ࡱ> "     nnnU@bjbj1t@  &&&dH1112Kyyy8Vy~t2K|z v"|%@3555555$~R<Y1q qqY..s6;;;q*.13;q3;4;oZ -d01 n ^H/yG1 l L0| % 1A" $ .. 1edɯ;ǰeee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a. 5D5@0B =830 A>45@68B B5>@5B8G5A:89 0=0;87 8 =>2K5 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 8 M<?8@8G5A:85 @07@01>B:8 ?@>1;5<K ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O.  @01>B5 ?>:070=>, GB> AC1J5:B ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O 8<55B 45;> A> A2>9AB20<8, 0:BC0;L=K<8 4;O ?@5>1@07>20=8O >1J5:B0, B> 5ABL A> A2>9AB20<8 2708<>459AB2CNI59 A8AB5<K.  :=835 ?@54AB02;5=> 8=B5@5A=>5 8AA;54>20=85 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O, 53> AC1J5:B0 8 >1J5:B0, 2 :>B>@KE >B@078;0AL 8E ?@8=04;56=>ABL : 2708<>459AB2CNI59 A8AB5<5. >=>3@0D8O 04@5A>20=0 A?5F80;8AB0< 2 >1;0AB8 ?A8E>;>388  B5>@5B8:0< 8 ?@0:B8:0<, ABC45=B0< 8 0A?8@0=B0<, 0 B0:65 ?@>D5AA8>=0;0< 2 4@C38E >1;0ABOE, 8=B5@5ACNI8<AO ?A8E>;>3859. !/  " % 0@?>2 =0B>;89 8:B>@>28G  4>:B>@ ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, ?@>D5AA>@, 702. :0D54@>9 ?A8E>;>388 B@C40 8 >@30=870F8>==>9 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<...5<84>20, 45:0= D0:C;LB5B0 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<...5<84>20, 459AB28B5;L=K9 G;5= 564C=0@>4=>9 0:045<88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 459AB28B5;L=K9 G;5= 564C=0@>4=>9 0:045<88 =0C: 2KAH59 H:>;K (=0CG=K9 @540:B>@). >@=8;>2 .@89 >=AB0=B8=>28G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, ?@>D5AA>@, 702. :0D54@>9 >1I59 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<...5<84>20. 459AB28B5;L=K9 G;5= 564C=0@>4=>9 0:045<88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: (=0CG=K9 @540:B>@, 3;02K 6, 7) 0@5=>2 ;5:A59 8B0;L528G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 48@5:B>@ 45?0@B0<5=B0 8AA;54>20=89 /@>A;02A:>3> D>=40 157>?0A=>AB8 187=5A0 (3;020 9). 0A8I52 =4@59 =0B>;L528G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, =0G0;L=8: ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K #?@02;5=8O 8A?>;=5=8O =0:070=89 ?> /@>A;02A:>9 >1;0AB8 (3;020 5). ;048<8@>2 ;LO .@L528G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 0AA8AB5=B :0D54@K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 5<84>20 (3;020 10). @0?0: ;5=0 0A8;L52=0  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B :0D54@K ?5403>38:8 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 5<84>20 (3;020 4). 0H0?>2 5@30;OA 5@30;8<>28G  4>:B>@ ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K ?5403>38:8 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<.. .5<84>20, 459AB28B5;L=K9 G;5= 564C=0@>4=>9 0:045<88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: (3;020 13). >=520 ;5=0 8B0;L52=0  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B :0D54@K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<.. .5<84>20, G;5=-:>@@5A?>=45=B 564C=0@>4=>9 0:045<88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: (3;020 1). 5EB8E0=>20 0B0;LO 8:>;052=0  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B :0D54@K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 5<84>20 (3;020 3). 0=:@0B>2 ;5:A0=4@ 0;5@L528G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B :0D54@K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 5<84>20 (3;02K 8, 12 ). !<8@=>2 ;5:A0=4@ ;5:A0=4@>28G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B :0D54@K ?5403>38:8 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 5<84>20 (3;020 11). #@20=F52 5>=84 5B@>28G  :0=4840B ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, ?@>D5AA>@ :0D54@K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388 /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<...5<84>20, G;5=-:>@@5A?>=45=B 564C=0@>4=>9 0:045<88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C: (3;020 2). !   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AA;54>20=85 AB@C:BC@ AC1J5:B82=>3> >?KB0 A ?><>ILN B5E=8:8 @5?5@BC0@=KE @5H5B>:  PAGEREF _Toc88890525 \h 196  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890526" ;020 12. $'! +(  PAGEREF _Toc88890526 \h 205  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890527" 1. $5=><5= AC1J5:B82870F88  PAGEREF _Toc88890527 \h 205  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890528" 2. AB>G=8:8 AC1J5:B870F88 2 <8@>2>A?@8OB88  PAGEREF _Toc88890528 \h 207  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890529" 3. 8D>;>38G5A:>5 <KH;5=85 :0: >4=0 87 D>@< ?@>O2;5=8O AC1J5:B82870F88  PAGEREF _Toc88890529 \h 209  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890530" 3. !C1J5:B=K5 A2>9AB20 2 ?5@2>2845=88 >1J5:B0  PAGEREF _Toc88890530 \h 212  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890531" 4. !C1J5:B82870F8O 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?@0:B8:0  PAGEREF _Toc88890531 \h 213  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890532" 5. 5@5E>4 >B >1J5:B=>3> : AC1J5:B=><C 2>A?@8OB8N A8BC0F88  PAGEREF _Toc88890532 \h 216  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc88890533" 6. 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A.258-271. !>;>=4052 ..708<>A2O7L ;8G=>AB=KE 8 ?@>F5AAC0;L=KE 0A?5:B>2 <KH;5=8O 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8.//"2>@G5A:>5 =0A;5485..@CH;8=A:>3> 8.."8E><8@>20 8 A>2@5<5==0O ?A8E>;>38O <KH;5=8O. / >4 @54. ..=0:>20, "..>@=8;>2>9. .: =AB8BCB ?A8E>;>388 , 2003. A.323-325. !>;>=4052 .. 5D;5:A82=0O 2708<>A2O7L ;8G=>AB8 8 <KH;5=8O 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 // 5D;5:A82=K5 ?@>F5AAK 8 C?@02;5=85. "578AK IV 564C=0@>4=>3> !8<?>78C<0 7-9:BO1@O 20033., >A:20/ >4 @54. ..5?A:>3>  .: =AB8BCB ?A8E>;>388 , 2003. A.133-135. "5?;>2 ..@>1;5<K 8=48284C0;L=KE @07;8G89. .:  !$! , 1961. 536 A. #@20=F52 ..@>1;5<K A?5F8D8G=>AB8 >1>1I5=89 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>< <KH;5=88.//7CG5=85 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: 8B>38 8 ?5@A?5:B82K./>4 @54. ...>@=8;>20. /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1999. A.24  65. $>=4> ..5B5@<8=0=BK D>@<8@>20=8O ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> >?KB0. C@A>20O @01>B0. (/@>A;02A:89 3>AC=825@A8B5B). /@>A;02;L, 2004. 55 A. %0=8=0..  2>?@>AC > ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 A>AB02;ONI59 2 AB@C:BC@5 >1@070 <8@0. // 5AB=8: #. !3. 1990. 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http://flogiston. ru/articles/general 5;8G:>2A:89 ..@8B5;L=K5 02B><0B87<K 2 ?0<OB8 G5;>25:0 // A8E>;>38G5A:89 6C@=0;. 1985. ".6. !5. !. 32-40. 5;8G:>2A:89 ..2B><0B87<K ?0<OB8 // AA;54>20=85 ?0<OB8. ., 1990. !. 54-79. >;L4HB59= .1AB@0:B=>5 8 :>=:@5B=>5 ?>2545=85 /%@5AB><0B8O ?> >1I59 ?A8E>;>388. A8E>;>38O <KH;5=8O. , 1981.  !.141  144. 65<A #.KH;5=85 // %@5AB><0B8O ?> >1I59 ?A8E>;>388. 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" "#  @0?0: ..7CG5=85 8=48284C0;L=>9 A?5F8D8:8 <KH;5=8O :0: <KH;5=8O ?@0:B8G5A:>3>. 0=4. 48AA. /@>A;02;L, 1994. 020;8H8=0 ..A8E>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 >?5@0B82=>3> <KH;5=8O. ., 1985. 222A. 20=>20..  <5B>40E ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 87CG5=8O A>45@60=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 @C:>2>48B5;O.//@>1;5<K 8=4CAB@80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. /@>A;02;L, 1975, 2K?. 2. !. 106-117. >=520 ..AA;54>20=85 <KH;5=8O 2 @01>G8E ?@>D5AA8OE.//5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 8 >1I5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1989. !.63-74. >@=8;>2 ...KH;5=85 @C:>2>48B5;O 8 <5B>4K 53> 87CG5=8O. /@>A;02;L, 1982. 76 A. 6. >@=8;>2 ...KH;5=85 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1984. 80 A. 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 8 >1I5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1989. 141 A. 5EB8E0=>20..  ?@>1;5<5 8A?>;L7>20=8O <5B>40 A0<>=01;N45=8O 2 8AA;54>20=88 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2.//KH;5=85. 1I5=85. @0:B8:0. /@>A;02;L, 1986. !.113-125. 5EB8E0=>20 ..5B>48G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O ?@54AB028B5;59 :>=:@5B=KE ?@>D5AA89.//KH;5=85 8 >1I5=85: 0:B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 A <8@><. /@>A;02;L, 1988. !. 78-91. 5EB8E0=>20 ..AA;54>20=85 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: <5B>48G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K.//@0:B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85 8 >?KB: A8BC0B82=>ABL 8 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=>ABL >1>1I5=89. /@>A;02;L, 2000. !.114-134. 0=:@0B>2 ..A?>;L7>20=85 8=B5@2LN 4;O 87CG5=8O <KH;5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. // 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 8 >1I5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1989. !.55-63. 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"0:8< >1@07><, AB@C:BC@=>5 8 A>45@60B5;L=>5 ?@>B82>@5G8O ;8HL AB8<C;8@CNB ?>AB0=>2:C 8 @5H5=85 8A?KBC5<K< ?>7=020B5;L=>9 ?@>1;5<K, @07@5H5=85 ?>7=020B5;L=>3> ?@>B82>@5G8O. >2>@O > ?>AB0=>2:5 8 @5H5=88 ?@>1;5<, <K 8<55< 2284C 8 A?5F8D8:0F8N A8BC0F88, 4;O :>B>@>9 ?>AB0=>2:0 8 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5<K O2;O5BAO 35=5B8G5A:8 ?5@28G=>9 D>@<>9. !?5F8D8:0F8O, 5A;8 @0725@=CBL MB>B ?@>F5AA, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 @5H5=85 ?@>1;5< B>? 45? >340? @8 :0:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E?  2 A;CG05 CB>G=5=8O  8 'B> MB>?  2 A;CG05 >1>1I5=8O. @8 A?5F8D8:0F88, A;54>20B5;L=>, B0:65 ?@>8AE>48B 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 <5B0A>45@60B5;L=>9 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 AB@C:BC@K AC1J5:B0. 5B0A>45@60B5;L=0O ?>7=020B5;L=0O AB@C:BC@0 AC1J5:B0 ?@54AB02;O5B D>@<C ?> >B=>H5=8N : A>45@60=8N >B@0605<>3> >1J5:B0 8 >:07K205B 2;8O=85 =0 MB> A>45@60=85. =0 O2;O5BAO 2=CB@5==59 45B5@<8=0=B>9 <KH;5=8O, 8<5NI59 2 A2>N >G5@54L A>1AB25==>5 A>45@60=85, :>B>@>5 @5D;5:A8@C5BAO 8A?KBC5<K<8 :0: ?@8G8=K 8;8 <5@K, :>B>@K5 A;54C5B ?@54?@8=OBL. !>45@60=85 <5B0A>45@60B5;L=>9 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 AB@C:BC@K 5ABL 2 A2>N >G5@54L @57C;LB0B 35=5@0;870F88 >B=>H5=89 AC1J5:B0 A <8@><.  MB>< ?@>O2;O5BAO 480;5:B8:0 D>@<K 8 A>45@60=8O ?>7=0=8O. B=>H5=8O <564C D>@<>9 8 A>45@60=85< 5ABL 8E =5 8E @0745;L=>ABL 8 2=5?>;>6=>ABL, 0 8<5==> ?5@5E>4 4@C3 2 4@C30, B0:, GB> A>45@60=85 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: ?5@5E>4 D>@<K 2 A>45@60=85, D>@<0 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: ?5@5E>4 A>45@60=8O 2 D>@<C [8, A.224]. " "#  =>E8= ..@>1;5<0 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O 2 ?A8E>;>388 8 D878>;>388 // @>1;5<0 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O.  .,1976.  !.7-16. =>E8= ..@8=F8?80;L=K5 2>?@>AK >1I59 B5>@88 DC=:F8>=0;L=KE A8AB5< // @8=F8?K A8AB5<=>9 >@30=870F88 DC=:F89.  ., 1973. !. 5-61. =4@552 .."5>@5B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85: ACI=>ABL 8 >A=>2=K5 ?@8=F8?K.  .1982.  64 A. @8AB>B5;L. !>G8=5=8O:  4B. ".4.  .,1984.  456 A. @CH;8=A:89 ..KH;5=85 8 ?@>3=>78@>20=85: ;>38:>-?A8E>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87.  ., 1979.  230 A. @CH;8=A:89.. !.. C18=HB59=  >A=>2>?>;>6=8: 45OB5;L=>AB=>3> ?>4E>40 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:5 // !.. C18=HB59=. G5@:8. >A?><8=0=8O. 0B.  100-;5B8N A> 4=O @>645=8O.  ., 1989.  !.61-103. 0945=:> ..-2>;NF8O ?>=OB8O =0C:8.  ., 1980.  254 A. 535;L. .$.!>G8=5=8O:  16B. ".1.  ., 1932.  306 A. LN8 6. A8E>;>38O 8 ?5403>38:0 <KH;5=8O.  ., 1919.  140 A. >=520 ..B@065=85 B@51>20=89 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 <KH;5=88 AC1J5:B0 // KH;5=85 8 >1I5=85: 0:B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 A <8@><. /@>A;02;L, 1988.  !. 7-19. >@=8;>2 ...KH;5=85 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1984.  75A. >@=8;>2 ...KH;5=85 @C:>2>48B5;O 8 <5B>4K 53> 87CG5=8O. /@>A;02;L, 1982. -78 A. >@=8;>2...  ?@>1;5<5 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O // KH;5=85. 1I5=85. @0:B8:0.  /@>A;02;L, 1986.  !.3-6. >@HC=>2 ..B@065=85, 45OB5;L=>ABL, ?>7=0=85.  ., 1979.  216 A. @CB5F:89 ..A8E>;>38O >1CG5=8O 8 2>A?8B0=8O H:>;L=8:>2. ., 1979.  303 A. C:CH:8=0 ..>7=0=85, O7K:, :C;LBC@0.  ., 1984.  264 A. ><>2 .$.5B>4>;>38G5A:85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>388.  ., 1984.  448 A. 0BNH:8= ..@>1;5<=K5 A8BC0F88 2 <KH;5=88 8 >1CG5=88.  ., 1972.  207 A. >B@>H8;>20 ..AB8=0 8 A>F80;L=>-8AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA ?>7=0=8O.  .,1977.  164 A. 09A5@ #.>7=0=85 8 @50;L=>ABL.  ., 1981.  248 A. C18=HB59= !..@>1;5<K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388.  .,1946.  704 A. C18=HB59= !. KB85 8 A>7=0=85.  .,1957. -328 A. C18=HB59= !..A=>2K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388:  2B. ".1.  .,1989.  488A. "5?;>2 ..71@0==K5 B@C4K: 2 2B. ".1.  !.223-306. $595@10E .71@0==K5 D8;>A>DA:85 ?@>872545=8O: 2 2B. ".1.  .,1955. (?@0=35@ -.A=>2=K5 8450;L=K5 B8?K 8=48284C0;L=>AB8 // A8E>;>38O ;8G=>AB8. "5:ABK.  ., 1982.  !.55-69. (2K@52 .!."5>@5B8G5A:>5 8 M<?8@8G5A:>5 2 =0CG=>< ?>7=0=88.  ., 1978.  98 A. -B:8=4 ..A8E>;>38O ?@0:B8G5A:0O 8 0:045<8G5A:0O: @0AE>645=85 :>3=8B82=KE AB@C:BC@ 2=CB@8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> A>7=0=8O // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1987.  !6.  !.20-30. ;020 5. !! *" AA;54>20=85 <KH;5=8O 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?>:070;0, GB> >A>1>5 8 206=>5 <5AB> 2 MB>< ?@>F5AA5 70=8<05B MB0? >7=0:><;5=8O A >1J5:B>< 8 ?5@5>A<KA;5=85 ?@54AB02;5=8O > =5< ?>4 C3;>< 7@5=8O >1=0@C65==>3> :>=D;8:B0.  <0;5=L:>9 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 A5@88 8A?KBC5<K5 @C:>2>48B5;8 ?>;CG0;8 8=D>@<0F8N B>;L:> > :>=D;8:B5, => 8< @07@5H0;>AL 704020BL ;N1K5 2>?@>AK >1 >1J5:B5. >A;54>20B5;L=>ABL 8 E0@0:B5@ 2>?@>A>2 >1=060; C4828B5;L=K9 ?@>F5AA 2>AA>740=8O, @5:>=AB@C:F88 >1J5:B0.  40==>< 8AA;54>20=88 <K ?>?KB0;8AL 87CG8BL MB>B ?@>F5AA =0 <0B5@80;5 >1K45==>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. 1. @>1;5<0 <5B>40 8AA;54>20=8O @>1;5<=0O A8BC0F8O 87CG0;8AL ?@58<CI5AB25==> =0 <0B5@80;5 D>@<0;L=KE 7040G, 2 1>;LH59 8;8 <5=LH59 AB5?5=8 E0@0:B5@87CNI8EAO: 1) =0;8G85< 7040==KE CA;>289, 70@0=55 >?@545;Q==KE 2 >B=>H5=88 ACI5AB25==>AB8  =5ACI5AB25==>AB8 8E 4;O @5H5=8O; 2) :>=5G=K< (:0: ?@028;>, >4=8<-42C<O) G8A;>< @5H5=89; 3) =0;8G85< ;CGH53> 8 <5=55 C40G=KE 0;3>@8B<>2 @5H5=8O; =52>7<>6=>ABLN ?5@5D>@<C;8@>20BL :>=5G=>5 B@51>20=85; 4) D>@<0;L=K< A>45@60=85< (2 ;CGH5< A;CG05  A <0=8?C;OF859 >1J5:B0<8), =8:0: =5 70B@03820NI5< ?>2A54=52=K5 687=5==K5 ?@>1;5<K AC1J5:B0; 5) >4=>?;0=>2>ABLN (>B=>AOBAO : >4=>9 >1;0AB8 7=0=89) 8 >1>7@8<>ABLN 40==KE; 6) >4=><><5=B=K< ?@54JO2;5=85< AB8<C;L=>3> <0B5@80;0, =5 ?@54?>;030NI8< @0728B8O CA;>289 7040G8, E0@0:B5@=>3> 4;O @50;L=KE CA;>289; 7) =0;8G85< 548=AB25==>3> =58725AB=>3>.  @0<:0E 8AA;54>20=89 A ?><>ILN 40==>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>3> <0B5@80;0 1K;8 87CG5=K >A=>2=K5 70:>=><5@=>AB8 ?@>F5AA0 <KH;5=8O ?@8 @5H5=88 7040G, ?>:070=K @07;8G=K5 AB>@>=K D>@<8@>20=8O, 42865=8O ?@>1;5<=>9 A8BC0F88, AB0488 @5H5=8O, 53> M2@8AB8G5A:85 :><?>=5=BK 8 B. 4., GB> ?@54AB02;O5B 1>;LHCN =0CG=CN F5==>ABL [6-8, 10, 12]. @85=B0F8O =0 87CG5=85 284>2 <KH;5=8O 2 A?5F8D8G5A:8E ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE AD5@0E ?@825;0 : @07@01>B:5 <5B>4>2, ?@81;860NI8E 8A?KBC5<>3> : 5AB5AB25==K< 4;O =53> CA;>28O<, E0@0:B5@87CNI8<AO =5>?@545;Q==>ABLN, <=>3>0A?5:B=>ABLN (...>@=8;>2, ..>=520, ..KG038=0, ...!B@5;:>2, ..#@20=F52) 8 ?@5>4>;520NI8E >3@0=8G5=8O D>@<0;L=KE 7040=89. 7CG5=85 @5H5=8O ?@>1;5<=KE A8BC0F89 2 ?@>872>4AB25==KE CA;>28OE @0AH8@8;> ?@54AB02;5=8O > <KH;5=88 :0: ?@>F5AA5, 2?;5BQ==>< 2 @50;L=CN 45OB5;L=>ABL. @8 MB>< <5B>4>2 4;O 87CG5=8O <KH;5=8O, :0: :><?>=5=B0 ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8 AC1J5:B0, =5?@5@K2=> A2O7K20NI53>, @5:>=AB@C8@CNI53> B5 8;8 8=K5 0A?5:BK 0:BC0;L=>9 A8BC0F88, ?>-?@56=5<C =54>AB0B>G=>, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> @5H5=85 ?@>1;5< 2 AD5@5 >1K45==>3> <>65B 8<5BL =081>;LHCN 7=0G8<>ABL 4;O AC1J5:B0 (?> A@02=5=8N A CG51=K<8 8;8 ?@>872>4AB25==K<8 ?@>1;5<0<8), 0 3;02=>5  A?5F8D8G5A:85 70:>=><5@=>AB8. 5B>4K, 8AA;54CNI85 MBC AB>@>=C 687=8 G5;>25:0 2 @0<:0E ?A8E>;>388 ;8G=>AB8, 48DD5@5=F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388, ?>:07K20NI85 A?5F8D8:C >B@065=8O AC1J5:B>< B5E 8;8 8=KE AB>@>= 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, =5 :0A0NBAO A>1AB25==> <KH;5=8O. 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AD5@5 :>3=8B82=KE ?@>F5AA>2 :><?;5:A .5;LF0 ?@54?>;0305B A2O7L M;5<5=B>2 CA;>289 7040G8, => ?@0:B8G5A:8 >AB05BAO 2 AB>@>=5 ?@>1;5<0 01AB@0:F88 :><?;5:A0 >B :>=:@5B=KE M;5<5=B>2. " "#  8BB35=HB59= .>38:>-D8;>A>DA:89 B@0:B0B. .: 74-2> =>78A, 1994. @83>@5=:>.., !<8@=>2 !..AA;54>20=85 ?@>F5AA0 2K42865=8O 8 ?@>25@:8 38?>B57 ?@8 @5H5=88 7040G A =5>?@545;5==K<8 CA;>28O<8 / 5AB=8: #, 1988. !5@8O 14. !1. A.61-68. 020;8H8=0 ..A8E>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 >?5@0B82=>3> <KH;5=8O. ., 1985. 20=>20..  <5B>40E ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 87CG5=8O A>45@60=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 @C:>2>48B5;O (=0 1075 87CG5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 A<5==>3> <0AB5@0 B5:AB8;L=>3> ?@>872>4AB20) // @>1;5<K 8=4CAB@80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. K?.2. /@>A;02;L, 1975. !. 106-117 >=520 ..AA;54>20=85 <KH;5=8O 2 @01>G8E ?@>D5AA8OE // 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 8 >1I5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1989. !.63-74. >@=8;>2...  @0728B88 <KH;5=8O CG0I8EAO ?@8 @5H5=88 D878G5A:8E 7040G // @>1;5<K <KH;5=8O. /@>A;02;L, 1968. >@=8;>2 ...1 >@30=870F88 <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 CG0I8EAO 2 ?@>F5AA5 0=0;870 D878G5A:>9 7040G8 // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388 8 ?5403>38:8 B@C40, B@C4>2>3> >1CG5=8O 8 2>A?8B0=8O. /@>A;02;L, 1969. '0ABL 1. !.75-79. >@=8;>2 ...@>F5AA ?>=8<0=8O 8 D>@<8@>20=85 =02K:>2 @5H5=8O <KA;8B5;L=KE 7040G // 5403>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O 8 H:>;L=0O ?@0:B8:0. /@>A;02;L, 1972. !. 39-51. >@=8;>2..., 5EB8E0=>20 ..@>F5AA 87CG5=8O <KH;5=8O :0: >1J5:B ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 0=0;870 // 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 8 >1I5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1989. !. 18-31. C;NB:8= ...-2@8AB8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK 2 AB@C:BC@5 @5H5=89. ., 1970. KG038=0 ..F5=820=85 2 <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 @C:>2>48B5;O // @>1;5<K <KH;5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1980. !.143-149. 0BNH:8= ..@>1;5<=K5 A8BC0F88 2 <KH;5=88 8 >1CG5=88. .: 74-2> 5403>38:0, 1972. 0=:@0B>2 ..A?>;L7>20=85 8=B5@2LN ?@8 87CG5=88 <KH;5=8O 2 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 // 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O <KH;5=8O 8 >1I5=8O 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1989. !. 55-63. ;020 6. *"  "'! +(/ 1. A>15==>AB8 >1J5:B0 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O  M:A?5@8<5=B0E, 8A?>;L7>202H8EAO ?@8 87CG5=88 B5>@5B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O, :0: ?@028;>, 8A?>;L7>20;8AL @07;8G=K5 7040G8, A>45@60I85 CA;>28O, B@51>20=8O. !0<0 ?@>1;5<0 :0A0;0AL :0:>9-B> >?@545;5==>9 AB>@>=K, >1;0AB8 7=0=89. 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ACI5AB2;5=85 A?>A>10 <>65B A8;L=> @07;8G0BLAO ?>4 2;8O=85< @07;8G89 2 >?KB5 AC1J5:B>2. C4CB @C18BL ?>-@07=><C C<5NI89 8 =5 >G5=L, A8;L=K9 8 A;01K9, ?;>B=8: 8 <OA=8: 8 B. 4. 06=>, GB> 4;O 40==>3> AC1J5:B0 2AO:89 @07 1C45B @50;87>20BLAO >48= 8 B>B 65 ?@5>1@07CNI89 :><?;5:A: AC1J5:B  8=AB@C<5=B  A?>A>1. -B>B :><?;5:A, 2 :>B>@>< 8=48284C0;878@>20= 8=AB@C<5=B, ?@54AB02;O5B 87 A51O 0:B82=CN, ?@5>1@07CNICN G0ABL 2708<>459AB2CNI59 A8AB5<K.  A>1AB25==> <KA;8B5;L=K9 ?@>F5AA, A8=B57 =0 >A=>25 8=AB@C<5=B0, ?> 2848<><C 4>;65= ?@54?>;030BL =5 A>740==K9 A>F8C<>< =8G59 8=AB@C<5=B, 0 8<5==> MB>B ?@5>1@07CNI89 :><?;5:A, G5;>25:>-8=AB@C<5=B.  =5< 8=AB@C<5=B 2KABC?05B :0: =>A8B5;L A?>A>10, :>B>@K9 <>65B @50;L=> >ACI5AB28BLAO 40==K< AC1J5:B><, :>=:@5B=> 2>?;>B8BLAO 2 >?@545;5==KE 3@0=8F0E, ?@8 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 >A2>5==>AB8 8=AB@C<5=B0 8 B. ?. A;8 25@=CBLAO : =0H5<C ?>=OB8N 2708<>459AB2CNI59 A8AB5<K, B> <>6=> ?@54AB028BL 5Q A>AB>OI59 87 ?@5>1@07C5<>3> (8 B5< A0<K< ?>7=0205<>3>) >1J5:B0  8 AC1J5:B0, 2>>@C6Q==>3> 8=AB@C<5=B>< (2 >?@545;Q==KE CA;>28OE 8 >1;040NI53> >?@545;Q==K< >?KB><). "0:, ?>20@ A>18@05BAO ?@83>B>28BL 87 8<5NI8EAO ?@>4C:B>2 =5:>B>@>5 1;N4>  ?>A@54AB2>< ?;8BK 8 :CE>==KE 8=AB@C<5=B>2.  B>340 >= >F5=8205B MB8 ?@>4C:BK, CG8BK20O A2>8 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8. "0: ;N1>9 ?@>D5AA8>=0; A<>B@8B =0 ?@>1;5<C G5@57 ?@87<C A2>8E 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=KE 2>7<>6=>AB59. " "#  $8;>A>DA:89 M=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L. ., !. -., 1983.  837 A. 02K4>2 ..84K >1>1I5=8O 2 >1CG5=88. ., 1972.  424 A. C18=HB59= !..KB85 8 A>7=0=85. ., 1957.  328 A. ><>2 .$.5B>4>;>38G5A:85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>388. ., 1984.  444A. 020;8H8=0 ..A8E>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 >?5@0B82=>3> <KH;5=8O. ., 1985.  222A. @CH;8=A:89 ..@>1;5<K 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?A8E>;>38O <KH;5=8O.// KH;5=85 8 >1I5=85 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. /@>A;02;L, 1981; A.3 9. >@A:89 .. 07;8G=K5 D>@<K ?>7=0=8O 8 ?@0:B8:0.//>?@>AK D8;>A>D88. 1981, !1 5:B>@A:89 ..!C1J5:B, >1J5:B, ?>7=0=85. ., 1980  357 A. >48>=>2 ..A8E>;>38O A?>@B82=>3> ?>548=:0. ., 1968  127 A. '51KH520 ..A8E>;>38O B@C4>2>3> >1CG5=8O. ., 1969  303 A. @0:B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85: A?5F8D8:0 >1>1I5=8O, ?@8@>40 25@10;870F88 8 @50;87C5<>AB8 7=0=89. /@>A;02;L, 1997.  143 A. @0:B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85 8 >?KB: A8BC0B82=>ABL 8 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=>ABL >?KB0. /@>A;02;L, 2000  192 A. 010@45;L .N48 8 B5E=>;>388. ., 1999  262 A. >C; .C;LBC@=>  8AB>@8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O. . 1997  432 A. 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Berlin: Springer-Veriag, 1993.  131-146s. KlixF.Information und Verhalten. Berlin, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenscheften, 1983.  810s. LipmannO., BogenH.Naive physik. Leipzig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G0AB=>AB8, <>6=> ?@>A;548BL A>>B=>H5=85 <564C 2K45;5==K<8 =0<8 B8?0<8 8 2K45;5=85< >1K45==>3> (:>=AB0=B=K5 <>45;8), ?@0:B8G5A:>3> (A8BC0B82=K5) 8 B5>@5B8G5A:>3> (C=825@A0;L=K5); <KH;5=8O, =0?@02;5==>3> =0 @50;870F8N (A8BC0B82=K5 8 C=825@A0;L=K5) 8 =0 >1JOA=5=85 (C=825@A0;L=K5, :>=AB0=B=K5); M<>F8>=0;L=>3> <KH;5=8O (:>=AB0=B=K5); A8BC0B82=>3> C@>2=O <KH;5=8O (A8BC0B82=K5 8, A =5:>B>@K<8 >3>2>@:0<8, :>=AB0=B=K5) 8 =04A8BC0B82=>3> C@>2=O (C=825@A0;L=K5).  40==>9 B8?>;>388 B0:65 >B@060NBAO 85@0@E8O MDD5:B82=>AB8 8 C@>2=8 @0728B8O <>45;59 (A8BC0B82=K5 8 C=825@A0;L=K5 <>45;8  1>;55 MDD5:B82=>5 8 1>;55 ?>74=55 >1@07>20=85). 4. $0:B>@ >?KB=>AB8 8A?KBC5<>3> >:07K205B ACI5AB25==>5 2;8O=85 =0 AB@>5=85 8 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 <>45;8. A>15==> MB> :0A05BAO D0:B>@0 =5?>A@54AB25==>3> >?KB0 2708<>459AB28O A O2;5=85<, 2;8O=85 :>B>@>3> >BG5B;82> ?@>A;568205BAO =0 >1>8E A;>OE AB@C:BC@K <>45;8. ;8O=85 D0:B>@0 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> >?KB0 =081>;55 70<5B=> =0 2B>@>< A;>5 <>45;8 (C@>2=5 >1I8E 7=0G5=89).  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Nguyen-Xuan A.Le systeq \o (e;)me de production: un formalisme pour modeq \o (e;)liser la cognition humaine // Intelligence des meq \o (e;)canismes et meq \o (e;)canismes de l intelligence, ed. J.L.Lemoigne  Fayard, 1986.  P. 139  154. Practical intelligence. Ed. R.J.Sternberg and R.K.Wagner.  Cambridge Un. Press, 1986 ;02011. !, !#*" +"   "'! +( 1. !B@C:BC@K AC1J5:B82=>3> >?KB0 4=8< 87 206=KE 0A?5:B>2 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O O2;O5BAO 8A?>;L7>20=85 AC1J5:B>< ?@>H;>3> >?KB0 ?@8 @5H5=88 ?@0:B8G5A:8E 7040G. 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" "#  K3>BA:89 .!.KH;5=85 8 @5GL. ., 1934. 324 A. 01@>48=..., >E8;L:> .."5>@5B8G5A:85 8AB>:8 8 =07=0G5=85 @5?5@BC0@=KE ;8G=>AB=KE <5B>48:: @548A;>285 : :=835 $@0=A5;;0$., 0==8AB5@.>2K9 <5B>4 8AA;54>20=8O ;8G=>AB8. .: @>3@5AA, 1987. !. 5-26. >75;5F:89 ..A8E>;>38G5A:0O B5>@8O @5H5=89. .: @>3@5AA, 1979. 504 A. >7;>20 ..8G=>ABL :0: A8AB5<0 :>=AB@C:B>2 // !8AB5<=K5 8AA;54>20=8O. 653>4=8:. .: 0C:0, 1976. !. 128-146. >@=8;>2 ...A8E>;>38O ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. /@>A;02;L: -?@5AA, 2000. 212 A. C;NB:8= ...A8E>;>38O >1CG5=8O 27@>A;KE. .: @>A25I5=85, 1985. 128 A. C;NB:8= ...-2@8AB8G5A:85 <5B>4K 2 AB@C:BC@5 @5H5=89. .: 5403>38:0, 1970. 232 A. CH:8= ..?5@0B82=>5 <KH;5=85 2 1>;LH8E A8AB5<0E. .: -=5@38O, 1965. 375 A. CH:8= ..>AB@>5=85 A8BC0B82=KE :>=F5?B>2 2 AB@C:BC@5 <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 // @>1;5<K >1I59, 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388. .: 5403>38:0, 1978. !. 106-120. "5;538=0 -..>B820F8O 2 AB@C:BC@5 <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 // A:CAAB25==K9 8=B5;;5:B 8 ?A8E>;>38O / >4 @54. .."8E><8@>20. .: 0C:0, 1976. $0@0?>=>20 -..7CG5=85 AB@C:BC@K 8 ?CB59 @0728B8O B5E=8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O // AA;54>20=85 @5G5-<KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. ;<0-B0, 1974. !. 167-173. $@0=A5;;0$., 0==8AB5@. >2K9 <5B>4 8AA;54>20=8O ;8G=>AB8. C:>2>4AB2> ?> @5?5@BC0@=K< ;8G=>AB=K< <5B>48:0<. .: 0C:0, 1987. 234A Kelly G.A.The Psychology of Personal Constructs. Vols 1and 2. 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A8E>;>38O AC1J5:B82=>9 A5<0=B8:8.  .: 8742> #, 1980.  128A. @B5<L520..., !B@5;:>2... @>D5AA8>=0;L=0O A>AB02;ONI0O >1@070 <8@0 // KH;5=85 8 >1I5=85: 0:B82=>5 2708<>459AB285 A <8@><.  /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1988.  !.52-66. @B5<L520... 8 4@. ?8A0=85 AB@C:BC@ AC1J5:B82=>3> >?KB0: :>=B5:AB 8 7040G8 /...@B5<L520, ...!B@5;:>2, ..!5@:8= // KH;5=85. 1I5=85. ?KB.  /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1983.  !.99-108. @B5<L520..., #@C=B0520.. 7CG5=85 AB@C:BC@K AC1J5:B82=>3> >?KB0 2 CA;>28OE =5>?@545;5==KE 8=AB@C:F89. // KH;5=85. 1I5=85. ?KB.  /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1983.  !.108-118 0@B . 8D>;>388: 5@. A D@. .: 74-2> 8<.!010H=8:>2KE, 1996.  313A. @C=5@6. A8E>;>38O ?>7=0=8O. 0 ?@545;0<8 =5?>A@54AB25==>9 8=D>@<0F88.  .: @>3@5AA, 1977.  412A. @CH;8=A:89.. @>1;5<0 AC1J5:B0 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:5 (AB0BL8 1-3) // A8E>;. 6C@=0;. !!6.  1991, 1992, 1993. K3>BA:89.!. KH;5=85 8 @5GL // !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89.  6B. ".2. @>1;5<K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388.  .: 5403>38:0, 1982. 504A.  !.5-361. K3>BA:89.!. KH;5=85 8 @5GL // !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89.  6B. ".2. @>1;5<K >1I59 ?A8E>;>388.  .: 5403>38:0, 1982. 504A.  !.5-361. @>D!. CB5H5AB285 2 ?>8A:0E A51O: 7<5@5=8O A>7=0=8O. >2K5 ?5@A?5:B82K 2 ?A8E>B5@0?88 8 8AA;54>20=88 2=CB@5==53> <8@0: 5@. A 0=3;.  .: 74-2> =-B0 ?A8E>B5@0?88, 2001. 327A. 5@O1>!.. $5=><5= AC1J5:B=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O ?@8@>4=KE >1J5:B>2. // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388.  !1  2002.  !.45 59. N@:359< -. !>F8>;>38O: 5 ?@54<5B, <5B>4, ?@54=07=0G5=85. ?5@. A D@. !>AB. ..>D<0=  .: 0=>=, 1995. 352A. 020;8H8=0.. A8E>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 >?5@0B82=>3> <KH;5=8O.  .: 0C:0, 1985.  222A. ;L8=.. 5:>B>@K5 2>?@>AK ?A8E>;>388 >1I5=8O // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388.  !5  1986.  !.113-124. 0AA8@5@-. $8;>A>D8O A8<2>;8G5A:8E D>@<. 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KH;5=85 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8.  /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1984.  80A. >@=8;>2..., 5EB8E0=>20.. 8D>;>38G5A:>5 <KH;5=85 :0: D5=><5= A>2@5<5==>3> >1I5AB20 8 :0: 284 <KH;5=8O // @0:B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85: A?5F8D8:0 >1>1I5=8O, ?@8@>40 25@10;870F88 8 @50;87C5<>AB8 7=0=89. !1>@=8: AB0B59 / >4 @54. ...>@=8;>20.  /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1997.  !. >@=8;>2... >2>5 8 B@048F8>==>5 2 48A:CAA88 > ?@0:B8G5A:>< <KH;5=88 // 653>4=8: >AA89A:>3> A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 1I5AB20: A8E>;>38O 8 ?@0:B8:0, B>< 4, 2K?CA: 4.  /@>A;02;L: 740B5;LAB2> /@>A;02A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0 8<. .. 5<84>20, 740B5;LAB2> 564C=0@>4=>9 :045<88 A8E>;>38G5A:8E =0C:, >AA89A:>5 A8E>;>38G5A:>5 1I5AB2>, 1998 >@=8;>2... 'B> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O >1>1I5=89 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O // 7CG5=85 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: 8B>38 8 ?5@A?5:B82K. !1>@=8: AB0B59 / >4 @54. ...>@=8;>20.  /@>A;02;L: 874-2> /@#, 1999. >@=8;>2... A8E>;>38O ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. >=>3@0D8O.  /@>A;02;L:   @5AA, 2000.  212A. >C; ., !:@81=5@ !. 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">?>;>38O AC1J5:B0 (>?KB D5=><5=>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O) 5AB=8: >A:>2A:>3> #=825@A8B5B0. !5@. 14, A8E>;>38O.  !2  1994.  !.3-13. #;K18=0.. A8E>;>38O >1K45==>3> A>7=0=8O.  .: !<KA;, 2001.  264A. $@594. 2545=85 2 ?A8E>0=0;87. 5:F88  .: 0C:0, 1989.  456A. %N1=5@. AB8=0 <8D0.  .: 5A?C1;8:0, 1996  248A. .=3.. @E5B8? 8 A8<2>;. .: 5=5AA0=A, 1991. 304A. /:>2;520.!. $@03<5=BK @CAA:>9 O7K:>2>9 :0@B8=K <8@0 (<>45;8 ?@>AB@0=AB20, 2@5<5=8 8 2>A?@8OB8O).  .: =>78A, 1994.  343A. SzekelyL. Die Schopferische Pause // SzekelyL. Denkferlauf, Einsamkeit und Angst. Bern, 1976.  S.140-169. '!", IV. #'   "'! +(/ ;020 13. " '! '! +(    "'! 5OB5;L=>ABL ?@5?>4020B5;O B@048F8>==> E0@0:B5@87C5BAO :0: 45OB5;L=>ABL A O@:> 2K@065==K< <KA;8B5;L=K< :><?>=5=B><. =0=85 40==>3> :><?>=5=B0 2 AB@C:BC@5 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?5403>30 ?>72>;O5B 1>;55 F5;5=0?@02;5==> 8AA;54>20BL 8 @50;87>2K20BL 53> @5AC@AK. :B82870F8O B2>@G5AB20 ?@5?>4020B5;O >1CA;>2;5=0 ?@>F5AA0<8 0:BC0;870F88 <5E0=87<>2 8 70:>=><5@=>AB59 <KH;5=8O 2 53> ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. >?@>A > A2O78 <KH;5=8O A 45OB5;L=>ABLN 2A5340 1K;, ?> <=5=8N !.. C18=HB59=0, F5=B@0;L=K< 4;O ?A8E>;>388. @0:B8G5A:8 2A5 8AA;54>20B5;8 <KH;5=8O (!.. 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" "#  8;L:552..$>@<8@>20=85 ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O C ABC45=B>2: #G51=>5 ?>A>185. 070=L, 1992. 108 A. C1@>28=0 ...A>15==>AB8 2708<>A2O78 C@>2=52KE E0@0:B5@8AB8: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> <KH;5=8O CG8B5;O 2 ?@>F5AA5 @5H5=8O ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?@>1;5<=>9 A8BC0F88 // A8E>;>38O ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: B5>@8O 8 M:A?5@8<5=B / >4 @54. ..0H0?>20. .:  , 1998. !. 79-85. 0@?>2 .. 53C;OB>@=K9 8 :>3=8B82=K9 0A?5:BK 8AA;54>20=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3> >15A?5G5=8O 45OB5;L=>AB8 // @0:B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85: DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 8 @0728B85. ., 1990. !. 12-23. 0@?>2 ..5B>4>;>38G5A:85 >A=>2K ?A8E>;>388 ?@8=OB8O @5H5=8O. .:  , 2000. 230 A. 0H0?>2..A8E>;>38O ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. >=>3@0D8O. !.  1.: ;5B59O, 2000. 463 A. 0H0?>2..:B82=K5 <5B>4K >1CG5=8O 8 2>A?8B0=8O: ?A8E>;>3>-?5403>38G5A:89 B@5=8=3 :@50B82=>AB8 (<5B>48G5A:85 C:070=8O). /@>A;02;L, /@#, 2001. 39 A. 0H0?>2.."5>@5B8G5A:85 >A=>2K 8AA;54>20=8O 8 D>@<8@>20=8O ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O // 5AB=8: >AA89A:>3> 3C<0=8B0@=>3> =0CG=>3> D>=40. 2001, !1, !. 121-131. 0H0?>2..A8E>;>38O ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O (<5B>4>;>38O, B5>@8O, ?@0:B8:0) // A8E>;>38O ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O / >4 @54. ..0H0?>20. .: 74-2> =AB8BCB A8E>;>388 , 2003. !. 73-143. 8A5;520 "..#@>2=52K5 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O 2 A8BC0F88 >F5=820=8O // A8E>;>38O ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: B5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0. .:  , 1998. !. 61-66. >@=8;>2 ...KH;5=85 @C:>2>48B5;O 8 <5B>4K 53> 87CG5=8O. /@>A;02;L, 1982. 77 A. >@=8;>2 ...KH;5=85 2 ?@>872>4AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8: #G51. ?>A>185. /@>A;02;L, 1984. 74 A. >@=8;>2...  70@>645=88 8 @0728B88 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 2 ?5403>38G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 // A8E>;>38O ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: B5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0. / >4 @54. ..0H0?>20. .:  . 1998. !. 3-8. >@=8;>2 ...A8E>;>38O ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. >=>3@0D8O. /@>A;02;L, 2000. 212 A. >B>G83>20 ..A>15==>AB8 @0728B8O B2>@G5A:>3> ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O // A8E>;>38O ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O: B5>@8O 8 M:A?5@8<5=B. .:  , 1998. !. 115-117. >B>G83>20 ..A8E>;>38G5A:85 >A>15==>AB8 B2>@G5A:>3> ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. 8A. & :0=4. ?A8E>;. =0C:. /@>A;02;L, 2002. 162 A. C;NB:8= ..."2>@G5A:>5 <KH;5=85 2 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 CG8B5;O // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388. 1986. !2. !. 21-30. ><>2 .$.5B>4>;>38G5A:85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>388. .: 0C:0, 1984. 444 A. 8B8=0 ..#?@02;OBL 8;8 ?>402;OBL: 2K1>@ AB@0B5388 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 687=545OB5;L=>AB8 ?5403>30. .: !5=BO1@L, 1999. 192 A. KH;5=85 CG8B5;O: 8G=>AB=K5 <5E0=87<K 8 ?>=OB89=K9 0??0@0B / >4 @54. ...C;NB:8=0, .!.!CE>1A:>9. .: 1990. 104 A. @0:B8G5A:89 8=B5;;5:B / .6. !B5@=15@3, 6. .$>@A09B, 6. %54;0=4 8 4@. !?1.: 8B5@, 2002. 272 A. A8E>;>38O 8=48284C0;L=>3> 8 3@C??>2>3> AC1J5:B0 / >4 @54. ..@CH;8=A:>3>, ..>;>28:>2>9. .:   !-, 2002. 368 A. 078=0 "..A>15==>AB8 @5D;5:A88 =0 @07;8G=KE C@>2=OE ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. 8A. & :0=4. ?A8E>;. =0C:. /@>A;02;L, 2002. 243 A. C18=HB59=!..  <KH;5=88 8 ?CBOE 53> 8AA;54>20=8O. .:  !!! , 1958. 147 A. !5@0D8<>28G ..A>15==>AB8 ?@>3=>78@>20=8O 2 AB@C:BC@5 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> ?5403>38G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. 8A. & :0=4. ?A8E>;. =0C:. /@>A;02;L, 2002. 252 A. 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