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A5@548=5 30-E 33. ?> =0AB>O=8N N=>H8, ?>@065==>3> 25;8G85< 5=8=3@040, 345 68;8 53> @>4AB25==8:8, A5<LO ?5@557605B 2 MB>B 3>@>4. 45AL 52 5::5@ 70:0=G8205B H:>;C 8 ?>ABC?05B =0 D878G5A:89 D0:C;LB5B C=825@A8B5B0, @0AA<0B@820O D878:C :0: ?CBL : ?>A;54CNI8< 70=OB8O< ?A8E>;>3859 (:>B>@>9 B>340 ?@>AB> =5 ACI5AB2>20;> 2 ?5@5G=5 C=825@A8B5BA:8E A?5F80;L=>AB59).  1939 3. .. ?5@5E>48B =0 D8;>A>DA:89 D0:C;LB5B, => CG5=85 ?@5@K205B 2>9=0. 5 ?@8720==K9 ?> ?@8G8=5 >G5=L ?;>E>3> 7@5=8O 2 0@<8N, 52 0@:>28G >AB05BAO A> A2>59 65=>9 8=>9 /:>2;52=>9 CA0:>2A:>9 2 5=8=3@045, 345 >=8 ?@8=8<0NB CG0AB85 2 >1>@>==KE @01>B0E, @0745;ONB A 4@C38<8 68B5;O<8 3>@>40 2A5 BO3>BK 1;>:04K 8, : AG0ABLN, >AB0NBAO 682K. <5==> 2 MB> 2@5<O .. 2?5@2K5 =0G8=05B ?@5?>4020BL  CG8B D878:5 45B59, >AB02H8EAO 2> 2@5<O 1;>:04K 2 5=8=3@045.  1944 3.  5=8=3@04A:>< C=825@A8B5B5 A>7405BAO >B45;5=85 ?A8E>;>388 8 52 0@:>28G AB0=>28BAO >4=8< 87 ?OB8 53> ?5@2KE ABC45=B>2. >B><  0A?8@0=BC@0, 8 2 1951 3. 70I8B0 :0=4840BA:>9 48AA5@B0F88 " 2>?@>AC > ?>AB@>5=88 >AO70B5;L=>3> >1@070". >A;5 >:>=G0=8O 0A?8@0=BC@K 8 1;5ABOI59 70I8BK  B@C4=K5 ?>8A:8 @01>BK, :>B>@K5 7025@H8;8AL ?5@5574>< 2 8;L=NA, 345 52 0@:>28G 2?;>BL 4> 1959 3. ?@5?>405B ?A8E>;>38N 2 ?5403>38G5A:>< 8=AB8BCB5. 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A>60;5=8N, =0< =5 C40;>AL ?@825AB8 25AL A?@02>G=K9 0??0@0B :=838 2 ?>;=>5 A>>B25BAB285 A A>2@5<5==K<8 B@51>20=8O<8. &5;K9 @O4 AAK;>: =0 @01>BK 4@C38E 02B>@>2 2 B5:AB0E 4204F0B8-B@84F0B8;5B=59 402=>AB8 >1E>48;AO 157 B>G=KE 181;8>3@0D8G5A:8E C:070=89, 8 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?>43>B>2:8 MB>9 :=838 =0< =5 C40;>AL 2>AAB0=>28BL 2A5 MB8 ?@>15;K. 0A:>;L:> C40G=>9 ?>;CG8;0AL 2AO :><?>78F8O  AC48BL G8B0B5;N. 540:B>@, B0:65 :0: 8 02B>@, =0455BAO, GB> :=830 ?>A;C68B AB8<C;>< 4;O =>2>3> 480;>30 <564C 2A5<8, :B> 2A5@L57 @5H8; ?>A2OB8BL A2>N ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=CN 687=L ?>8A:C @5H5=8O >4=>9 87 A0<KE 8=B@83CNI8E 70304>: G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K  <5E0=87<0< D>@<8@>20=8O ?A8E8:8. ;5:A0=4@ 818= O=20@L 1998 3. >A:20  0H8=3B>=  >A:20 B 02B>@0 @5645 2A53> O E>B5; 1K ?>1;03>40@8BL <>8E @>AA89A:8E :>;;53, ABC45=B>2, 0A?8@0=B>2 8 A>B@C4=8:>2 5=8=3@04A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 157 <=>3>;5B=53> 8 =5?@5@K2=>3> 2708<>459AB28O A :>B>@K<8 =5 1K;> 1K B>3>, GB> <=>N 1K;> A45;0=> 8 ?>;CG05B A59G0A 2K@065=85 2 MB>9 :=835. 0: O C65 C?><8=0; 2 =5A:>;L:8E <>8E @CAA:8E @01>B0E, 5A;8 1K =5 A0<>>B25@65==0O 8=8F80B820 0;8=K 8@8;;>2=K 0<038=>9 8 A>B@C4=8:>2 8740B5;LAB20 5=8=3@04A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 2A5 <>8 ?@54H5AB2CNI85 @01>BK, ?>;CG82H85 A2>5 ?@>4>;65=85 8 7025@H5=85 2 MB>9 :=835, B>65 1K;8 1K =52>7<>6=K. 5 <5=55 A5@45G=> O 4>;65= ?>1;03>40@8BL @540:B>@0-A>AB028B5;O ;5:A0=4@0 8:B>@>28G0 818=0, 8=8F80B820, F5;5CAB@5<;5==>ABL 8 0:B82=0O B2>@G5A:0O 45OB5;L=>ABL :>B>@>3> A45;0;8 MBC :=83C 2>7<>6=>9. / >G5=L ?@87=0B5;5= 70 4>1@>65;0B5;L=CN 8 4@C65A:CN ?><>IL ?@>D5AA>@C 0;5@8N 8:>;0528GC !>9D5@C (George Mason University, Fairfax, USA), 0 B0:65 8@5:B>@C ?@>3@0<<K "KAH55 >1@07>20=85" =AB8BCB0 "B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>" ?@>D5AA>@C /:>2C 8E09;>28GC 5@35@C. !;>20 A5@45G=>9 1;03>40@=>AB8 O 04@5ACN A2>8< <=>3>;5B=8< :>;;530< 0@30@8B5 !B5?0=>2=5 0<:>GLO= 8 ;048<8@C !0<C8;>28GC 03C=C. @><5 B>3>, A0<K5 B5?;K5 A;>20 ?@87=0B5;L=>AB8 70 <=>3>;5B=55 A>B@C4=8G5AB2> ?@8=>HC ?@>D5AA>@C >A8DC 0@:>28GC 0;5N, A>02B>@AB2> A :>B>@K< AK3@0;> 206=59HCN @>;L 2 <>59 @01>B5. 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"0:>9 2K2>4 1K; 1K =5>?@0240==K< 4>?CI5=85<, B0: :0: >A=>2K20;AO 1K =0 87>;OF88 >4=>9 D07K <KH;5=8O >B 4@C3>9, GB>, ?> ACI5AB2C, =52>7<>6=>. <5AB5 A B5< MB8 40==K5 C:07K20NB 8 =0 =52>7<>6=>ABL >B>645AB2;5=8O <KH;5=8O A @5GLN, B0: :0: <KH;5=85 A>45@68B 2 A515 =5 B>;L:> @5G52CN, => 8 =5@5G52CN D07C 459AB28O, A2O70==CN A =0:>?;5=85< A5=A>@=>9 8=D>@<0F88. !;54>20B5;L=>, 745AL 8<55B <5AB> ?>AB>O==>5 2708<>459AB285 ?@54<5B=>9 8 @5G52>9 8=D>@<0F88, :>B>@>5 >?8AK20;>AL . . 02;>2K< :0: 2708<>459AB285 ?5@2>9 (?@54<5B=>9) 8 2B>@>9 (@5G52>9) A83=0;L=KE A8AB5<" (A. 230). G5=L 45<>=AB@0B82=>5 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>5 ?>4:@5?;5=85 2K2>40 > =5>1E>48<>9 2:;NG5==>AB8 @5G52KE :><?>=5=B>2 2 48=0<8:C <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 ?>;CG5=> 0<5@8:0=A:8<8 8AA;54>20B5;O<8 ?@8 87CG5=88 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE 0:B>2 C 3;CE>=5<KE, 345 O7K:>2K5 :><?>=5=BK <KH;5=8O =5 <>3CB 1KBL ?@54AB02;5=K 0:B0<8 72C:>?@>87=5A5=8O 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 5A;8 >=8 459AB28B5;L=> >@30=8G5A:8 2:;NG5=K 2 <KA;8B5;L=K9 ?@>F5AA, B> >=8 4>;6=K >1O70B5;L=> ?>;CG8BL :0:>5-;81> 4@C3>5 >1J5:B82=>5 ?@>O2;5=85. <5@8:0=A:89 ?A8E>;>3 ". (81CB0=8 (1969) >B<5G05B: ">A:>;L:C CB25@645=85, GB> <KH;5=85 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 15772CG=>5 ;8=328AB8G5A:>5 ?>2545=85, ?@>B82>@5G8B B>G:5 7@5=8O 74@02>3> A<KA;0, ?>B@51>20;8AL 4>:070B5;LAB20. >?KB:8 87<5@8BL 42865=8O @5G52>9 <CA:C;0BC@K 2 B>B <><5=B, :>340 8A?KBC5<K5 2K?>;=O;8 @07;8G=K5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 459AB28O, 4020;8 2A5 5I5 =54>AB0B>G=> C1548B5;L=K9 <0B5@80;. 0:>=5F, . 0:A =0H5; 1;5ABOI55 @5H5=85. >A:>;L:C C 3;CE>=5<KE 65AB>20O :><<C=8:0F8O >ACI5AB2;O5BAO A ?><>ILN <CA:C;>2 ?0;LF52, =0 MB8 <CA:C;K 1K;8 ?><5I5=K M;5:B@>4K, GB>1K 70<5@8BL 70G0B>G=K5 42865=8O, :>340 MB8 ;N48 4C<0NB. >=B@>;L=0O 3@C??0 A>AB>O;0 87 ;N459 A =>@<0;L=K< A;CE><. 040G8 =0 01AB@0:B=>5 <KH;5=85 2K7K20;8 B0:85 459AB28O 2 @C:5 C 84% 8 ;8HL C 31% 8A?KBC5<KE 2 :>=B@>;L=>9 3@C??5" (A. 158). %>BO MB8 D0:BK @0AA<>B@5=K ". (81CB0=8 2 1>;55 >4=>AB>@>==5< >1I5< :>=B5:AB5, G5< MB> A45;0=> 2 8AA;54>20=88 . . !>:>;>20, B0: :0: @5G52K5 :><?>=5=BK =8:0: =5 A>>B=5A5=K 8< A =5@5G52>9 ?@54<5B=>9 8=D>@<0F859, 2A5 65 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2>?@>AC > A0<8E @5G52KE :><?>=5=B0E <KH;5=8O >=8 8<5NB ?@8=F8?80;L=>5 7=0G5=85. >A:>;L:C MB8 40==K5 >B=>AOBAO : 25AL<0 A?5F8D8G5A:>9 =572C:>2>9 D>@<5 @5G8, :>B>@0O B0:65 >BG5B;82> ?@>O2;O5B A51O 2 E>45 <KH;5=8O, >=8 ACI5AB25==> ?>2KH0NB <5@C >1I=>AB8 A45;0==>3> M<?8@8G5A:>3> 2K2>40 > =5>1E>48<>AB8 CG0AB8O @5G52KE :><?>=5=B>2 2 48=0<8:5 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, MB>B 2K2>4 ?>4:@5?;O5BAO 8 206=K<8 D0:B0<8, ?>;CG5==K<8 . . !>:>;>2K< 2 >?KB0E A F5=B@0;L=K<8 @5G52K<8 ?><5E0<8, B.5. ?><5E0<8, 459AB285 :>B>@KE @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO =5 B>;L:> =0 ?5@8D5@8G5A:CN, => 8 =0 <>73>2CN G0ABL @5G542830B5;L=>3> 0=0;870B>@0, GB> 4>AB8305BAO ?CB5< ?@8=C48B5;L=>9 25@10;870F88 ?>AB>@>==53> <0B5@80;0 ?@8 >4=>2@5<5==>< 2K?>;=5=88 <KA;8B5;L=KE 7040=89.  MB8E CA;>28OE 2>7=8:05B :0@B8=0 <KA;8B5;L=KE 70B@C4=5=89, 2K@078B5;L=> =0720==0O . . !>:>;>2K< "M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 A5=A>@=>9 0D07859". 0: 8 ?@8 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 :;8=8G5A:>9 :0@B8=5, 2 MB>9 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>9 A8BC0F88 8A?KBC5<K9 2>A?@8=8<05B ;8HL >B45;L=K5 A;>20, 0 A<KA; D@07K >AB05BAO =5?>=OBK<. @8 MB>< G@572KG09=> ?>:070B5;L=>, GB> MB8 40==K5, :0: 8 D0:BK, ?>;CG5==K5 <5B>4>< @538AB@0F88 @5G542830B5;L=>9 8<?C;LA0F88, ?>72>;ONB . . !>:>;>2C A45;0BL 2K2>4 > =5>1E>48<>< 2708<>459AB288 @5G52KE 8 ?@54<5B=KE :><?>=5=B>2 <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0. "0: :0: 2 MB8E M:A?5@8<5=B0E ?@8 70B@C4=5=8OE ?>=8<0=8O A<KA;0 D@07 =0@CH0;>AL 70?><8=0=85 =5 B>;L:> A;>25A=>3>, => 8 >1@07=>3> <0B5@80;0, . . !>:>;>2 (1968) >B<5G05B: "...>A=>2K20OAL =0 MB8E >?KB0E, <>6=> AG8B0BL, GB> A:@KB0O 25@10;870F8O 8<55B ?@O<>5 >B=>H5=85 : A<KA;>2>9 ?5@5@01>B:5 A5=A>@=>9 8=D>@<0F88 8 : 55 D8:A8@>20=8N 2 ?0<OB8, 8 ?>A:>;L:C 2 40==KE >?KB0E A:@KB0O 25@10;870F8O 7045@6820;0AL, 2>7=8:0;8 C:070==K5 70B@C4=5=8O 2 <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8" (A. 228). '@572KG09=> ?>:070B5;L=0 745AL A0<0 0=0;>38G=>ABL D5=><5=>;>38G5A:8E :0@B8= :;8=8G5A:8E 8 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 0D0B8G5A:8E =0@CH5=89. <5==> E0@0:B5@ <KA;8B5;L=KE =0@CH5=89 ?@8 0D0B8G5A:8E @0AAB@>9AB20E ?>72>;8; . %511C A45;0BL 2K2>4 > =5>1E>48<>< CG0AB88 @5G52KE :><?>=5=B>2 2 48=0<8:5 <KA;8B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 (Hebb, 1942). 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""0: 2 1C:5B5 1>;LH5 ?@8<C; 8;8 F25B>2?" , :0: ?@028;>, @515=>: >B25G05B: ">;LH5 ?@8<C;, ?>B><C GB> 745AL 2A53> B@8 F25B:0".  "5B, MB> B>65 F25BK".  "C B0: :0: 65 2A5-B0:8, 745AL 1>;LH5 F25B>2 8;8 ?@8<C;?"  ">;LH5 ?@8<C;, ?>B><C GB> C =0A B>;L:> B@8 F25B:0" (8065, 1965, A. 45). ;8 4@C3>9 ?@8<5@ (8065, =5;L45@, 1963): " 515=:C ?@54JO2;ONB :0@B8=:C, =0 :>B>@>9 87>1@065=K 2 ;>H048, 2 A>2K 8 2 FK?;5=:0 8 7040NB 2>?@>AK: "A;8 =0?8A0BL, GB> 745AL 5ABL, :0: =C6=> 1K;> 1K MB> =0720BL?".  >B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A @072>@0G8205BAO A;54CNI89 480;>3: "6 682>B=KE" (>=0 ?KB05BAO =0?8A0BL "6 FK?;OB", => >B:07K205BAO >B MB>3>, "?>B><C GB> >=8 2A5 682>B=K5 8 745AL =5B 6 FK?;OB").  " G53> 1>;LH5, 682>B=KE 8;8 FK?;OB?"  ">;LH5 682>B=KE, ?>B><C GB>... 5B! >;LH5 FK?;OB!"  ">G5<C?"  ">B><C GB> 745AL 3 ?B8FK (701K205B A>2C), 40, MB> B>65 (A;54>20B5;L=>, 4)".  "">340 1>;LH5 FK?;OB 8;8 1>;LH5 682>B=KE?"  ">;LH5 FK?;OB"(A. 89). 53:> C2845BL, GB> >A=>20 MB8E >H81>: 70:;NG05BAO =5 ?@>AB> 2 =5045:20B=>< C?>B@51;5=88 A;>25A=KE A8<2>;>2, ?@8 :>B>@><, :0: 8=>340 MB8 D5=><5=K 8=B5@?@5B8@CNBAO ;>38:0<8, @515=>: ?@>AB> =07K205B F25B0<8 B>;L:> ?@8<C;K, 0 682>B=K<8  B>;L:> ?B8F. A;8 1K MB> 1K;> B0:, >H81:0 1K;0 1K 459AB28B5;L=> B>;L:> O7K:>2>9 (B. 5. 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B>G:8 7@5=8O . 8065, "...<>6=> 3>2>@8BL > :;0AA0E, =0G8=0O A B>3> <><5=B0 (8 B>;L:> A B>3> <><5=B0), :>340 AC1J5:B A?>A>15=: (1) >?@545;8BL 8E ?> A>45@60=8N G5@57 @>4 8 284>2>5 >B;8G85 8 (2) <0=8?C;8@>20BL A =8<8 ?> >1J5<C A>3;0A=> >B=>H5=8O< 2:;NG5=8O 8;8 2:;NG0NI59 ?@8=04;56=>AB8, ?@54?>;030NI59 A>3;0A>20=85 8=B5=A82=KE :20=B>@>2 "2A5", "=5:>B>@K5", ">48=" 8 "=8 >48="" (B0< 65, A. 19). 4=0:>, :0: 1K;> ?>:070=> 2KH5, B0:>5 045:20B=>5 <0=8?C;8@>20=85 >1J5<>< :;0AA0 B@51C5B >A2>1>645=8O >B >3@0=8G5=89, 2KB5:0NI8E 87 =587156=>9 =5?>;=>BK 8 AC1J5:B82=>AB8 M3>F5=B@8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K ?@>AB@0=AB25==>2@5<5==KE :>>@48=0B. >MB><C AD>@<8@>20==>ABL ;>38G5A:8E :;0AA>2 A 8E A>3;0A>20==>ABLN A>45@60=8O 8 >1J5<0 =5>1E>48<K< >1@07>< >?8@05BAO =0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=CN 45F5=B@0F8N. > <=5=8N . 8065 (1969), "<KA;L, @>640NI0OAO 87 459AB28O, O2;O5BAO M3>F5=B@8G5A:>9 2 A0<>9 A2>59 8AE>4=>9 B>G:5. ...>MB><C ?>AB@>5=85 B@0=78B82=KE, 0AA>F80B82=KE 8 >1@0B8<KE >?5@0F89 4>;6=> ?@54?>;030BL :>=25@A8N MB>3> =0G0;L=>3> M3>F5=B@87<0 2 A8AB5<C >B=>H5=89 8 :;0AA>2, 45F5=B@8@>20==KE ?> >B=>H5=8N : A>1AB25==><C "O", 8 MB0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O 45F5=B@0F8O 70=8<05B ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5 @0==55 45BAB2>" (A. 177). A=>2=0O ACBL A>1AB25==> ?>=OB89=KE :>>@48=0F89, 2 8E >B;8G88 >B 1>;55 M;5<5=B0@=KE <KA;8B5;L=KE AB@C:BC@, 70:;NG05BAO, A>3;0A=> . 8065, 2 "H8@>B5 ?>;O" C<AB25==KE 459AB289, ;8HL =0 MB>< C@>2=5 4>AB830NI59 ?@545;0 A2>53> @0728B8O. 0: @07 70 AG5B D>@<8@CNI59AO 745AL A>1AB25==> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45F5=B@0F88, "8<5==> 2 MB>< 15A:>=5G=>< @0AH8@5=88 ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE @0AAB>O=89 <564C AC1J5:B>< 8 >1J5:B>< 8 A>AB>8B >A=>2=>5 =>2H5AB2>, A>740NI55 A>1AB25==> ?>=OB89=K9 8=B5;;5:B, 8 B> >A>1>5 <>3CI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 45;05B MB>B ?>=OB89=K9 8=B5;;5:B A?>A>1=K< ?>@>640BL >?5@0F88" (B0< 65, A. 175).  25@E=59 B>G:5 @0728B8O ?>7=020B5;L=KE AB@C:BC@ 4>AB8305B A2>53> <0:A8<C<0 B>B ?@>F5AA @0728B8O A8<C;LB0==>-?@>AB@0=AB25==>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3> ?>;O, :>B>@K9 =0G8=05BAO A ?0@F80;L=>9 <5B@8G5A:>9 8=20@80=B=>AB8 A5=A>@=>3> ?>;O, ?@>E>48B G5@57 8=B53@0;L=CN <5B@8G5A:CN 8=20@80=B=>ABL ?5@F5?B82=>3> ?>;O, ?@5B5@?5205B ACI5AB25==>5 @0AH8@5=85 2 ?0=>@0<=>AB8 ?@54AB02;5=89, 70B5<, ?@8 ?5@5E>45 2 AD5@C <KA;8, 45;05B @57:89 A:0G>: A=OB8O <0:@> 8 <8:@>?>@>3>2KE ;8<8B>2, => ;8HL 2=CB@8 M3>F5=B@8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K >BAG5B0, 8, =0:>=5F, B>;L:> =0 C@>2=5 ?>=OB89=>3> 8=B5;;5:B0 >A2>1>6405BAO >B ?>A;54=8E >3@0=8G5=89 8=48284C0;L=>9, M3>F5=B@8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K :>>@48=0B. -B> <0:A8<0;L=>5 @0AH8@5=85, >1>1I5=85 8 >1J5:B820F8O A8AB5<K >BAG5B0 8 >A2>1>6405B ?>=OB89=K5 AB@C:BC@K >B >3@0=8G5=89 >1J5<>2 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E 8< :;0AA>2 70 AG5B ?@5>4>;5=8O "D83C@0B82=>9 2848<>AB8", =587156=> 2KB5:0NI59 87 65AB:>AB8 8AE>4=>3> =0G0;0 >BAG5B0.  745AL ?>;CG05B 5I5 >4=> A2>5 206=59H55 M<?8@8G5A:>5 ?>4:@5?;5=85 <=>3>:@0B=> C?><8=02H0OAO 2KH5, => 8<5==> 745AL 4>AB830NI0O A2>53> ?@545;0 8;;N78O 15A?@>AB@0=AB25==>AB8 ?A8E8:8. #65 01AB@0:B=>5  MB> ?>=OB85, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 D5=><5=>;>38G5A:8, ?@54AB02;O5BAO A2>1>4=K< >B :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE :><?>=5=B>2. 59AB28B5;L=>, A>1AB25==> ;>38G5A:89 ?>=OB89=K9 :;0AA >B;8G05BAO >B D83C@=KE 8 4065 =5D83C@=KE, => A>E@0=ONI8E ?@>AB@0=AB25==K9 E0@0:B5@, A>2>:C?=>AB59 8<5==> B5<, :0: AG8B05B . 8065, GB> "2 >?@545;5=85 :;0AA0, :>B>@>5 1C45B @0A?@>AB@0=OBLAO =0 :;0AA8D8:0F88, >ACI5AB2;O5<K5 45BL<8, =0G8=0O A >?@545;5==>3> 2>7@0AB0, =5 2E>48B =8:0:>5 A2>9AB2> 8;8 >B=>H5=85, A2O70==>5 A ?@>AB@0=AB25==>9 :>=D83C@0F859" (8065, =5;L45@, 1963).  =5A:>;L:> 40;55 . 8065 70:;NG05B: "...4;O ?>;=>3> >?8A0=8O :;0AA>2 =5B =8:0:>9 =5>1E>48<>AB8 >1@0I0BLAO : ?@>AB@0=AB2C" (B0< 65).  MB> >AB05BAO 206=59H8< M<?8@8G5A:8< D0:B><, 459AB28B5;L=> @57:> CA8;820NI8< 2848<>ABL 15A?@>AB@0=AB25==>AB8 <KA;8. AB@0O ?0@04>:A0;L=>ABL 8 ?@>B82>@5G82>ABL MB>9 M<?8@8:>-B5>@5B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88 A>AB>8B, >4=0:>, 2 B><, GB>, :0: A2845B5;LAB2CNB M<?8@8G5A:85 >1>1I5=8O A0<>3> . 8065, >A2>1>645=85 >B :>=:@5B=KE ?@87=0:>2 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>9 AB@C:BC@8@>20==>AB8 A>7405BAO =5 ;8:2840F859 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>3> ?>;O ?>=OB89=>9 <KA;8, 0 53> C?><8=02H8<AO 2KH5 ?>B5=F80;L=> 15A:>=5G=K< @0AH8@5=85<, 2KB5:0NI8< 87 C=825@A0;870F88 8 >1J5:B820F88 A8AB5<K :>>@48=0B 70 AG5B ?@5>1@07>20=89 55 =0G0;0. #G5B ?>;=>3> >1J5<0 :;0AA0 4>AB8305BAO, B0:8< >1@07><, =5 15A?@>AB@0=AB25==>ABLN A>>B25BAB2CNI59 5<C ?A8E8G5A:>9 ?>=OB89=>9 AB@C:BC@K, 0 B0:>9 55 A8<C;LB0==>-F5;>AB=>9 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>9 >@30=870F859, :>B>@0O >15A?5G8205B >B>1@065=85 ;N1>3> M:75<?;O@0, 2E>4OI53> 2 :;0AA, B.5. M:75<?;O@0, =0E>4OI53>AO 2 ;N1>9 B>G:5 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>3> ?>;O, =57028A8<> >B =0G0;0 8=48284C0;L=>9 M3>F5=B@8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K >BAG5B0 40==>3> AC1J5:B0. > 8<5==> MB> 8 405BAO 45F5=B@0F859, :>B>@0O B5< A0<K< ;568B 2 >A=>20=88 A>3;0A>20==>AB8 >1J5<0 8 A>45@60=8O A>1AB25==> ?>=OB89=KE AB@C:BC@, >15A?5G820O 045:20B=>5 C?>B@51;5=85 :20=B>@>2 >1I=>AB8. "0:>20 ?0@04>:A0;L=0O D5=><5=>;>38O MB>9 ?0@K E0@0:B5@8AB8:, A >A>1>9 >AB@>B>9 AB02OI0O B5>@5B8G5A:89 2>?@>A > ?@8=F8?5 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>-2@5<5==>9 >@30=870F88 B>9 8A:><>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 ?>=OB89=>9 AB@C:BC@K, :>B>@0O O2;O5BAO =>A8B5;5< 2A59 ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 A?5F8D8G=>AB8 ?>=OB89=KE >1>1I5=89. A;8 <5@0 A>3;0A>20==>AB8 A>45@60=8O 8 >1J5<0 O2;O5BAO E0@0:B5@8AB8:>9 2=CB@5==59 AB@C:BC@K ?@54?>=OB89=KE (8;8, A>>B25BAB25==>, A>1AB25==> ?>=OB89=KE) 548=8F <KA;8B5;L=>3> ?@>F5AA0 8 <KA;8 :0: 53> @57C;LB0B0, B> A;54CNI0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 >B=>A8BAO : A?>A>1C A2O78 <564C MB8<8 548=8F0<8, 2KB5:0NI5<C 87 8E 2=CB@5==59 AB@C:BC@K. =CB@5==59 AB@C:BC@5 ?@54?>=OB89 745AL A>>B25BAB2C5B B>B B8? A2O78 <564C =8<8, :>B>@K9 . 8065 =07K205B 4>?>=OB89=K< @0AAC645=85<, 8;8 "B@0=A4C:F859", :0: >1>7=0G8; MB>B B8? A2O78 <564C 548=8F0<8 45BA:>9 <KA;8 . (B5@= (Stern, 1915). ("5@<8= "B@0=A4C:F8O" >1@07>20= . (B5@=>< ?> 0=0;>388 A "8=4C:F859" 8 "454C:F859", :>B>@K< >= ?@>B82>AB>8B, 2K@060O >BACBAB285 ?>A;54=8E 2 ?@54?>=OB89=>< <KH;5=88.) BACBAB285 045:20B=>9 :>>@48=0F88 :20=B>@>2 >1I=>AB8 ("2A5", "=5:>B>@K5", ">48= 87") ?@8 D>@<8@>20=88 ?@54?>=OB89=KE :;0AA>2 2 8E A>>B=>H5=88 A ?>4:;0AA0<8, B.5. ?@8 A>>B=5A5=88 @>4>2KE 8 284>2KE ?@87=0:>2 2 AB@C:BC@5 :064>9 >B45;L=>9  548=8FK, 2;5G5B 70 A>1>9 B0:>9 B8? 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"...>?>=OB89=>5 @0AAC645=85  B@0=A4C:F8O,  ?8H5B . 8065,  ?>:>8BAO ;8HL =0 =5?>;=KE 2:;NG5=8OE 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, >1@5G5=> =0 ?@>20; ?@8 ?5@5E>45 : >1@0B8<>9 >?5@0F8>==>9 AB@C:BC@5" (B0< 65, A. 182). <5AB5 A B5< MB0 =5?>;=>B0 2:;NG5=89 8 A>>B25BAB2CNI55 59 2 A>45@60=88 B@0=A4C:B82=KE @0AAC645=89 =5045:20B=>5 A>>B=5A5=85 >1I8E 8 G0AB=KE ?@87=0:>2 >1J5:B>2, >B>1@0605<KE ?@54?>=OB89=>9 <KA;LN, =587156=> ;8H05B B@0=A4C:F8N =5>1E>48<>9 A2O78 <564C ?@54?>=OB89=K<8 548=8F0<8, A;54>20B5;L=>,  8 ;>38G5A:>9 4>:070B5;L=>AB8 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E C<>70:;NG5=89. -B> >BACBAB285 =5>1E>48<>9 A2O78 8 4>:070B5;L=>AB8 2 ?@54?>=OB89=>< @0AAC645=88 =587156=> >1@5:05B 53> =0 AC1J5:B82=>ABL, :>B>@0O, :0: 8 2AO A?5F8D8:0 2=CB@5==59 AB@C:BC@K A0<8E ?@54?>=OB89 8 2=5H=8E A2O759 <564C =8<8, 2 A2>N >G5@54L, >?@545;O5BAO 65AB:>9 D8:A8@>20==>ABLN AC1J5:B82=>9 B>G:8 >BAG5B0 2 M3>F5=B@8G5A:>9 A8AB5<5 :>>@48=0B. >MB><C . 8065 C65 2 @01>B5 " 5GL 8 <KH;5=85 @515=:0" A2O7K205B B@0=A4C:F8N A M3>F5=B@87<>< 4>?>=OB89=>3> 8=B5;;5:B0. >A:>;L:C ?> A8N AB>@>=C 3@0=8FK <564C 4>?>=OB89=K< 8 ?>=OB89=K< <KH;5=85< 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O 45F5=B@0F8O 2<5AB5 A @0AH8@5=85< 8 >1J5:B820F859 ?>;O <KA;8 2;5G5B 70 A>1>9 045:20B=CN :>>@48=0F8N A>45@60=8O 8 >1J5<0 ?>=OB89=KE AB@C:BC@, 2K@065==CN A>3;0A>20==>ABLN :20=B>@>2 >1I=>AB8, B@0=A4C:B82=K9 B8? 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",  B> >B25B G0AB> >3@0=8G8205BAO AAK;:>9 =0 4@C385 ?@87=0:8 C=K 8 !>;=F0, ?>B><C GB> MB8E ?@87=0:>2, 2>A?@8=OBKE 2<5AB5 A ?@87=0:><, ?>4;560I8< >1JOA=5=8N, 4>AB0B>G=> 4;O @515=:0, GB>1K >1JOA=8BL MB>B ?>A;54=89. >4>1=K5 >B25BK 1K;8 1K 15AA<KA;5==K, 5A;8 1K >=8 :0: @07 =5 A2845B5;LAB2>20;8 > 2708<=>9 A2O78 G5@B, 2>A?@8=OBKE 2<5AB5,  A2O78, 3>@074> 1>;55 A8;L=>9, G5< 2 C<5 =5A8=:@5B8G5A:><. >B ?@8<5@K: "!>;=F5 =5 ?0405B, ?>B><C GB> 60@:>, >=> 45@68BAO.  0:?  >B><C, GB> >=> 65;B>5 (5>, 6 ;5B).   C=0? 0: >=0 45@68BAO?  "> 65 A0<>5, :0: !>;=F5, ?>B><C GB> >=> ;568B 2 =515... ?>B><C GB> MB> >G5=L 2KA>:>, ?>B><C GB> =5B (1>;LH5 =5B) !>;=F0, ?>B><C GB> MB> >G5=L 2KA>:> 8 B.4. "" (8065, 1932, A. 390). -B8 ?@8<5@K 459AB28B5;L=> >G5=L >BG5B;82> 45<>=AB@8@CNB 48DDC7=CN A;8B=>ABL >1I53> A G0AB=K< 8 2<5AB5 A B5< ACI5AB25==>3> 8 CAB>9G82>3> A> A;CG09=K< 8 20@80B82=K< (=5 ?0405B, ?>B><C GB> 65;B>5, 8 =5 ?0405B, ?>B><C GB> 60@:>). 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A B5<, :0:>20 =081>;55 >1I0O :>>@48=0B=0O A8AB5<0, 2 @0<:0E :>B>@>9 2545BAO >B>1@065=85 A>>B25BAB2CNI53> >1J5:B82=>3> A2>9AB20.  MBC A2O7L 8=20@80=B=>AB8 ?>=OB89=KE AB@C:BC@ A 45F5=B@0F859 . 8065 ?>4G5@:8205B A> 2A59 >?@545;5==>ABLN. "...>>@48=0F8O 459AB289 >1J548=5=8O 8;8 A;>65=8O, 8=B5@8>@87>20==KE 2 AB@>9=K5 >?5@0F88,  ?8H5B >=,  2545B : 45F5=B@0F88 8 : >1J5:B82=>AB8, 4>AB0B>G=>9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@5>4>;5BL D83C@0B82=CN 2848<>ABL 8 4>AB8GL ?>=OB8O B0:8E A;>6=KE D>@< A>E@0=5=8O, :0:8<8 O2;ONBAO A>E@0=5=85 25A0 8 >1J5<0 B5;0, AB02H53> =52848<K<" (8065, 1965, A. 44-45). 5>1E>48<>, 2 ?@>F5AA5 >?8A0=8O MB>9 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 ?>=OB89=>9 <KA;8, 8<5NI59 206=59H55 7=0G5=85 4;O 40;L=59H53> B5>@5B8G5A:>3> ?>8A:0 70:>=><5@=>AB59 55 >@30=870F88, A?5F80;L=> ?>4G5@:=CBL, GB> 8<5==> A ?>;=>B>9 8=20@80=B=>AB8 . 8065 A2O7K205B B>B @5H0NI89 MB0? 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">=:>=>389 . ., &C::5@<0= . . ;8=8:0 =0@CH5=89 7@8B5;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O 8 >?>7=0=8O >1@07>2 // 8>=8:0. ., 1965. $5935=15@3 . . >@>3 25@>OB=>AB=>3> ?@>3=>70 8 53> 87<5=5=8O 2 ?0B>;>388 // 5@>OB=>AB=>5 ?@>3=>78@>20=85 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 G5;>25:0. ., 1977. 5@>OB=>AB=>5 ?@>3=>78@>20=85 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 G5;>25:0 / >4 @54. . . $5935=15@30, . . C@02;520. ., 1977. $8@A>2 . . 0<OBL C 0=B@>?>84>2. ., 1972. $;5925;; . -?8AB5<>;>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O 0=0 8065. ., 1967. $@5AA . -<>F88 // -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O, 2K?. 5 / >4 @54. . $@5AA0 8 . 8065. ., 1975. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=0O ?A8E>;>38O, 2K?. 5 / >4 @54. . $@5AA0, . 8065. ., 1975. $@84<0= . . >45;8@>20=85 :0: D>@<0 ?@>4C:B82=>3> <KH;5=8O 2 ?@>F5AA0E ?>AB0=>2:8 8 @5H5=8O 7040G // -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=>5 8AA;54>20=85 ?@>4C:B82=KE B2>@G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 <KH;5=8O. ., 1963. %>;>4=0O . . -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K9 0=0;87 >A>15==>AB59 >@30=870F88 ?>=OB89=>3> <KH;5=8O: 2B>@5D. 48AA. ... :0=4. ?A8E>;. =0C:. ., 1974. %>?@5=8=>20 . .  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