 B5E A;CG0OE, :>340 G;5=K A5<L8 ;81> =5 E>BOB, ;81> =5 <>3CB ?@84B8 2 :018=5B ?A8E>B5@0?52B0, 8;8 65 :>340 ?A8E>B5@0?52B 70<5G05B 1>;LH85 @07;8G8O <564C B5<, GB> 3>2>@8BAO G;5=0<8 A5<L8 8 B>9 @50;L=>9 A8BC0F859, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 =0E>4OBAO. 7-58. !-" "'!  $ 1>A=>20=85 0==0O B5E=8:0 >?8A0=0 @5A;>C 8 %@>=>< (Breslow, Hron, 1977) 8 ?@54=07=0G5=0 4;O 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?@8 @01>B5 A B5<8 A5<LO<8, :>B>@K5 =5 <>3CB >1@0B8BLAO 70 ?><>ILN : A5<59=><C B5@0?52BC, B0: :0: 682CB =0 7=0G8B5;L=>< @0AAB>O=88 >B B>3> <5AB0, 345 2545BAO ?@85<, A>?@>B82;ONBAO @53C;O@=K< 2AB@5G0< 8;8 AG8B0NB, GB> 8E A;C651=>5 8;8 H:>;L=>5 @0A?8A0=85 2E>48B 2 ?@>B82>@5G85 A> 2@5<5=5<, :>B>@>5 <>6=> 1K;> 1K C45;8BL ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:><C ?@>F5AAC. 081>;55 206=K< 745AL 2KABC?05B B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, GB> A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:89 <0@0D>= ?@54?>;0305B 381:>ABL 2> 273;O45 =0 B@048F8>==K5 A5AA88 4;8=>9 2 >48= G0A. @><5 2>?@>A0 > "4>3>2>@5==>AB8", :>B>@K9 ;568B 2 >A=>25 MB>9 B5E=8:8, 3;02=0O F5;L A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> <0@0D>=0 A2O70=0 A ?A8E>48=0<8:>9, ACI5AB2CNI59 2 40==>9 :>=:@5B=>9 A5<L5. 5A540 4;8BAO 2 ?@545;0E >B B@5E 4> A5<8 G0A>2 8 =0?@02;5=0 =0 C:@5?;5=85 A5<59=>9 687=8, ?@54>B2@0I5=85 @07@CH5=8O A5<59=>9 AB@C:BC@K, >15A?5G5=85 ?>78B82=KE 87<5=5=89 2 A5<L5. >6=> A:070BL, GB> A0<0 ?@>1;5<0, 0 =5 2@5<O, >B?CI5==>5 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< =0 55 >1AC645=85, >?@545;O5B ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABL A5AA88, E>BO 7=0G8B5;L=K9 ?5@8>4 ?@>2545==K9 A5<L59 2<5AB5 2 1;03>?@8OB=>9 4;O 8E @>AB0 B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 >1AB0=>2:5 C25;8G8205B 8=B5=A82=>ABL ?@>8AE>4OI53> =0 A5AA88 ?@>F5AA0 8 >1;53G05B "?@>@K2K" A5<L8 2 1>;55 DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 A>AB>O=85. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B 4>;65= A0<>AB>OB5;L=> >F5=8BL, :>340 C4>1=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 40==CN B5E=8:C, 8 ?@5645 2A53> :0: >?@545;8BL 2@5<5==K5 ?0@0<5B@K @01>BK. 5>1E>48<>ABL 2 40==>< 2845 @01>BK 8 :B> 4>;65= 2 =59 CG0AB2>20BL 70B5< >1AC6405BAO A A5<L59 8 2 E>45 B0:>3> >1AC645=8O 4>AB8305BAO 4>3>2>@5==>ABL ?>-?>2>4C ?@>2545=8O A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> <0@0D>=0. @5A;>C 8 %@>= (B0< 65) ?@54;030NB, GB> 4> B>3>, :0: 8A?>;L7>20BL 40==CN B5E=8:C 65;0B5;L=> ?@>25AB8 A5AA88 B@048F8>==>9 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>AB8 4;O 2A5AB>@>==53> 87CG5=8O ?>B@51=>AB59 A5<L8 8 B>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >=0 >:070;0AL : =0AB>OI5<C <><5=BC. -B8 02B>@K B0:65 ?@54C?@5640NB > B><, GB> B5E=8:C 25@>OB=> =5;L7O ?@8<5=OBL, 5A;8 A5<LO 5I5 =5 CAB0=>28;0 4>25@8B5;L=KE 2708<>>B=H5=89 A ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 8;8 5A;8 >=8 ?@8A?>A01;820NBAO : =>2>9 A8BC0F88 2 8E 687=8 - =0?@8<5@, >?;0:820NB A<5@BL 4>@>3>3> 4;O =8E G5;>25:0. !5<L8 A G@57<5@=> 8=B5=A82=K<8 M<>F8>=0;L=K<8 2708<>>B=>H5=8O<8 =0 4;8==KE A5AA8OE 1C4CB ?>425@30BLAO A;8H:>< 1>;LH><C 8A?KB0=8N, 0 <0;5=L:85 45B8 <>3CB CAB0BL 8;8 AB0BL >G5=L 15A?>:>9=K<8. A8E>B5@0?52B ?@5;0305B A5<L5 =5A:>;L:> ?@><56CB:>2 2@5<5=8, C4>1=KE 4;O =55. A;8 4;O 2AB@5G8 B@51C5BAO 1>;LH5, G5< B@8 G0A0 8 =0 =55 ?@83;0H0NBAO G;5=K A5<L8, 682CI85 =0 7=0G8B5;L=>< @0AAB>O=88 >B <5AB0 ?@>2545=8O A5AA88, :>=5F =545;8 <>65B >:070BLAO =081>;55 C4>1=K< 2@5<5=5< 4;O 55 ?@>2545=8O. AB@5G0 4>;6=0 1KBL =07=0G5=0 4>AB0B>G=> ?>74=> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K, B5< :><C =5>1E>48<> 4>;3>5 2@5<O 4>18@0BLAO : <5ABC 55 ?@>2545=8O, <>3;8 8<5BL 2 70?0A5 E>BO 1K G0A. 48= 8;8 =5A:>;L:> G;5=>2 A5<L8 4>;6=K 27OBL =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?@8ACBAB285 4>?>;=8B5;L=> ?@83;0H5==KE =0 <0@0D>= ;N459. -B><C G5;>25:C 2>7<>6=> =5>1E>48<> 70@0=55 2<5AB5 A ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< >B@01>B0BL ?@>F54C@C 8 AB@0B538N B>3>, :0: A45;0BL B0:, GB>1K MB8 ;N48 459AB28B5;L=> ?@8H;8. 0 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>< <0@0D>=5 <>3CB ?@8<5=OBLAO @07;8G=K5 ?A8E>B5E=8:8, =0E>4OI85AO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A B>9 B5>@859, ?@825@65=F5< :>B>@>9 O2;O5BAO 40==K9 ?@>D5AA8>=0; 8 :>B>@K5 <>6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL 4;O 4803=>AB8:8 8<5==> 2 A8BC0F88 <0@0D>=0 (=0?@8<5@ - 15A540, @>;52K5 83@K, AB@C:BC@=K5 E>4K, A5<59=0O A:C;L?BC@0). <5AB5 A B5< @5:><5=4C5BAO ?@8<5=OBL @07=K5 B5E=8:8 8 =5 >3@0=8G820BLAO :0:>9-=81C4L >4=>9. @8<5@ @82545==K9 =865 A;CG09 27OB 87 @01>BK @5A;>C 8 %@>=0 (Breslow, Hron, 1977). !C?@C38 <8AB5@ 8 <8AA8A . >1@0B8;8AL 70 ?><>ILN : ?A8E>B5@0?52BC. 064K9 2 ?@>H;>< ?>B5@O; AC?@C30. 803=>AB8:0 ?>:070;0, GB> AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 DC=:F8>=8@>20;0 2 @0<:0E G@572KG09=> @8384=>9 A8AB5<K 2708<>>B=>H5=89. 064K9 25@8; 2 B>, GB> 5A;8 4@C3>9 87<5=8BAO, 2A5 8E ?@>1;5<K 1C4CB @5H5=K. -B8 ?@>5:F88 ?@>4>;60;8AL 4065 ?>A;5 B@5BL59 A5AA88 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>ABLN 2 >48= G0A. 0@0D>= 1K; =07=0G5= 4;O B>3>, GB>1K CAB0=>28BL :>=B@0:B 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>3> :064K9 27O; 1K =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 ?>2545=85.  B5G5=88 <0@0D>=A:>9 A5AA88 >:070;>AL, GB> 2708<>459AB285 <564C AC?@C30<8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 ?@5:@0B8;>AL ?>A;5 B>3> :0: :064K9 ?>B@51>20; >B 4@C3>3> 87<5=5=89. 5 =01;N40;>AL =8:0:8E >1KG=KE A?>@>2, :>B>@K5, :0: <>6=> 1K;> >6840BL, <>3;8 1K ?>A;54>20BL 70 ?>4>1=K<8 B@51>20=8O<8. 064K9 >BABC?0; A GC2AB2>< =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 87-70 B>3>, GB> =5 1K; 4@C38< CA;KH0=. 070;>AL, GB> A5<LO DC=:F8>=8@>20;0 ?>4 2;8O=85< "A;54CNI53> <8D0": 2 E>@>H5< 1@0:5 =5 1K205B :>=D;8:B>2. >340 8< 1K;0 ?@54JO2;5=0 40==0O 8=D>@<0F8O, AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 ?@8>B:@K;0 A2>8 AB@0E8 ?> ?>2>4C B>3>, GB> A?>@K <>3CB ?@825AB8 : @072>4C. -B> 2KA25B8;> BO65;K5 GC2AB20 ?>B5@8 8 >48=>G5AB20, :>B>@K5 :064K9 87 =8E 8A?KBK20; 2 A2O78 A> A<5@BLN A2>53> 1K2H53> AC?@C30. A>7=02 B0:CN A2>N A2O70==>ABL, AC?@C65A:0O ?0@0 =0G0;0 8AA;54>20BL C3=5B0NI85 8E AB@0E8. 064K9 87 AC?@C3>2 27O; =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 53>/55 ?>2545=85 8 8E 2708<>459AB285 4@C3 A 4@C3>< AB0;> 1>;55 MDD5:B82=K<.  @0<:0E A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> <0@0D>=0 C AC?@C65A:>9 ?0@K >:070;>AL 4>AB0B>G=> 2@5<5=8 4;O B>3>, GB>1K =09B8 ?@>B82>@5G85 2 >B=>H5=8OE 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 8 ?;>4>B2>@=> ?>@01>B0BL =04 =8<. A?>;L7>20=85 !5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:89 <0@0D>= <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= ?@8 @01>B5 A: 1. :@09=5 70:@KBK<8 A5<LO<8, C :>B>@KE 8<55BAO <=>65AB2> 70I8B; 2. A5<LO<8, A>?@>B82;ONI8EAO 87<5=5=8O<; 3. A5<LO<8, :>B>@K5 ?>A;5 =0G0;0 2AB@5G A ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< 70H;8 2 A2>8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE 2 BC?8:; 4. A5<LO<8, C :>B>@KE 8<55BAO AB@0E 87<5=5=89; 5. A5<LO<8, :>B>@K5 8A?KBK20NB =0 A5AA8OE B@C4=>AB8 2 30@<>=8G=>< A>548=5=88 8=B5;;5:B0 8 M<>F89; 6. A5<LO<8, :>B>@K5 2K@060NB ?>B@51=>ABL 70:@KBL ?@5=8O ?> :0:><C-B> :>=:@5B=><C 2>?@>AC; 7. A5<LO<8, 8A?KBK20NI8E B@C4=>AB8 :>340 8< =5>1E>48<> A>1@0BLAO 2<5AB5, A2>1>4=>5 2@5<O G;5=>2 :>B>@KE =5 A>2?0405B 8 :>B>@K5 682CB 40;5:> 4@C3 >B 4@C30; 8. A5<LO<8, 8<5NI8E B5=45=F8N : ?>2B>@5=8N 48ADC=:F8>=0;L=KE ?0BB5@=>2 2708<>459AB28O 2 @0<:0E >1KG=>9 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88; 9. @0AH8@5==K<8 A5<LO<8, :>B>@K< B@C4=> A>1@0BLAO 2<5AB5 1>;55 G5< =0 >4=C A5AA8N. 7-59. !#  "/ !/  # 1>A=>20=85 !C@@>30B=0O A5<59=0O 3@C??0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 >B=>A8B5;L=> =>2K9 ?>4E>4 : 3@C??>2>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88, 8AB>G=8:0<8 :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO 3@C??>20O ?A8E>B5@0?8O 8 A8AB5<0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8 A5<L5 2 @0<:0E ;>:0;L=KE A>F80;L=KE A>>1I5AB2. "5E=8:0 ?@54;>65=0 8 @07@01>B0=0 8DB>=><, "020=B78A>< 8 C=59 (Lifton, Tavantzis, Mooney, 1979). =0 ?>4G5@:8205B 1>;LH>9 2:;04 8=48284C0;L=KE @07;8G89 2 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 3@C??K, :>B>@0O 2:;NG05B 2 A51O, 45B59, ?>68;KE ;N459, A5<59 A >4=8< @>48B5;5< 8 ?>4@>AB:>2. 0==0O 3@C??0 >B@0605B ?>?C;OF8N, :>B>@CN <>6=> =01;N40BL 2 @50;L=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. &5;LN B0:8< >1@07>< 8A:CAAB25==> A>740==>9 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>< @0AH8@5==>9 A5<L8 O2;O5BAO >15A?5G5=85 ?>445@6:8, ?@8>1@5B5=85 >?KB0 8 <>45;8@>20=85 B0:8E 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89, :0:85 A:;04K20NBAO 2 B@048F8>==>9 A5<L5. "5 8=48284K, :>B>@K5 2 A8;C B5E 8;8 8=KE ?@8G8= 1K;8 ;8H5=K 2>7<>6=>AB8 2708<>459AB28O A 8E @0AH8@5==K<8 A5<LO<8 <>3CB >A>15==> <=>3> ?>;CG8BL >B CG0AB8O 2 B0:8E 3@C??0E. !@548 8AB>G=8:>2 2>7=8:=>25=8O ?>4>1=KE A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8E 42865=89 - @>AB G8A;0 A5<59 A >4=8< @>48B5;5<, A>2@5<5==0O <83@0F8O A5<59 8 =5A?>A>1=>ABL >B45;L=KE @0AH8@5==KE A5<59 >15A?5G8BL =5>1E>48<CN ?>445@6:C 4;O 8E :>=:@5B=KE G;5=>2. A;8 2 A5<L5 >BACBAB2CNB >48= 8;8 >10 @>48B5;O, 8;8 65 4O48, B5B8, 101CH:8 8 454CH:8 =5 ?@8=8<0NB 045:20B=>3> CG0AB8O 2 A5<59=>9 687=8, B> 45B8 =5 ?>;CG0NB 4>ABC?0 : @>;52K< ?>;>2>7@0AB=K< <>45;O< ?>2545=8O, :>B>@K5 >1KG=> >15A?5G820NB MB8 :>=:@5B=K5 27@>A;K5 G;5=K A5<L8 8 B0:8< >1@07>< =5 8<5NB 2>7<>6=>AB8 "?5@5-6820BL", =01;N40O 8 CG0AB2CO 2 687=8 4@C38E, ?@>1;5<K, AB>OI85 ?5@54 G5;>25:>< =0 @07=KE 2>7@0AB=KE MB0?0E 53> 687=5==>3> F8:;0. "0:85 45B8 =C640NBAO 2 ?>445@6:5 8 ?><>I8 >A>15==> 2 :@8B8G5A:85 2>7@0AB=K5 ?5@8>4K A2>53> @0728B8O, =0?@8<5@, >=8 G0AB> ?@>O2;ONB A8<?B><0B8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85 2 H:>;5, :>B>@>5 =52>7<>6=> ?>=OBL 2=5 @0AA<>B@5=8O 8E A5<59=>9 A8BC0F88. =>340 4;O ?A8E>B5@0?52B0 =5>1E>48<> A>740BL AC@@>30B=K5 A5<59=K5 3@C??K 4;O =5B8?8G=KE A5<59, :>B>@K5 2 A>AB>O=88 1K;8 1K DC=:F8>=8@>20BL 2 :0G5AB25 70<5=8B5;59 @0AH8@5==KE A5<59(B0< 65). ;0@: (Clark,1974) 8 @59= (Crane,1974) ?@82>4OB >17>@ 45OB5;L=>AB8 @5;838>7=KE >@30=870F89 ?> A>740=8N AC@@>30B=KE A5<59=KE 3@C??, ?>445@6:8 2 =8E >48=>:8E ;N459, ?@87=0=8O A0<>4>AB0B>G=>AB8 8E M<>F8>=0;L=KE 8 4CE>2=KE ?>B@51=>AB59.  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@>2 B0:8E 3@C?? <>6=> ?@825AB8 3@C??K 4;O ?>68;KE ;N459 8 3@C??K "@>48B5;LAB2> 157 ?0@B=5@AB20". 2865=85 %02C@0(Havura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oodward, 1978) G5@57 ?@87=0=85 A0<>F5==>AB8 G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8 2 G5@545 A;54CNI8E 4@C3 70 4@C3>< ?>:>;5=89, GB> E>@>H> >B@065=> 2 2KA:07K20=88 8;59;0: "A;8 O =5 4;O A51O, :B> 1C45B 70 <5=O? A;8 65 O 701>GCAL B>;L:> > A515, B> :B> 65 O". !C@@>30B=0O A5<59=0O 3@C??0 AB8<C;8@C5B @0728B85 :0: 8=48284C0;L=>AB8, B0: 8 GC2AB20 55 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 : 3@C??5, 2:;NG0O 701>BC 8 8=B5@5A ?> >B=>H5=8N : 4@C38<. @30=870F8O ?>4>1=>9 3@C??K B@51C5B >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 2@5<5=8 8 CA8;89 B>;L:> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A>1@0BL =5>1E>48<KE 55 045:20B=>3> DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O CG0AB=8:>2. 5B>4 1>;LH5 ?>4E>48B 4;O @01>BK A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0 2 ;>:0;L=>< A>F80;L=>< A>>1I5AB25 8;8 H:>;5, G5< 4;O G0AB=>?@0:B8:CNI53> ?@>D5AA8>=0;0. @>F54C@0 A8E>B5@0?52B >B18@05B =5A:>;L:> 8=48284>2 8/8;8 87>;8@>20==KE G0AB59 A5<59=>9 A8AB5<, 4;O :>B>@KE AC@@>30B=0O A5<59=0O 3@C??0 <>3;0 1K 1KBL ?>;57=>9. B>1@0==K5 :0=4840BK 8=B5@2L8@CNBAO =0 ?@54<5B A>>B25BAB28O F5;O< 3@C??K 2 B5@<8=0E 65;0=8O CG0AB2>20BL 2 =59, =5>1E>48<>9 >1I=>AB8 :C;LBC@=KE B@048F89 2 8E A>1AB25==KE A5<LOE 8 2> 2=>2L A>740205<>9 A5<59=>9 3@C??5, 1;87>AB8 8=B5@5A>2, 0 B0:65 =0;8G8O 4>AB0B>G=KE 8=48284C0;L=KE 8 2=CB@83@C??>2KE @07;8G89, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K >15A?5G8BL 2708<>4>?>;=8B5;L=>ABL CG0AB=8:>2 3@C??K ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2>7@0ABC, ?>;C, ?>B@51=>ABO<, 8=B5@5A0< 8 F5;O<. -B8 8=48284K A>AB02OB O4@> =>2>9 "A5<L8". @><5 B>3> 2 3@C??C <>3CB 2:;NG0BLAO G;5=K A>>B25BAB2CNI59 1>;LH>9 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??K, 345 ?@>2>48BAO @01>B0, 5A;8 =5>1E>48<> 4>AB8GL >?@545;5==>3> 2=CB@83@C??>2>3> 10;0=A0. >8A: ?>B5=F80;L=KE CG0AB=8:>2 AC@@>30B=>9 3@C??K <>65B >ACI5AB2;OBLAO A@548 A5<59, :>B>@K< @0=55 ?><>30;0 40==K9 A5<59=K9 B5@0?52B, 2 @5;838>7=KE >1I8=0E, G5@57 >1JO2;5=8O 2 <5AB=KE >@30=0E <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88, =0 @>48B5;LA:8E A>1@0=8OE 2 H:>;5, G5@57 H:>;L=KE ?A8E>;>3>2 8 :C@AK ?> A5<59=>9 ?5403>38:5. A8E>B5@0?52B 8A?>;L7C5B A@54AB20 3@C??>2>9 48=0<8:8 4;O ?><>I8 2 >@30=870F88 3@C??K, GB> 2:;NG05B 2 A51O: 1. =0:><AB2> G;5=>2 3@C??K <564C A>1>9, ?><>IL 2 >?@545;5=88 <5AB0 :064>3> 8=482840 2=CB@8 3@C??K, =0;06820=88 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8=482840 8 3@C??K 2 F5;><; 2. !>2<5AB=K5 @5H5=8O > 2=CB@83@C??>2KE ?@028;0E 8 F5;OE; 3. @8A>548=5=85 : 3@C??>2>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 :><?>=5=B>2, B@048F8>==KE 4;O DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O @0AH8@5==KE A5<59 - B0:8E :0: @8BC0;K (4=8 @>645=8O, N18;58, ?@074=8:8), >F5=:0 8 @0A?@545;5=85 @5AC@A>2, @0A?@545;5=85 B@C40, @0728B85 MDD5:B82=KE >1@07F>2 >1I5=8O, ?>8A: C4>1=>3> 4;O :064>3> G;5=0 3@C??K 2@5<5=8 4;O 2AB@5G 8 B.4.; 4. 2545=85 ?5@2>=0G0;L=>9 ?@>F54C@K 2=CB@83@C??>2KE ?5@53>2>@>2 ?> ?>2>4C @07;8G=KE B>G5: 7@5=8O 8 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=89, C2065=8O <=5=89 8 ?>B@51=>AB59 <5=LH8=AB20, >B45;L=KE 8=48284C<>2; CG0AB85 2 ?@5B2>@5=88 ?@8=OBKE @5H5=89 2 459AB28B5;L=>ABL. 845@ 15@5B =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 @0728B88 40==>9 3@C??K :0: ?>445@6820NI59 A2>8E G;5=>2 (Rueveni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peer review procedures", "third-party payments" ????, C25;8G82H5<AO G8A;5 >?KB=KE AC?5@287>@>2 2>7@0AB05B >B25BAB25==>ABL ?@0:B8:>2 A5<59=>9 8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88. @><5 B>3> G5@57 AC4K AB0;> ?@>E>48BL 1>;LH5 @072>4>2 8 >?5:C=A:8E 45;, =0 A;CH0=85 :>B>@KE A?5F80;8ABK ?> A5<59=>9 8 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88 ?@83;0H0NBAO 2 :0G5AB25 M:A?5@B>2. 3. &5=B@K 8AA;54>20=8O ?@>1;5< A5<L8 8 C=825@A8B5BK AB8<C;8@CNB ?C1;8:0F88 <0B5@80;>2 ?> A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, 8 <>6=> =01;N40BL 27@K2 2 :>;8G5AB25 =>2KE :=83 8 6C@=0;>2 ?> MB>9 ?@>1;5<0B8:5. 4. "5>@88 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 8 ;560I85 2 8E >A=>25 :>3=8B82=K5 ?@54?>AK;:8 ?>AB>O==> A>25@H5=AB2CNBAO, ?@54?@8=8<0NBAO CA8;8O : B><C, GB>1K A45;0BL 8E 1>;55 G5B:8<8. 5. "@5=8=3>2K5 ?@>3@0<<K ?> A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 2A5 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 D>:CA8@CNBAO =0 2:;NG5==>< AC?5@2845=88 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 @01>BK, G5< =0 55 >1AC645=88 "?>AB D0:BC<". ><=0BK A >4=>AB>@>==8< 75@:0;>< 8 2845>A8AB5<K 45;0NB MB> @50;L=K<. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> >4=8< 87 3;02=KE ?>ABC;0B>2 @01>BK A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0 O2;O5BAO :>=D845=F80;L=>ABL, 2>7=8:0NB @0AH8@5==K5 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 A8AB5<K, 2:;NG0NI85 2 A51O :;85=B>2, B5@0?52B0, AC?5@287>@0, 8 2>7<>6=> 5I5 =5A:>;L:> 4>?>;=8B5;L=KE AB065@>2 8 AC?5@287>@>2. 6. >;LH>9 8=B5@5A : ?@>D8;0:B8G5A:>9 @01>B5 8 87CG5=8N ?@>F5AA0 M2>;NF88 A5<L8 AB8<C;8@C5BAO B@C4=>ABO<8, :>B>@K5 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25 8A?KBK205B >3@><=>5 :>;8G5AB2> A5<59, 2KA>:8<8 ?>:070B5;O<8 C@>2=O @072>4>2, 2A5 2>7@0AB0NI8< G8A;>< A5<59 A >4=8< @>48B5;5< 8 A5<59 A ?@85<=K<8 45BL<8. &5=B@K ?><>I8 A5<L5, A2O70==K5 A @07=>>1@07=K<8 F5@:>2=K<8 >1I8=0<8 8 @5;838>7=K<8 >@30=870F8O<8 8<5NB ACI5AB25==>5 7=0G5=85 2 D>@<C;8@>2:5 7040G @01>BK A A5<LO<8 8 A>740=88 =>2KE 8=AB@C<5=B>2 4;O =55. !>740NBAO 8 C25;8G820NB G8A;> A2>8E :;85=B>2 F5=B@K A5<59=>9 ?5403>38:8 8 >@30=87>20==K5 ?@>3@0<<K 2708<>?><>I8, :>B>@K5 D>:CA8@CNBAO 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 =0 =>@<5 8 ;8G=>AB=>< @>AB5, G5< =0 ?0B>;>388. 7. 072820NBAO 1>;55 B5A=K5 2708<>A2O78 <564C B5>@859 8 >?5@0F8>=0;L=K<8 B5E=8:0<8, 8=AB@C<5=B0<8. 8. ><?NB5@ >:070;AO <>I=K< A@54AB2>< A>740=8O =>2KE B5E=8:, >15A?5G820O 1>;55 87>I@5==K5 <5B>4K A1>@0, AB0B8AB8G5A:>3> 0=0;870 8 E@0=5=8O 8=D>@<0F88. 9. K;> 87>1@5B5=> 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> B5E=8:, 8<5NI8E 45;> A:>@55 A >G5=L :>=:@5B=K<8 ?@>1;5<0<8, G5< A DC=40<5=B0;L=K<8 2>?@>A0<8. 10. 0CG=K9 0=0;87 ?@8@>4K 2=CB@8A5<59=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=89 40; B>;G>: 4;O A>740=8O 1>;55 MDD5:B82=KE 8 D>@<0;87>20==KE B5E=8: 8E 87<5=5=8O. 11. 0728B85 =>2KE B5E=>;>389 ?>72>;8;> ?@8=F8?80;L=> 87<5=8BL A0< ?>4E>4 : A>740=8N =>2KE B5E=8:, >F5=:5 8E MDD5:B82=>AB8, 8 >1CG5=8O A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2 =0 8E >A=>25. 12. A5 1>;55 ?@8AB0;L=>5 2=8<0=85 C45;O5BAO 040?B0F88 ?@54AB02;5=89 > 38?=>B5@0?88 8 ?@02>AB>@>==5<C <>73>2><C DC=:F8>=8@>20=8N : 7040G0< A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, GB> 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL A>74020BL =>2K5 MDD5:B82=K5 B5E=8:8. 13. I5 =5402=> <=>3> CA8;89 B@0B8;>AL =0 B>, GB>1K =09B8 ?CB8 4;O A8=B570 E>@>H8E 8459, A>45@60I8EAO 2> <=>38E B5>@8OE A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 8 A>740=8O =>2KE "8=B53@0B82=KE" B5>@89. :;04K >B45;L=KE ;8G=>AB59, 8AB>@8O 40==>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=8O, 8 <5AB> A5<L8 2 1>;55 H8@>:>< A>F80;L=>< :>=B5:AB5 A59G0A ?@82;5:05B 2A5 1>;LH55 2=8<0=85. A;8 ?>4>1=K5 B5=45=F88 1C4CB A>E@0=OBLAO, 2>7<>6=> MB> 1C45B A?>A>1AB2>20BL B><C, GB> B5E=8:8, ?@54;>65==K5 2 @0<:0E :0:>9-B> >4=>9 >?@545;5==>9 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K, A<>3CB 1KBL ;53:> ?@8A?>A>1;5=K 4;O ?@8<5=5=8O 2 @0<:0E 4@C3>9 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K. 14. B;8G8B5;L=>9 G5@B>9 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 O2;O5BAO >B:@KB>ABL. A8E>B5@0?52BK B@048F8>==> 45;8;8AL @57C;LB0B0<8 A2>59 @01>BK, ?@>AB> >?8AK20O 55 @57C;LB0BK ?5@54 :>;;530<8. > A5<59=K5 B5@0?52BK, =0G8=0O A 4;5@0 2 1919 3>4C, AB@5<8;8AL @01>B0BL ?@O<> ?5@54 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?C1;8:>9, B0: GB> :>;;538 <>3;8 =5?>A@54AB25==> =01;N40BL 70 8E @01>B>9, 704020O ?> E>4C 45;0 2>?@>AK. -B> 2=5A;> >3@><=K9 2:;04 2 A0<C ACBL A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 2 >A>15==>AB8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> A>>1I5AB20 A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2, C<5=LH0O AC1J5:B82=>ABL 2>A?@8OB8O 8 "@540:B>@A:CN ?@02:C" =01;N405<>9 A8BC0F88 3;070<8 B5E, :B> 2 MBC A8BC0F8N 2:;NG5=. 0==K5 B5=45=F88 2K720;8 1>;LH>9 2A?;5A: 0:B82=>AB8 8 >1AC645=89 B>3>, :0: 65 2 ACI=>AB8 ?A8E>B5@0?8O A5<L8 4>;6=0 ?@>2>48BLAO, ?@82;5:;> ?@8AB0;L=>5 2=8<0=85 : E0@0:B5@8AB8:0< ;8G=>AB8 A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0, 0 B0:65 : B5< B5>@8O< 8 B5E=8:0<, :>B>@K5 >=0 8A?>;L7C5B 4;O ?><>I8 A5<LO<. ?KB CA?5H=>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 2 B0:>< ">B:@KB><" ?@>AB@0=AB25 405B =04564C =0 B>, GB> >= 1C45B ?>445@6820BLAO 8 @072820BLAO 2 1C4CI5< 8 @01>B0 A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0, @02=> :0: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>5 >1CG5=85 8 AC?5@287>@AB2> A>E@0=OB 8 @07>2LNB 2 A515 G5@BK >B:@KB>AB8. > ACB8 45;0 B0:>9 ?>4E>4 : @01>B5 O2;O5BAO >1@0I5=85< : =0H8< :;85=B0< - B>, GB> A;CG8;>AL A 20<8 =5 O2;O5BAO AB>;L C60A=K<, GB> 53> =C6=> BI0B5;L=> E@0=8BL 2 A5:@5B5, 2K =5 ?>@065=K 70@07=K<8 1>;57=O<8 8 20A =5 =C6=> 87>;8@>20BL >B >:@C60NI8E. <5AB5 A B5< =01;N45=85 70 @01>B>9 0AB5@>2 A?>A>1AB2C5B @0728B8N A:@><=>AB8 C B5E ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2, :>B>@K5 E>B5;8 1K 4>AB8GL CA?5E0 2 A2>59 >1;0AB8, C:07K205B =0 48AB0=F8N <564C =8<8 8 0AB5@0<8. 15. !CI5AB2C5B ?0@04>:A <564C 2A5 2>7@0AB0NI59 >B:@KB>ABLN 2 >1;0AB8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 8, 2 B>65 2@5<O, 2A5 C65AB>G0NI8<8AO ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K<8 AB0=40@B0<8. 2865=85 : 1>;LH5<C ?@>D5AA8>=0;87<C 2 A>>1I5AB25 A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2 ?@54?>;0305B 1>;LH55 2A55>1I55 A>3;0A85 ?> 2>?@>A0< A5@B8D8:0F88, ?@0:B8:8 8 AC?5@287>@AB20. 5648AF8?;8=0@=0O "=528==>ABL" ?@54K4CI8E ?>:>;5=89 A5<59=KE B5@0?52B>2 CABC?8;0 <5AB> 1>;55 AB@>3><C =01>@C ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE >6840=89. >=5G=>, A @0728B85< >1;0AB8, A 4>AB865=85< 5N ?5@8>40 7@5;>AB8, ACI5AB2C5B A >4=>9 AB>@>=K =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 42865=88 : 1>;LH59 ?@>D5AA8>=0;870F88, 0 A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K - : 2>A?@8OB8N =>2KE 8459 - B0:65 :0: 8 A5<LO, ?> ACB8 A2>59 4>;6=0 >15A?5G820BL :0: AB018;L=>ABL, B0: 8 87<5=5=8O. K ?@8H;8 : 2K2>4C > B><, GB> A5<59=0O 8 AC?@C65A:0O B5@0?8O O2;O5BAO >G5=L ?@>4C:B82=>9 >1;0ABLN, 2 :>B>@>9 A>740=> <=>65AB2> @50;L=> @01>B0NI8E ?>4E>4>2, G0ABL :>B>@KE ?@54AB02;5=> 2 3;020E 40==>9 :=838. =>385 87 MB8E <5B>4>2 <>3CB ?@8=5AB8 @04>ABL :;85=B0<, >6840NI8E 2AB@5B8BL 2 B5@0?52B8G5A:>< :018=5B5 ;8HL B@048F8>==>5 ";>1>2>5" 8=B5@2LN, >:070BLAO 4;O =8E ?@8OB=K<8 AN@?@870<8. 'B> 0:BC0;L=> =5>1E>48<> A59G0A 4;O A5<59=>9 B5@0?88? 1. @>8725AB8 =5>1E>48<K5 CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O 2> 2A5E >1;0ABOE. 2. 7CG8BL ?@0:B8G5A:85 @57C;LB0BK ?@8<5=5=8O B5E=8: 8 8=AB@C<5=B>2. 3. >;LH5 2=8<0=8O C45;OBL 87<5@5=8N A8AB5<, 0 =5 8=48284C0;L=KE @07;8G89. 4. !D>:CA8@>20BLAO =0 <5B>40E, 8<5NI8E 45;> A> A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 ?@>1;5<=K<8 >1;0ABO<8. 5. A:0BL :>=AB@C:B82=K5 ?CB8 >?@545;5=8O, >F5=:8 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O A>?@>B82;5=8O :;85=B>2. 5:>B>@K5 A8AB5<=K5 B5>@5B8:8 ?>;030NB, GB> 25AL B5@0?52B8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA =0F5;5= =0 ?@5>4>;5=85 A>?@>B82;5=8O, B>340 :0: 4@C385 C25@5=K 2 B><, GB> A>?@>B82;5=8O 2>>1I5 =5 ACI5AB2C5B. 6. !>740BL 8 AB@C:BC@8@>20BL B0:85 B5E=8:8, :>B>@K5 ?>72>;8;8 1K @5H8BL A?5F8D8G5A:85 B5@0?52B8G5A:85 7040G8, B0:85 :0: C:@5?;5=85 3@0=8F, ?>AB@>5=85 A5<59=>9 A0<>>F5=:8, ?>2KH5=85 C@>2=O 48DD5@5=F80F88 <564C G;5=0<8 A5<L8. 7. >445@6820BL 381:>ABL 2 >ACI5AB2;5=88 :>=F5?BC0;L=KE 87<5=5=89 2 >1;0AB8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 8<5BL 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@8A?>A>18BLAO : B><C =>2><C, GB> 2>7=8:05B 2 :C;LBC@5 8 @>;52>< ?>2545=88. 8. 072820BL :>=F5?F88, <>45;8 8=AB@C<5=BK 8 B5E=8:8, 8<5NI85 45;> A> 2708<>459AB285< 40==>9 A5<L8 A 4@C38<8 A5<LO<8, 0 B0:65 A A>F80;L=K<8 8=AB8BCB0<8. 9.  @0728B88 B5E=8: A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 CG8BK20BL 2;8O=85 :C;LBC@K =0 G5;>25G5A:>5 ?>2545=85. 10. A:0BL 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O >F5=:8 @>;8 "?5@5<5==>9 B5@0?52B0" 2 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5, 53> B5G5=88 8 @57C;LB0B0E. @0:B8:CNI85 B5@0?52BK 8 >1CG0NI85AO A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 =0 @07=KE C@>2=OE =081>;LH89 8=B5@5A ?@>O2;ONB : ":0: MB> A45;0BL"-?>4E>40<. 01;N40O @01>BC 0AB5@>2 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88 2>>G8N 8 A ?><>ILN 2845>0??0@0BC@K, >=8 =5@54:> ?@8E>4OB : 2K2>4C > B><, GB> 2 =0H5< 45;5 2A5 >G5=L ?@>AB> 8;8 GB> 745AL <=>3> >B <0388. !;54C5B 8<5BL 2284C, GB> B>, GB> ?@54AB02;O5BAO =0 AC4 ?C1;8:8 8 2:;NG05BAO 2 CG51=8:8 O2;O5BAO CA?5H=>9 8=B53@0F859 B5>@88, M<?0B8G5A:>9 CAB0=>2:8, 8=B5;;5:B0 8 B0;0=B0 40==>3> 0AB5@0, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 @57C;LB0B <=>3>;5B=59 B2>@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> =0C:>9 8 @5<5A;><, => 8 8A:CAAB2><. A5 MB> >@30=8G=> 8 30@<>=8G=> A>G5B05BAO 2 ;8G=>AB8 0AB5@0 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88, A?5F80;L=> ?@8A?>A01;8205BAO 4;O B>3>, GB>1K C4>2;5B2>@8BL ?>B@51=>AB8 MB>9 ;8G=>AB8.  =5C40G0E A>>1I05BAO >G5=L @54:>, 8 B>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B ?>A;5 CA?5H=>9 45<>=AB@0F88 B>65 @54:> AB05B 4>AB>O=85< H8@>:>9 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 >1I5AB25==>AB8. 4=0 87 ?@>1;5<, :>B>@0O 2>7=8:05B ?5@54 ;N1K< CG5=K< 70:;NG05BAO 2 53> A?>A>1=>AB8 AD>@<C;8@>20BL B0:CN <5B>4>;>38N, :>B>@CN <>6=> 1K;> 1K 87CG8BL 8 2=54@8BL ;N1><C 4>AB0B>G=> 8=B5;;835=B=><C 8 ?@>O2;ONI5<C 8=B5@5A : 40==>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=8O G5;>25:C, =57028A8<> >B 4@C38E 53> ;8G=>AB=KE ?5@5<5==KE. 4=0:> 2 ?A8E>B5@0?88 2>>1I5, 8 2 A5<59=>9 8 2 AC?@C65A:>9 B5@0?88 2 >A>15==>AB8, "?5@5<5==0O B5@0?52B0" O2;O5BAO 687=5==>-=5>1E>48<>9 A>AB02;ONI59 2 ?@8=OB88 B5>@88, ?@8<5=5=88 55 =0 ?@0:B8:5, 0 B0:65 2 D>@<8@>20=88 B5@0?52B8G5A:8E 2708<>>B=>H5=89 A :;85=B0<8. "5@0?52B AB0=>28BLAO 87KA:0==K< A@54AB2>< ?><>I8 ?>78B82=K< 87<5=5=8O<. 081>;55 B@048F8>==K< ?CB5< 4;O :064>3> B5@0?52B0 O2;O5BAO, A>7=0B5;L=>5 8;8 15AA>7=0B5;L=>5 A>740=85 A2>59 A>1ABAB25==>9 8=B53@0B82=CN B5>@88, ?CABL 4065 =0E>4OI59AO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A :0:>9-=81C4L 40==>9 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 H:>;>9. ;O 2A53> MB>3> B@51CNBAO 3>4K 8 CA8;8O =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 A5<59=>3> B5@0?52B0. N10O B5E=8:0 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 8=AB@C<5=B, ?>4>1=K9 <>;>B:C 8;8 ?80=8=>. >;>B>: <>65B 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20= 2 :0G5AB25 >@C68O 8;8 4;O AB@>8B5;LAB20 4><0; ?80=8=> 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL 874020BL <=>65AB2> @074@060NI8E 72C:>2, 8;8 65, =0>1>@>B, GC45A=CN <C7K:C. &5==>ABL ;N1>3> 8=AB@C<5=B0 >?@545;O5BAO B5<, :0: >= 8A?>;L7C5BAO 8 :0:>20 :20;8D8:0F8O ?>;L7>20B5;O. "5E=8:8, ?@54AB02;5==K5 :0: 2 40==>9 :=835, B0: 8 2 <=>3>G8A;5==>9 A5<59=>-B5@0?52B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5, 4>;6=K 1KBL 8A?KB0=K 8<5==> 2 MB>< 4CE5 - ?@8A?>A>1;5=K ;8 >=8 : ;8G=>AB8 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 @>;52>9 AB@C:BC@5 40==>3> B5@0?52B0, 53> B5>@5B8G5A:8< >@85=B0F8O<, : A?5F8D8G5A:8< 70?@>A0< 8 ?>B@51=>ABO< :;85=B>2. 038O - MB> 8;;N78O. 7<5=5=8O 2 ?>2545=88 ?>@>640NBAO A?5F8D8G5A:8<8 459AB28O<8, <KA;O<8 8 GC2AB20<8. >;LH8=AB2> B5E=8:, A :>B>@K<8 ?>7=0:><8;8AL G8B0B5;8 MB>9 :=838 <>3CB 1KBL CA>25@H5=AB2>20=K 8 040?B8@>20=K 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2>20BL MB8< :@8B5@8O<. 1U Dreikurs, R. Children: The challenge. New York: Hawthorne, 1964. Fredman, B. and Sherman, R. Handbook of family therapy inventories. New York: Brunner/Mazel, in press. Minuchin, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Manaster, G. and Corsini, R. C. Individual Psychology. Itasca, IL: Peacock, 1982. Morris, W. (ed.) American heritage dictionnary of the English language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Weeks, G.R. and L'Abate, L. Paradoxical psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982. 2. Ahsen, A. Basic concepts in eidetic psychotherapy. New York: Brandon House, 1968. Ansbacher, H. L. and Ansbacher, R. R. (eds.) The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Harper & Row, 1956. Araoz, D. L. Hypnosis and sex therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982. Assagioli, R. Psychosynthesis. New York: Hobbs, Dorman & Co., 1965. Bandler, R. and Grinder, J. The structure of magic. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1975(A). Bandler, R. and Grinder, J. Patterns of the hypnotic techniques of M.H.Ericson (2 vols) Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications, 1975(B). Bandler, R. and Grinder, J. Frogs into princes: Neuro-linguistic programming. Moab, UT: Real People Press, 1979. Battelheim, B. The uses of enchantment. New York: Knopf, 1976. Bonime, W. The clinical use of dreams. New York: Basic Books, 1962. Bry, A. Directing the movies in your mind. New York: Harper & Row, 1978. Erickson, M.H. and Rossi, E.L. Hypnotherapy: An exploratory casebook. New York: Irvington, 1979. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1977 to present. Kroger, W.S. and Fezler, W.D. Hypnosis and behavior modification: Imagery conditioning. Philadelphia: Lippincot, 1976. Morris, W. (ed.) American heritage dictionnary of the English language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970. Papp, P. The process of change. New York: Guiford Press, 1984. Rabin, A.I. (ed.) Projective techniques with children. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1960. Segal, S.J. (ed.) Imagery, current cognitive approaches. New York: Academic Press, 1971. Sheehan, P.W. The function and nature of imagery. New York: Academic Press, 1972. Sheik, A. Imagery - Current research and application. New York: Wiley, 1983. Sheik, A. A. and Shaffer, J. T. (eds.) The potential of fantasy and imagination. New York: Random House, 1979. Singer, J. L. The inner world of daydreaming. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Singer, J. L. and McCraven, V. Some characteristics of adult daydreaming. Journal of psychology, 1961, 51, 151-164. Singer, J. L. and Pope, K. S. (eds.) The power of human imagination. New York: Plenum, 1978. Yuille, J. C. Imagery, memory, and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbawm Associates, 1983. Zeig, J. K. (ed.) A teaching seminar with Milton Erickson. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1980. 2.1. Christensen, O. C. Schramski, T. G. Adlerian family counseling. Minneapolis; Educational Media Corp., 1983. Dinkmeyer, D. C., Pew, W. L., and Dinkmeyer, D. C., Jr. Adlerian counseling and psychotherapy. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979. Dreikurs, R., Grunwald, B. B., and Pepper, F. C. Maintaining sanity in the classroom. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. Manaster, G. J. and Corsini, R. J. Individual psychology. New York: Peacock, 1982. Mosak, H. On purpose. Chicago: Alfred Adler Institute, 1977. Nikelly, A. Techniques for behavior change. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1971. 2.2. Akert, R. U. Photoanalysis. New York: Wyden, 1974. Anderson, C. and Malloy, E. Family photographs: In treatement and training. Family Process, 1976, 15(2), 259-264. Bodin, A. and Ferber, S. How to go beyond the use of language. In A. Ferber et al., The book of family therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973. Corlentz, A. L. Use of photographs in family mental health clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1964, 121, 601-602. Entin, A. The use of photographs and family albums in family therapy. In A. Gurman (ed.), Questions and answers in the practice of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Ferber, A., Mendelsohn, M., and Napier, A. The book of family therapy. Boston; Houghton Mifflin, 1973. Kaslow, F. W. Family therapy: Viewpoints and perspectives. Clinical Social Work Journal, 1973, 1, 196-207. Kaslow, F.W. and Friedman, J Utilization of family photos and movies in family therapy. Journal of Marriage and Family Counseling, 1977, 3(1), 19-27. Martin, A. Nostalgia. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1954, 14, 93-104. Paul, N. L. and Paul, B. B. A marital puzzle. New York: Norton, 1975. 2.3. Bing, E. The conjoint family drawing. Family process, 1970, 9, 173-194. Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B., Rosman, B., and Schumer, F. Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books, 1967. 2.4. Blanton, S. The healing power of poetry. New York: Crowell, 1960. Buck, L. A. and Kramer, A. Poetry as a means of group facilitation. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1974, 14(1), 57-71. Edgar, K. F. and Hagley, R. Validation of poetry therapy as a group therapy technique. In J.J. Leedy (ed.), Poetry therapy: The use of poetry in the treatment of emotional disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincot, 1969. Gladding, S.T. The creative use of poetry in the counseling process. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 1979, 57(6), 285-287. Learner, A. (ed.) Poetry in the therapeutic experience. New York: Pergamon Press, 1978. Leedy, J.J. Principles of poetry therapy. In Poetry therapy: The use of poetry in the treatment of emotional disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969. Leedy, J.J. (ed.) Poetry the healer. Philadelphia: Lippincot, 1973. Lessner, J.W. The poem as catalyst in group counseling. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 1974, 53(1), 33-38. Mazza, N. Poetry: A therapeutic tool in the early stages of alcoholism treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1979, 40(1), 123-128. Mazza, N. and Prescott, B.U. Poetry: An ancillary technique in couples group therapy. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1981, 9, 53-57. Schloss, G.A. Psychopoetry: A new approach to self-awareness through poetry therapy. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1976. 2.5. Hiebert, W. J. De-escalating couples' power struggles. In A. S. Gurman (ed.), Questions and answers in the practice of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981, pp. 431-434. 2.6. Barker, P. Using metaphors in psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1985. Haley, J. Uncommon therapy. New York: Norton, 1973. Haley, J. Problem solving therapy. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Madanes, C. Strategic family therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Madanes, C. Behind the one way mirror. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984. Napier, A. Y. and Whitaker, C. A. The family crucible. New York: Harper & Row, 1978. Rule, W. Family therapy and the pie metaphor. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1983, 9, 101-104. Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J., and Fisch, R., Change: Principles of problem formation and problem solution. New York: Norton, 1974. Zeig, J. K. (ed.) A teaching seminar with Milton H. Erickson. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1980. 2.7. Gumina, J.M. Sentence completion as an aid to sex therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1980, 62, 201-206. 2.9. Floyd, H.H. Values assessment-comparison (VAC): A family therapy technique. Family Therapy, 1982, IX(3), 280-288. 2.10. Beck, M.J. Dream analysis in family therapy. Clinical Social Work Journal, 1977, 15, 53-57. Bynum, E.B. The use of dreams in family therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory Research and practice, 1980, 17, 2. Freud, S. The interpretation of dreams (1900). New York: Avon Books, 1965. Garfield, P.I. Keeping a longitudinal dream record. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 1973, 10, 3. Greenleaf, E. Senoi dream groups. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 1973, 10, 3. Markowitz, I., Taylor, G., and Bokert, E. Dream discussion as a means of reopening blocked familial communication. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1968, 16, 348-365. Piaget, J. Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton, 1962. Simkin, J.S. The use of dreams in gestalt therapy. In C. Sager and H. S. Kaplan (eds.), Progress in group and family therapy. New York: Bruner/Mazel, 1972. 2.11. Tonge, B.J. Draw a Dream: An intervention promoting change in families in conflict. In F. Kaslow (ed.), The international book of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982, pp. 212-225. 2.12. Adler, A. Understanding human nature. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Books, 1927. Blum, H. P. The changing use of dreams in psychoanalytic practice, Dreams and free association. International Journal of Psichoanalysis, 1976, 57, 315-324. Gold, L. The dream o'drama. (Unpulished.) Presentation and demonstration, Regional Convention, North American Society of Adlerian Psychology, New York, March 24, 1983. Levay, A. and Kagle, A. Recent advances in sex therapy: Integration with the dynamic therapies. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1978, 50, 1. Levay, A. N. and Weissberg, J. Role of dreams in sex therapy. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, Winter 1979, 5, 334-339. 2.13. Friday, N. My secret garden. New York: Trident Press, 1973. Hartman, W. E. and Fithian, M. A. Treatment of sexual dysfunction. New York: Long Beach, Center for Marital and Sexual Studies, 1972. Nims, J. P. Imagery, shaping, and orgasm. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, Spring 1975, 1(3). 2.14. Ahson, A. Eidetic psychotherapy: A short introduction. New York: Brandon House, 1965. Ahson, A. Basic concepts in eidetic psychotherapy. New York: Brandon House, 1968. Ahson, A. Psycheye: Self-analytic consciousness. New York: Brandon House, 1977. Morrison, J. K. Changing artistic style through the reconstructive use of mental imagery. Unpublished manuscript, 1978. Morrison, J. K. Emotive-reconstructive therapy: Changing constructs by means of mental imagery. In A. A. Sheikh and J. T. Shaffer (eds.) The potential of fantasy and imagination. New York: Brandon House, 1979, pp. 133-147. Morrison, J. K. The use of imagery techniques in family therapy. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1981,, 9, 52-56. Sheikh, A. Mental images: Ghosts or sensations? Journal of Mental Imagery, 1977, 1, 1-4. Sheik, A. Imagery - Current research and application. New York: Wiley, 1983. Yuille, J. C. Imagery, memory and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983. 2.15. Araoz, D. L. Hypnosis and sex therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982. Coue, E. and Brooks, C.H. Self-mastery through conscious auto-suggestion by the method of Emil Coue. Winchester, MA: Allen & Unwin, 1984. Oyle, I. Time, space and mind. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 1976. Samuels, M. and Bennet, H. The well body book. New York: Random House, 1973. Shorr, J.E. and Sobel, G.E. Imagery: Its many dimensions and applications. New York: Plenum, 1980. Wolpe, J. The practice of behavior therapy. New York: Pergamon Press, 1969. 2.16. Caille, P. How therapeutic intervention does create the prerequisite of change in human relations. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 1981, 3, 281-290. Caille, P. The evaluation of systemic family therapy. Journal of Marriage and family Therapy, 1982, 1, 29-39. Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J., and Fisch, R. Change: Principles of problem formation and problem solution. New York: Norton, 1974. 2.17. Bauer, R. Gestalt approach to family therapy. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1979, 7(3), 41-45. Bauer, R. Gestalt therapy strategies to reduce progection in families. In A. Gurman (ed.), Questions and answers in the practice of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Harper, R., Bauer, R., and Kannarkat, J. Learning theory and gestalt therapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1976, 30(1), 55-72. Perls, F. S. Ego, hunger and aggression: The beginning of gestalt therapy. London: Random House, 1969. Perls, F. S., Hefferline, R. F., and Goodman, P. Gestalt therapy. New York: Julian Press, 1951. 3. Brodey, W. M. Family dance. New York: Doubleday, 1977. Christensen, O. C. Schramski, T. G. Adlerian family counseling. Minneapolis; Educational Media Corp., 1983. How to construct a sociogram. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947. Jennings, S. (ed.). The importance of the body in non-verbal methods of therapy. In "Creative therapy". London: Pitman, 1975. McAdams, D. P. and Powers, J. Themes of intimacy in behavior and thought. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 1981, 40, 573-587. Moreno, J. L. Who shall survive? Washington, D.C.: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company, 1934. Moreno, J. L. Psychodramatic treatement of marriage problems. Sociometry 1940, 3, 20. Moreno, J. L. (ed.). Group psychotherapy: A symposium. New York: Beacon House, 1945. Moreno, J. L. Psychodrama. New York: Beacon House, 1946. Moreno, J. L. The theatre of spontaneity (translated from the German "Das Stegreiftheater" by the author). New York: Beacon House, 1947. Moreno, J. L. Sociometry, experimental method and the science of society: An approach to a new political orientation. New York: Beacon House, 1951. Moreno, J. L., Friedemann, A., Battegay, R., and Moreno, Z. T. (eds.). The international handbook of groop psychotherapy. New York: Philosophical Library, 1966. Rosenbaum, M. Group psychotherapy and psychodrama. In B. Wolman (ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, pp. 1254-1274. Schramski, T. G. Psychodrama in Adlerian family counseling. In O. C. Christensen and T. G. Schramski (eds.), Adlerian family counseling. Minneapolis: Educational Media Corp., 1983. The sociometry reader. Glencoe: Free Press, 1959. Starr, A. Psychodrama: Rehearsal for living. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977. Thomson, E. and Williams, R. Beyond wives family sociology: A method for analyzing couple data. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 1981, 44, 999-1008. Waynar, M. K. Using psychodrama for information gathering. Social Casework, 1981, 62, 490-494. Yablonsky, L. Psychodrama: Resolving emotional problems through role playing. New York: Gardner Press, 1981. 3.18. Ackerman, N. W. Psychodynamics of family life. New York: Basic Books, 1958. Christensen, O. C. Schramski, T. G. Adlerian family counseling. Minneapolis; Educational Media Corp., 1983. Constantine, L. L. Designed experience: A multiple goal-directed training program in family therapy. Family process, 1976, 15(4), 373-387. Duhl, B., Duhl, F., and Watanabe, S. Types of sculpture. Unpublished notes, The Boston Family Institute, 1170 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02134, 1975. Duhl, F. S., Kantor, D. and Duhl, B. S. Learning space and action in family therapy: A primer of sculpting. In D. Bloch (ed.), Techniques of family psychotherapy: A primer. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1973. Ferber, A. and Mendersohn, M. Training for family therapy. Family Process, 1969, 8, 25-32. Framo, J. L. Mariage therapy in a couple groop. In D. A. Bloch (ed.), Techniques of family psychotherapy: A primer. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1973. Framo, J. L. A personal viewpoint on training in marital and family therapy. Professional psychology, 1979, 10, 868-875. Framo, J. L. Marriage and marital therapy: Issues and intial interview techniques. In M. Andolfi and I. Zwerling (eds.), Dimensions of family therapy. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. Freud, S. Group psychology and the analysis of ego (1921). The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 18. London: Hogarth Press, 1955. Hale, A. E. Conducting clinical sociometric exploration: A manual for psychodramatists and sociometrists. Available from author: 1601 Memorial Avenue, No. 4, Roanoke, VA, 24015, 1981. Moreno, J. L. Psychodrama. New York: Beacon, 1946. Papp, P., Silverstain, O., and Carter, E. Family sculpting in preventive work with "well families." Family Process, 1975, 12(2), 197-212. Satir, V. Conjoint family therapy. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavor Books, 1967. Starr, A. Psychodrama: Rehearsal for living. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977. 3.19. Duhl, F., Kantor, D. and Duhl, B. Learning, space and action in family therapy. In D. Bloch (ed.), Techniques of family psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1973. Papp, P. Family choreography. In P.J. Guerin (ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press, 1976. Papp, P. The use of fantasy in a couples group. In M. Andolfi and I. Zwerling (eds.), Dimensions of family therapy. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. Papp, P., Silverstain, O., and Carter, E. Family sculpting in preventive work with "well families." Family Process, 1975, 12(2), 197-212. 3.20. Adler, A. Understanding human nature. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1927. Bowen, M. Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978. Carter, E. A. Generation after generation. In P. Papp (ed.). Family therapy. Full length case studies. New York: Gardner Press, 1977, pp. 47-67. Carter, E. A. and McGoldrick, M. (eds.) The family life cycle. New York: Gardner Press, 1980. Guerin, P. J., and Pendergast, E. G. Evaluation of family system and genogram. In P. J. Guerin (Ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press, 1976, pp. 450-464. Hollman, A. M. Family assessment tools for understanding and intervention. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983. McGoldrick, M., Pears, J. K., and Giordano, J. (eds.) Ethnicity and family therapy. New York: Guilford Press, 1982. 3.21 . Ogden, G. and Zevin, A. When a family needs therapy, Boston: Beacon Press, 1970. 3.22. Atteneave, C. Social networks as the unit of intervention. In P. J. Guerin (ed.), Family therapy theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press, 1976. Hartman, A. Finding families an ecological approach to family assessment in adoption. Bevely Hills, CA: Sage, 1979. Lifton, H. and Tavantzis, T. The disapearing family: The role of counselors in creating surrogate families. Personnel and Guidance Journal, April 1979, 58, 161-165. Speck, R. and Atteneave, C. Family networks. New York: Pantheon, 1973. Stanton, J. L. and Stanton, M. D. "Pick-A-Dali Circus." Workshop presented at the National Convention of the Amari can Association of Marriage and Family Therapists, San Francisco, October 20, 1984. 3.23. Peckman, L. The use of interactive group of exercises in family therapy. Unpublished manuscript, 1984. Pleiffer, J. W. and Jones, J. E. Handbook of structured experiences for human relations training. San Diego: University Associates, 1973. Rowe, J., Pasch, M., and Hamilton, W. The new model me. New York: Teacher's College Press, 1983. 3.24. Boszormenyi-Nagy, I. and Spark, G. Invisible loyalties. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Bowen, M. Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In Guerin, P. J., Jr. (ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press, 1976. Coppersmith, E. (Imber-Black) The family floor plan: A tool for training - Assessment and intervention in family therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1980, 6, 141-145. Haley, J. Problem-solving therapy. New York: Basic Books, 1976. Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J., and Fisch, R. Change: Principles of problem formation and problem solving. New York: Norton, 1974. 3.25. Downing, L. N. Guidance and counseling services. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968. Moreno, J. L. Sociometry, experimental method and the science of society. New York: Beacon House, 1951. The sociometry reader. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1959. Traxler, A.E. and North, R.D. Techniques of guidance, 3rd ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1966. 4. Ansbacher, H. and Ansbacher, R. (eds.), The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Harper & Row, 1956. Aponte, H. J. Underorganisation in the poor family. In P. J. Guerin, Jr. (ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press, 1976. Aponte, H. J. Family therapy and the community. In M. Gibbs, J. R. Lachenmeyer, and J. Sigel (eds.), Community psychology. New York: Gardner Press, 1980. Aponte, H. J. and Van Deusen, J. M. Structural family therapy. In A. S. Gurman and D. P. Kniskern (eds.), Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Boszormenyi-Nagy, I. and Spark, G. Invisible loyalties. New York: Harper & Row, 1973. Bowen, M. Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978. Haley, J. Problem solving therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976. Haley, J. Leaving home. New York: McGraw Hill, 1980. Haley, J. Ordeal therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984. Hoffman, L. Foundations of family therapy. New York: Basic Books, 1981. Madanes, C. Strategic family therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Madanes, C. Behind the one-way mirror. San Fancisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984. McGoldrick, M., Pearce, J. K., and Giordano, J. Ethnicity and family therapy. New York: Guilford Press, 1982. Minuchin, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Minuchin, S. Family kaleidoscope. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984. Minuchin, S., et al. Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books, 1967. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Mosak, H. On purpose. Chicago: Alfred Adler Institute, 1977. Sherman, R. The power dimension in the family. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1983, 11(3), 43-53. Sherman, R. and Dinkmeyer, D. Adlerian family therapy: An integrative theory. New York: Brunner/Mazel, in press. Stanton, M. D. and Todd, T. Structural family therapy with drug addicts. In E. Kaufman and P. Kaufman (eds.), The family therapy of drug and alcohol abuse. New York: Gardner Press, 1979. Toman, W. Family constellation: Its effects on personality and social behavior (3rd edition). New York: Springer, 1976. 4.26. Aponte, H. J. Organizing treatement around thr family's problems and their structural base. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1974, 48, 8-12. Aponte, H. J. "Under-organisation in the poor family." In P. J. Guerin, (ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice. New York: Gardner Press, 1976. Aponte, H. J. Family therapy and the community. In M. Gibbs, J. R. Lachenmeyer, and J. Sigel (eds.), Community psychology: Theoretical and empirical approaches. New York: Gardner Press, 1980. Aponte, H. J. and Van Deusen, J. M. Structural family therapy. In A. Gurman and D. Kniskern (eds.), Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Minuchin, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Papp, P. Family therapy. New York: Gardner Press, 1977, p. 146. Stanton, M. D. and Todd, T. Engaging resistant families in treatment: Principles and techniques recruitment. Family Process, 1981, 20(3), 261-293. Weeks, G. R. and L'Abate, L. Paradoxial psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982, pp 82-83, 87-89. 4.27. Gurman, A. S. and Kniskern, D. P. (eds.) Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Nicols, M. Family therapy. New York: Gardner Press, 1984. 4.28. Minuchin, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Minuchin, S. Psychosomatic families. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. 4.29. Breit, M. M., Won-Gi Im, and Wilner, S. Strategic approaches with resistant families. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1983, 11, 51-58. Watzlawick, P. and Coyne, J. C. Depression following stroke: Brief, problem-focused family treatment. Family Process, 1980, 19, 13-18. Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J., and Fisch, R., Change: Principles of problem formations and problem resolution. New York: Norton, 1974. 4.30. Selvini Palazzoli, M., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G., and Prata, G. Family rituals: A powerful tool on family therapy. Family Process, 1977, 16, 445-453. Selvini Palazzoli, M., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G., and Prata, G. Paradox and counterparadox. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978. 4.31. Minuchin, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Minuchin, S. Psychosomatic families. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Selvini Palazzoli, M., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G., and Prata, G. Paradox and counterparadox. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978. 4.32. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Moreno, J. L. Psychodramatic treatement of marriage problems. Sociometry 1940, 3, 20. Moreno, J. L. Psychodrama. New York: Beacon House, 1946. Moreno, J. L. Sociometry, experimental method and the science of society: An approach to a new political orientation. New York: Beacon House, 1951. 4.33. Gurman, A. S. and Kniskern, D. P. (eds.) Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Lane, M. Introduction to structuralism. New York: Basic Books, 1970. Minuchin, S. Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Nicols, M. Family therapy. New York: Gardner Press, 1984. 5. Bandura, A. Behavior theory and the models. American Psychologist, 1974, 29(12), 859-869. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review, 1977, 84, 191-215. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Emery, G., and Shaw, B. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press, 1979. Dreikurs, R. Children the challenge. New York: Hawthorne, 1946. Dreikurs, R. The challenge of marriage. New York: Hawthorne, 1946. Ellis, A. How to stubbornly refuse to be ashamed of anything. Cassete recording, New York: Institute for Rational Living, 1973. Ellis, A. Sex and the liberated man. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1976. Ellis, A., Grieger, R., with contributors. RET handbook of rational-emotive therapy. New York: Springer, 1977. Gottman, J., Markman, H., and Notarius, C. The typography of marital conflict: A sequential analysis of verbal and non-verbal behavior. Journal of Marriage and the family, 1977, 39, 461-479. Jacobson, N. S. Behavioral marital therapy. In A. S. Gurman and D. Kniskern (eds.), Handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Lazarus, A. The practice of the multimodal therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1976. Schwartz, L., Sherman, R., and Norris, H. The action counseling workshop. Counselor Education and Supervision, 1975, 15(2), 144-148. Sherman, R., Norris, H., and Schwartz, L. Applying action counseling to institutional change. Paper and demonstration presented to the annual convention of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, New York, 1974. Sherman, R., Norris, H., and Schwartz, L. Principles of action counseling. Paper and demonstration presented to the national convention of the American Personnel and Guidance Association, New York, 1975. Stuart, R. B. Helping couples change. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. 5.34. Corsini, R. J. The marriage conference. Marriage Counseling Quarterly, 1970, 5, 21-29. Corsini, R. J. and Rigney, K. The family counsil. Chicago: Rudolf Dreikurs Unit of Family Education Association, 1970. Deutsch, D. A step toward successful marriages . Journal of Individual Psychology, 1956, 12, 78-83. Dinkmeyer, D. C., Pew, W. L., and Dinkmeyer, D. C., Jr. Adlerian counseling and psychotherapy. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979. Dreikurs, R. The challenge of parenthood. New York: Meredith, 1948. Dreikurs, R., Corsini, R. J., Lowe, R., and Sonstegard, M. Adlerian family counseling. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Press, 1959. Dreikurs, R., Gould, S., and Corsini, R. J. Family council. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1974. Dreikurs, R. and Soltz, V. Children: The challenge. New York: Hawthorne, 1964. Manaster, G. and Corsini, R. C. Individual Psychology. Itasca, IL: Peacock, 1982. 5.35. Azrin, N. H., Naster, B. E., and Jones, R. Reciprocity counseling: A rapid procedure for marital counseling. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1973, 11, 365-382. Blechman, E. A. Family problem-solving training. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1980, 3-22. 5.36. Lott, A. J., and Lott, B. E. A learning theory approach to interpersonal attitudes. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brocke, and T. M. Ostrom (eds.), Psychological foundation of attitudes. New York: Academic Press, 1968. Stuart, R. B. Helping couples change. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. 5.37. Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B. G., Rosman, B. L., and Schumer, F. Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books, 1967. Watzlawick, P. A. Structured family interview. Family Process, 1966, 5, 256-271. 5.38. Dreikurs, R. The challenge of marriage. New York: Hawthorne, 1946. Gurman, A. and Kniskern, D. (eds.) The handbook of family therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1981. Jacobson, N. S. and Margolin, G. Marital therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1979. 5.39. Haley, J. Problem-solving therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976. Hamburg, S. R. Reading aloud as an initial assignement in marital therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1983, 9(1), 81-87. Nikelly, A. Techniques for behavior change. Sprinfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1971. Patterson, G. R. and Hops, H. Coercion, a game for two: Intervention techniques for marital conflict. In R. E. Ulrich and P. Mountjoy (eds.), Experimental analysis of social behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972. Stuart, R. B. Helping couples change. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. Weiss, R. L., The conceptulization of marriage from behavioral perspective. In T. J. Paolino, Jr. & B. S. McCrady (eds.), Marriage and marital therapy: Psychoanalytic, behavior and systems theory perspectives. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978. 5.40. Nelson, R. C. Choice awareness: An unlimeted horizon. Personal and Guidance Journal, 1976, 54, 462-467. Nelson, R. C. and Friest, W. P. Marriage enrichment though choice awareness. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 1980, 6(4), 399-407. 5.41. Cohen, A. Symbols and sentiments: Cross-cultural studies in symbolism. New York: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 117-128. Dolgin, J. L., Kemnitzer, D. S., and Schneider, D. M. (Eds.).Symbolic anthropology: A reader in the study of symbols and meanings, New York: Columbia Univesrsity Press, 1977, pp. 3-34. Freedman, A. M., Kaplan, H. I., and Sadock, B. S. Morden synopsis of comprehensive textbook of psychiatre (2nd ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1976, pp. 302-306. Freud, S. The interpritation of dreams. New York: Avon Books, 1968, pp. 380-449. May, R. Values, myths and symbols. Amarican Journal of Psychiatry, 1975, 132 (7-9), 704. May, R. Love and will. New York: Norton, 1975. Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B., Rosman, B., and Schumer, F. Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books, 1967. Sherman, R. The power dimension in the family. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1983, 11(3), 43-53. Sutterly, D. C. and Donnelly, G. F. Perspectives in human developement: Nursing throughout the life cycle. Philadelphia, Lippincot, 1973, pp. 104-126. 5.42. Ely, A. L., Guerney, B. G., and Stover, L. Effifacy of conjugal therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice, 1973, 10, 201-207. Guerney, B. G. Relationship enhancement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977. Wachtel, P. L. Psychoanalysis and bahavior therapy: Toward an intergration. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Wells, R. A., Figurel, J. A., and McNamee, P. Group facilitative training with conflicted marital couples. In A. S. Gurman and D. G. Rice (eds.), Couples in conflict: New directions in marital therapy. New York: Jason Aronson, 1975. 5.43. Krohne, E. Sex therapy handbook: A clinical manual for treatement of sexual disorders. New York: Spectrum Publications, 1982. Masters, W. and Johnson, V. Human sexual inadeqacy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970. Semans, J. H. Premature ejaculation, a new approach. Southern Medical Journal, 1956, 49, 353-357. 6. Anderson, S. A. and Russell, C. S. Utilizing process and content in designing paradoxial interventions. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1982, 10(2), 48-60. Ansbacher, H. and Ansbacher, R. (eds.), The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Harper & Row, 1956. Andolfi, M. Family therapy: An interactional approach. New York: Plenum, 1979. Andolfi, M. and Zwerling, I. Dimensions of family therapy. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. Andolfi, M., Angelo, C., Menghi, P., and Nicolo-Corigliano, A. M. Behind the family mask: Therapeutic change in rigid family systems. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1983. Bateson, G. Steps to an echology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. Bergman, J. S. Fishing for barracuda: Pragmatics of brief systemic therapy. New York: W. W. Norton, 1985. De Shazer, S. Patterns of brief family therapy: An ecosystemic approach. New York: Guilford Press, 1982. Dreikurs, R. Psychodynamics, psychotherapy and counseling. Chicago: Alfred Adler Institute, 1967. Duhl, B. S. From the inside out: A systems thinking approach. New York: Brunne/Mazel, 1983. Four walls treatement. Time, October 2, 1972, p. 101. Frankl, V. E. Paradoxial intention and dereflection. Psychotherapy Theory, Research and Practice, 1975, 12, 226-237. Haley, J. Leaving home. New York: McGraw Hill, 1980. Haley, J. Ordeal therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984. Hill, W. Learning. New York: Crowell, 1977. L'Abate, L. Beyond paradox: Issues of control. American Journal of Family Therapy, 1984, 12(4), 12-20. L'Abate, L. and Weeks, G. A. A bibliography of paradoxical methods in psychotherapyof family systems. Family Process, 1978, 17, 95-98. Madanes, C. Strategic family therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Madanes, C. Behind the one way mirror. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1984. Mozdzierz, G. J. Paradox. Workshops given at Regional Convention, North American Society of Adlerian Psychology, New York, March 1983. Mozdzierz, G. J., Macchitelli, F. J., and Lisiecki, J. The paradox in psychotherapy: An Adlerian perspective. Journal of Individual Psychology, 1976, 32(2), 169-184. Papp, P. The process of change. New York: Guilford Press, 1984. Selvini Palazzoli, M., Boscolo, L., Cecchin, G., and Prata, G. Paradox and counterparadox. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978. Stampfl, T. C. and Lewis, D. J. Essentials of implosive: A learning theory based on psychodynamic behavioral therapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1967, 72, 496-503. Watzlawick, P. The situation is hopeless, but not serious. New York: Norton, 1984. Watzlawick, P., Weakland, J. H., and Fisch, R. Change: Principles of problem formation and rpoblem resolution. New York: Norton, 1974. Weeks, G. R. and L'Abate, L. Paradoxial psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982. 6.44. Adler, A. Understanding human nature. New York: Fawcett, 1954. Ansbacher, H. and Ansbacher, R. (eds.), The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Harper & Row, 1956. Christensen, O. C. and McKay, G. Adlerian family counseling. Minneapolis: Educational Media Corp., 1983. Dinkmeyer, D. C., Pew, W., and Dinkmeyer, D. C., Jr. Adlerian counseling in psychotherapy. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979. Herr, E. and Weakland, J. Counseling elders and their families. Rockville, MD: Aspen Press, 1982. Madanes, C. Strategic family therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Minuchin, S. and Fishman, C. Family therapy techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Paolino, T. J., Jr. and McGrady, B. S. Marriage and marital therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978. Stuart, R. B. Helping couples change. New York: Guilford Press, 1980. 6.45. Madanes, C. Strategic family therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Nichols, M. Family therapy: Concepts and methods. New York: Gardner Press, 1984. >15@B (5@<0=, >@<0= $@54<0= !" #"#  + "% ! " . #!". 2B>@878@>20==K9 ?5@52>4 A 0=3;89A:>3> :0=4840B0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: ..(0?8@>  ! ................................................ 1  1:!" #   !, "%.............. 4  2: $"/   +.................................. 14 .................................................... 14 2-1."!/" ......................................... 20 2-2. !+ $" $.................................... 24 2-3 ! #, " ,.............................. 31 2-4. -/  !/    !# ##!%  #%......... 35 2-5. "! + / +"........................................ 39 2-6 ! '+% !"#&........................... 44 2-7  (  /.................................. 47 2-8  /! &!" " !  "...  !  ""......................................... 51 2-9 !  &!"..................................... 57 2-10 !, !  ! " .................. 60 2-11  !# !............................................ 64 2-12 , !  !!#, " .................. - 2-13 ,  /  !!#, " ................. - 2-14  +: !+"/  ",! !,................... 68 2-15  /.)  : #"  !"................ 72 2-16 !# #!  +..................................... 78 2-17 #!" !"#  ! " ......................... 81 ;020 3: !&" '! "%........................... 87 .................................................... 87 3-18 !/ !#,"# .................................... 91 5-19 !/ %  $/................................... 98 5-20  ............................................. 102 3-21 /  "'/  ................................. 110 3-22 - ":  "  ! !!"+................ 117 3-23 !/ (/....................................... 124 3-24 !  !" !"................................. - 3-25 !/ !& ................................... - ;020 4: !" #"# + %+................................... 130 .................................................... 130 4-26 !............................................... - 4-27   +%  &......................... 136 4-28  !  !#!!"............................. 141 4-29 !" "'! ,/!+................................. 147 4-30 !+ "#........................................ 151 4-31 "#!................................................. - 4-32  /........................................... 156 4-33 + ",!"................................. 160 ;0205: '! '................................ 167 .................................................... 167 5-34. !# #!/ $ &/  !+ !".............. 171 5-35   "!# #! " ""............................ - 5-36  "+ ............................................ 178 5-37 !" #"#  + /   / !!!.............. - 5-38 "+ +...................................... 183 5-39 '" !#%  !# #! " ..................... 189 5-40 #' !. + ............................. 194 5-41 !   .................................... - 5-42 !" #"#  + "  )/...................... -  6:  !........................................... 200 .................................................... 200 6-44 $ ............................................. 210 6-45 !#/&/ !"..................................... 215 6-46 ./ ," ".................................... 218 6-47  !, !,:  #'",  " . ! "/.)!/ ' !,............... 221 6-48  / !#&,+% $"...................... 225 6-49 !%" "  !!  !  +.............. 230 6-50  !   (  ...................... - 6-51   !  !"..................................... 236 6-52  !//!,  &:    !  !#' ! "+ "   #!"#' !,... 239 6-53 / " ""!"+  !"................. -  7: ," "+ .............................. 246 .................................................... 246 7-54. -" /............................................ 247 5-55. "$+   +(........................... 252 7-56. "$+    / !!!..................... 256 7-57. ( "+....................................... 259 7-58. !-" "'!  $....................... - 7-59. " ! !# + !,/...................... - ;020 8: -............................................. 263 8B5@0BC@0.................................................. 269     PAGE 32 www.koob.ru R T z | b d | ~ "  δ д D ҹ : n  ½ $`a$½ * * ~ | x > B $`a$| " B D  " ^ ` t v   ` f \! `! p) r) N N O O ,O .O `S 0U ,g .g zg |g € Ā p r   J L ` d   ` b ^ ` r t z | B D b d h9CJOJQJh9CJmH sH  h9CJh9CJOJQJW v 0  n ~   J  "   " B D  $`a$    " ^ ` t v   z J  2 n    f \! " # z$ \% ' ( p) r) $`a$r) :, ~- 0/ >1 n2 4 = ? J L N N O O ,O .O 0U P[ 8\ \ ] z^ _ c ,g .g zg |g $`a$|g n .p t w x z { | H~ € Ā   z Ҍ d  p r $`a$   J L b d t V t x $`a$   @ ` b "  ^ ` r t  z | j B D $`a$D b d \ ^ F H   P R    | ~   ` $`a$ \ ^ F H   P R   | ~        4 4 4 4 F "F I I I I W W X X ] ] >] @] Z] \] `a fa vc xc Rm Tm jm lm } } } } X Z ( * H J > @ `    < >   F H b d h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJ h9CJ[`       8$ ' x/ 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 j7 8 &: : < < > ? LA A $`a$A C F "F H I I I I HN U W W X X ] ] >] @] Z] \] fa 6b b vc xc f .i Rm $`a$Rm Tm jm lm n p Nv `y pz } } } }  z ^ p , Έ l $`a$l  ؐ X Z Ȕ h ^ L H   v  ( * H J > @ $`a$ 6   N 8 b $ ,   < > $`a$> n (   F H b d d  h     0 $`a$d ` d ` h     ' ' ( ( h/ j/ / / / / TL VL lL nL zN |N bT dT T T ` ` d d d d j j 0 2 | ~ ˜ Ę  8 : X Z D F FHXZv x    fh"!$!:!R bT dT T T V tX fZ $`a$fZ @[ ] ^ ` ` d d d d g j j j n p q r 8u w w Tx x >y y | } ~ < $`a$< 0 2 ց b Ƈ T | ~ x ˜ Ę ڙ  j 8 : X Z ¢ D $`a$D F |  .  P h 0 V @ R > F x $`a$x  FHXZ2v x    fh"!$!:!gzz{{DF`bh9CJOJQJh9CJmH sH h9CJOJQJ h9CJWX]d8gqRvty{0}}`ƒLN Ї>܋jΚ$`a$ΚКҟv f:VJ*$`a$*NPrtTj r4@T.$`a$.$$$$$$-N/P/f/h/01F3569999:< @$`a$ @CLNN2N4N,T.TbTdT~TTX]].]0]*g,gggoqzz{{$`a${DF`bЄn*,DF.@bdvx*$`a$b*,DF`dvxҳԳ68RT`dlnF H ^ ` JL\^88NNNN|R~RRRRRF_H_^_`_`pbptpvpșʙz|ʢ̢(*µ *h9CJOJQJ h9CJh9CJOJQJ[ҳԳ68RT\6V8$`a$>dln $`a$ F H ^ ` JL\^ %'*l/B0>4688>NB(KNNNN|R~R$`a$~RRRRRVF_H_^_`_i`pbptpvpvq2srxșʙz|$`a$ʢ̢(*µ>r *, $`a$*, |~`b!!!F&H&&&&&~9999(I*I:I@PRh9CJOJQJh9CJmH sH h9CJOJQJ h9CJW. |~xr bHbT $`a$   H$\!!!F&H&&&&&n+/6~9999$`a$9?G(I*I:I@PR. lJ$`a$ \8P. (*NPjl $`a$ (*NPjl    < > <%>%\%^%P/R/////442444|>~>>>VVVVZ[N[P[j[l[eeee>w@wPwRwBD^`įƯܯޯ`fjl   h9CJmH sH h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJY    \< > <%>%\%^%`*+P/R/////4424$`a$2444|>~>>>NK"RVVVVZ[N[P[j[l[.`eeeeh&n t>w@wPw$`a$PwRwwjچƈt>RBD^`ަh$`a$hįƯܯޯf<Pjl$`a$$`a$Xn6fp    (*J`$`a$  (*,/2/://NNNNfOhO PPPPQQQQRRRR S"SSS(T*TTTT0U2UUUVV W"WWW(X*XXXX,Y.YYY4Z6ZZZ<[>[[[\F\\\L]N]]]X^Z^^^d_f___f` h9CJh9CJOJQJmH sH h9CJmH sH h9CJOJQJh9CJOJQJQ`,F '*,/0/2/4/6/8/:/@0B011L2N23 333H5J5$`a$$`a$J5N5P5V5X5566677888899::\;^;;;<<H=J===$`a$=>>n?p???@@bAdA BBBBCC.D0DEEEEFF\G^G`GbG$`a$bGlGnGHHJHNIPIJJJhKjKLLLL(L*LLLMMNNOOQQ$`a$QQQRRSSTTUUUU(U*UUUVVVVVVLWNWFXHXYY$`a$YZZ[[\\n]p]L^N^`_b_z`|`naparata~aabbbbbbcc$`a$cddddeeee`fbf2g4g>h@hhiiiiiijjjjjjj$`a$jjj k kkkllm n"nnn4p6ppprrrr"r$rssss$`a$sssNtPtuuvvwwxxxxxyzzL{N{P{R{^{`{||||$`a$|\}^}R~T~ `b$&(*68ƃȃln ؆چ$`a$چvxz|ȈʈƊȊ$`a$*,Ԕ֔68Ɨȗ<>jl$`a$lڜܜBD؝ڝڟܟ̠ΠhjFHbdDF$`a$24*,VX­ڮܮ "$02~$`a$ƴȴʴ̴شڴdf,.bdVXDFHJTV$`a$@B.0~lnpr~.0$`a$0\^NPVXZ\hj NP24$`a$4lnnp FH(* "$`a$"tvHJ02rtnpBD$`a$Dxzfh:<>@$`a$@LNhj|~>@  $`a$ BDFHTV "df68$`a$tv\^HJZ\`bRTvx"$24$`a$" $ & ( 4 6         < > LNTVXZ$`a$Zfhrtvx68 "$`a$"02>@@B(*,.:<  $!&!$`a$&!(!*!6!8!""$"##$$%%D&F&&&''r(t())))))**$`a$*T+V+*,,,......////0000001122Z3\344$`a$4b5d5566677t8v8092999::::x;z;;;<<==N>P>$`a$P>>>??FAHAAABBDDDDEEFFFFFFGGHHHH$`a$HIIJJ0K2KLLLL`MbMdMfMrMtMNNNNNNNNNfOhO$`a$$`a$hO PPPPQQQQRRRR S"SSS(T*TTT0U2UUUVV W"W$`a$"WWW(X*XXX,Y.YYY4Z6ZZZ<[>[[[D\F\\\L]N]]]X^Z^$`a$Z^^^d_f___f`h```rataaazb|bcccc ddddeeee$`a$f`h```rataaazb|bcccc dddddeee f"ffff,g.ggg4h6hhhiiiFjHjjjJkLkkkVlXlllbmdmmmnn@oBoooHpJpppqq:riiiFjHjjjJkLkkkVlXlll$`a$lbmdmmmnn@oBoooHpJpppqq:r2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0\i@\ 1KG=0O B01;8F0 :V 44 la .k@. 5B A?8A:0 8O8 Plain TextOJQJJ @J 86=89 :>;>=B8BC;  E$4)@4 ><5@ AB@0=8FKL@"L kv=5@E=89 :>;>=B8BC;  E$ 0 MZ[o,y -AZT *"?%%b()*y+z+++w.0111135`77788L:M:;;<<==??AACCEEEE)GH5KsNPPPPTTWY[\8^_a`aaaegirj#l%l&l'l(lElFlPlQln$q sEuv}xy{zÃȆtWy,ŕ<qr[\gh`aݣkEFNOn!"67Ntu5B*+:;ŸFGST?klZUdeno Z[klw7"#EFTUIstD56?@F-.    =       Y9 F=rF5 !01 "######&&&&))*+++,*.+.3.4./112344:X;<<<<<<(=)=b=c===d>e>t>u>,@@_C D D/D0Dٝ i͞ jß"dq.PQ}~~ެ߮45>??˴Gvd{/089 !4D  k|}aK$% -.*+67UV^_: ;     GHTUTS$!"#%%%%%r&&D'' (R((=))$**%+&+T+U+a+b+8.244448L;====;>F?@@\AAiBBjCD\DD.GGGGGMILNOPPPPQ QqTTTTT/\0\8\9\^`dPg!i"i1i2imjll-l.l:l;lYmorr t ttt!xyyyyzzX{||}~^~~1r0ɂЄф>?IJgh'Ô2ӕԕKGHڞ۞  &'34!dz<"1λ> bѽؿٿb8l)&'()J45>?w  +,^ijuv qw 6  {  R  \     qi$&*G.1020A0B03333336666399;;`;;;K=,>.ACDDDDGKM-NNAOOOOOO8PPQ'RRTT?UUVVVWX-YY=Z[x\'^``````b gIijjjjjkk l lQlRll2mmCnDn:q*r+rjskssstst vxyMz|~ C89PQ]^ q*+В$%wK!-ΠZ  TUrslt&nSTDڼۼors~q Y#$?2f4?TKLN  [\/0"#-.'(DE|}  !!!!"$s&k*l*w*x**3.123)5*52535666I7778&999};[=>>>>@lBmBBBBBHIIII8K9KKKKKhLLXMMNNXOOMPPlQmQuQvQROS~UWZ7_bfdee-e.eXhYhzh{hhhtlpqqqquvmv$wxy{|}~:;CDԂa>;ɕʕݗ56>?  "#01ܮB=>IJs   %!E.  9:HIVWBCNO +,45V05*VTmn}~DUy  ] ^ g h } M7VWghHIUV<!Q"$&!'R(n****+v+D,,;--i.///V00?111 22%3344C677!7"7:::::::::i<==>>>?7@@@ZAABDCC=DDESFFFHHIJ7KcLPQaWqXWYXYYYYY\_`m``=aaceeeeijWlmineooBp$qArBrarbru vvwixy2ĀIĂł89IJPQtuډ@ُ\^_ghғL[<   01CDQRop{|Ʃǰ/09:5qʷ˷12HImn#$WX͹ι߻>?NO0Vqr}~Zoyqlp$rg'8_`B=]gald/$;$% IJWXS      wx'K~y1  """"7###o$%&&#&$&1&2&u)+-D/L1M1Y1Z1145B6C6L6M66j7k78s8999j::;;D<==<>>?@@6AA BC5CEEFFGHIIIIIILOPPS'U*X+X6X7X=Y>YY[1\2\j\k\U]:^3__`RabbRdSd[d\deggjgEiTjjeklmm*nHnnnrppuqrrrr1suxyzzz>{?{{s|^}a~b~~OԀ5,-a̅ͅڅۅ O4E̬\ #$,-˸̸34AB=yzW Defghi|},D)&'GI}V gh;G   TYR+w A!!"###'%(%9%:%G%H%&(*5,//00C12333379:: <<>?DAEATAUALDMDfDgDtDuDHIIIIbJJKLFMNNNNjOYPRSMX Y YYY\\1\2\?\@\M^````eeeeeijqoroooqq"r#r0r1rht7wxxxxQ|LȅɅyًڋrsÒĒϒВ.mDEMNpqBu¥ȦoէHƩCRdetulݻ%&./xC!~XYZ'abqr>?hivw 01:;9H=>WXef    9w^ vwm#c%d%l%m%%'E)>*?**9+++x,,1--`//*222P356889E:$;;;.=>s>ABBBB#E$ERESE`EaEGIeMNNNNQUVVVVWXXZw[[\\\^X^=__````Ga(cId!f"fkk(k)klmmmmmmmmqVsbtuivvx{{'{({5{6{ÀĀ!"+,g]ڊfl܌я2"V$% ()ƥj˦Eoө%hϪЪopq.cRɯ{}~owҾ0 >?GHRSbcPqr mc!"/0yY  o  G  O     j   W 5 6 E F g h i j k l A B ^ _ ," " # % 7( ( 3) ) D* * + . w4 W7 X7 8 8 9 9 9 9 %: q: O; 0< < = = q> r> #B E PG I I I I I I I J !J J J &K 'K K K K K L L L L L L L M xM yM M M N N rN sN N N lO mO O O O O AP BP P P P P LQ MQ Q Q Q Q UR VR R R S S VS WS S S T T T T T T QU RU U U U U U U $V %V V V W W tW uW W W X X X X X X LX MX X X TY UY Y Y Z Z Z Z [[ \[ [ [ C\ D\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Z] [] \] ]] b] c] ] ] #^ $^ ^ ^ z_ {_ _ _ p` q` ` ` &a 'a a a =b >b b b b b b b uc vc wc xc }c ~c c c d d Dd Ed d d d d 0e 1e e e f f f f f f f f f g g g g g |g }g ~g g g g g g Qh Rh h h i i oi pi j j ij jj k k k k k k k k k k k k 'l (l l l qm rm m m vn wn xn yn n n Do Eo o o o o o o p p [p \p p p )q *q r r r r r r 0s 1s s s s s s s s s pt qt t t u u lu mu u u u u u u dv ev v v Zw [w \w ]w cw dw w w x x y y ry sy y y y y y y z z z z z z t{ u{ { | j| k| | | } } W} X} } } z~ {~     m n ] ^ _ ` f g # $ P Q " #   O P m n É ĉ       Ċ Ŋ ? @ ֋ ׋ c d e f l m   + ,      Ӓ Ԓ Ւ ֒ ܒ ݒ E F ғ ӓ 6 7 8 9 ? @ . / ' (   n o      ^ _  P Q ś ƛ   Y Z   p q ĝ ŝ   z { $ % V W Ѡ Ҡ Ӡ Ԡ ڠ ۠ ` a [ \ ! " d e d e f g m n ӥ ԥ < = x y { | ݦ ަ 3 4 4 5 G H I J P Q e f g h n o ɪ ʪ        w x Ϭ Ь   W X   W X Z [ ^ _ . / - . g h ) *   y z H I m n Է շ W X & ' չ ֹ * + , - 3 4 պ ֺ 9 : ; < B C   d e f g m n B C D E K L G H I J P Q  u v X Y     t u " # S T 9 : ] ^      @ A B C F G \ ] k l : ; G H ~  T U ' ( r s b c  b c D E F G M N   l m N O   g h   V W X Y Z y z   G H N O   V W N O   U V   \ ] " # d e , - o p 3 4 v w = >   G H   S T   [ \ # $ d e + , n o ] ^ $ % g h   ` a ) * l m 1 2 t u 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0h0Dj0fj0j0fj0j0fj0j0fj0@0@0h0@0j0  Nfj0$ h0`h0D ''*@wjK&'bbf:62D0 % | d 3b* f`pww  "'-5;A> F M U \ b j p :bkj=4[&8 2VdXp?P҉fS~<>ajo.T$Uz޴Z6fd(<  R ½  r) |g D ` A Rm l > + fZ < D x "XΚ*. @{ ~R 9.rp 24Pwh`J5=bGQYcjs|چl04"D@ Z"&!*4P>HhO"WZ^eltw    !#$%&()*+,./012346789:<=>?@BCD< = ? @ A B C D E G H I J K L N O P Q R S T V W X Y Z [ ] ^ _ ` a c d e f g h i k l m n o q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  w *!l06,0o<_ _[k  u C*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsmetricconverter @%C1.80 A< 2 000 <8;L5 DCB>26 DCB>2 70 DC=B>29 4N9<>2 ProductID    kv=9 @4|Y! @@@@J@@n@@@@ UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial_ TimesET CyrTimes New RomanWTimesETTimes New Roman?5 z Courier New"exL\{]r\{]r!xx4 HP ? kv=2/ 1:!" #   !, "% ;5:A0=4@ 0A052homeOh+'0$ 4@ ` l x0 1:   Normal.dothome3Microsoft Office Word@Ik@km@E"\{]r՜.+,0  hp  Home  0 1:    !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  Root Entry F`Y" Data  1Table AWordDocument80SummaryInformation( DocumentSummaryInformation8 CompObjq  F Microsoft Office Word MSWordDocWord.Document.89q